SECURITY SYSTEM INSTALLATION NOTES

2.1 Types of Cables in Security Systems

Security systems rely on a variety of cable types, each chosen based on the signal type, transmission
distance, environmental conditions, and system requirements. Selecting the correct cable is critical for
system reliability and performance.

1. Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is the traditional choice for analogue CCTV systems. Its layered construction — inner
conductor, dielectric insulation, metallic shielding, and outer jacket — provides excellent protection
against electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Common Types:
• RG59 — Most widely used in CCTV installations. Suitable for runs up to 300 m with a suitable
video balun or amplifier. Has a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms.
• RG6 — Thicker and better shielded than RG59. Preferred for longer cable runs and digital
signals. Supports higher frequency signals and is common in satellite and HD CCTV systems.

Technical Specifications:
Type Impedance Max Run (Analogue) Typical Application

RG59 75 Ohm ~300 m Standard CCTV cameras

RG6 75 Ohm ~450 m HD CCTV, long runs

Advantages:
• Good video signal transmission with low attenuation
• High resistance to electromagnetic and radio frequency interference
• Durable outer jacket suitable for indoor and outdoor installations
• Cost-effective for short to medium distance runs

Limitations:
• Bulkier and less flexible compared to twisted pair cable
• Requires BNC connectors and specific termination tools
• Signal degrades over very long distances without amplification

2. Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cable consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. The twisting helps
cancel out electromagnetic interference, making it suitable for IP cameras, alarm systems, and data
networks.

Types:
 • UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) — No additional shielding. Suitable for most indoor
environments with low interference. Lighter, cheaper, and easier to terminate.
• STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) — Has a foil or braided shield around each pair or all pairs. Offers
greater protection in environments with high EMI such as industrial areas.

Categories and Applications:

Category Max Bandwidth Max Speed Common Use

Cat5e 100 MHz 1 Gbps IP cameras, basic networks

Cat6 250 MHz 10 Gbps (up to 55 m) HD IP cameras, NVR connections

Cat6a 500 MHz 10 Gbps (up to 100 m) High-resolution cameras, data

centres

Installation Tips:
• Avoid running alongside high-voltage power cables to reduce interference
• Maintain bend radius of at least 4x cable diameter
• Use STP in environments with heavy machinery or fluorescent lighting
• Terminate using proper RJ45 connectors and keystone jacks for patch panels

3. Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cable transmits data as pulses of light through glass or plastic fibers. It is immune to
electromagnetic interference and supports very high bandwidth over long distances.

Types:
• Single Mode (SMF) — Uses a single light path. Core diameter of ~9 microns. Supports
distances of up to 40 km or more. Suitable for inter-building and campus-wide installations.
• Multi-mode (MMF) — Uses multiple light paths. Core diameter of 50 or 62.5 microns. Suitable
for shorter distances up to 2 km. Common in server rooms and building backbones.

Applications in Security:
• Connecting remote CCTV cameras across large perimeters
• Backbone connections between NVR/DVR and servers
• Installations near high-voltage equipment or lightning-prone areas
• Underground and submarine cable runs

Advantages:
• Extremely high bandwidth — supports 4K and beyond with ease
• Zero electromagnetic interference
• Longer transmission distances without signal repeaters
• Enhanced security — difficult to tap without detection
• Lightweight and thin despite high capacity

Limitations:
• Higher material and installation cost compared to copper
• Requires specialist splicing and termination equipment
• Fragile — susceptible to physical damage if bent sharply
4. Power Cable
Power cables supply electrical energy to security devices such as cameras, control panels, sirens, and
lighting systems. Correct sizing is essential to avoid overheating, voltage drop, or equipment damage.

Cable Size Typical Current Rating Typical Use

1.5 mm² Up to 15 A Lighting, small cameras, alarm panels

2.5 mm² Up to 20 A Power supplies, outdoor cameras, PTZ drives

4.0 mm² Up to 25 A Main feeds, heavy-duty equipment

6.0 mm² Up to 32 A Distribution boards, large UPS systems

Key Considerations:
• Always calculate voltage drop over the cable run length
• Use armoured cable (SWA) for underground or outdoor routes
• Ensure cables are rated for the operating temperature of the environment
• Follow local wiring regulations (e.g. BS 7671 in UK, NEC in US, Kenya Wiring Regulations)

5. Multi-core Alarm Cable

Multi-core alarm cables contain multiple insulated conductors within a single outer sheath. They are
specifically designed for burglar alarm and fire alarm systems where multiple zones and devices must
be wired from a central panel.

Common Configurations:
• 2-core — Magnetic contacts, simple bell circuits
• 4-core — PIR sensors, door contacts with tamper loop
• 6-core — Keypads, glassbreak detectors
• 8-core and above — Larger keypads, multi-function detectors

Fire-rated versions use LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) insulation, which reduces toxic fumes in the
event of a fire and is mandatory in many commercial and public buildings.

2.2 Factors to Consider in Security System Cable Laying

Careful planning of cable routes and selection of cable types ensures long-term reliability, compliance
with regulations, and ease of maintenance.

1. Distance of cable run — Longer runs may require thicker cables, signal amplifiers, or fiber optic
solutions to prevent attenuation and voltage drop.
2. Environmental conditions — Outdoor cables must be UV-resistant and weatherproof. Industrial
environments may require armoured or chemically resistant cables.
3. Type of security system — Analogue CCTV uses coaxial; IP systems use twisted pair; alarm
systems use multi-core cable. Matching the cable to the system avoids performance issues.
4. Electrical interference — Areas near motors, transformers, or high-voltage lines require shielded
cables or fiber optic to maintain signal integrity.
 5. Cable protection requirements — Consider conduit, trunking, or armoured cable for physical
protection in areas prone to damage, rodent activity, or vandalism.
6. Future expansion — Install larger conduit and leave draw wires to allow additional cables to be
added without major disruption.
7. Safety regulations — Comply with local electrical codes and fire safety standards. Use fire-rated
cables where required.
8. Cable size and capacity — Ensure current-carrying capacity is adequate for connected loads
with appropriate safety margins.
9. Cost of installation — Balance material quality with budget. Investing in quality cables reduces
long-term maintenance costs.
10. Ease of maintenance — Route cables accessibly where possible. Use cable trays and trunking
rather than concealing all cables in walls.

2.3 Segregation in Cable Laying

Cable segregation is the practice of physically separating different categories of cables during
installation. This is a fundamental requirement of good installation practice and is mandated by many
electrical and building codes.

Types of Segregation
• Power cables separated from signal cables — prevents mains-frequency interference inducing
noise onto low-voltage signal lines
• Fire alarm cables separated from other systems — maintains circuit integrity in the event of a
fire; often legally required
• High voltage separated from low voltage cables — protects personnel and prevents insulation
breakdown
• Data cables separated from analogue signal cables — prevents crosstalk and data corruption
• Emergency system cables separated from general installation cabling

2.3.1 Importance of Segregation

Benefit Detail

Reduces electromagnetic Physical separation reduces inductive and capacitive coupling

interference between cables carrying different signal types.

Improves system performance Clean signal paths result in clearer video, faster data transmission
and more reliable alarm triggering.

Enhances safety Prevents fault currents from travelling between systems; reduces
fire spread along cable routes.

Prevents signal distortion Eliminates ghosting on CCTV footage and false triggers on alarm
sensors caused by interference.

Simplifies maintenance Clearly separated cable routes make it easier to isolate faults, test
individual circuits, and replace damaged cables.

Complies with standards and Meets requirements of BS EN 50174, BS 7671, IEE Wiring
regulations Regulations, and local building codes.
Recommended Separation Distances:
Cable Type Recommended Clearance from Power Cables

Low-voltage signal cables (alarms) Minimum 50 mm from single-phase power

Data cables (Cat5e/6) Minimum 200 mm from 230 V mains cables

Fire alarm cables Must be fully segregated — separate trunking/conduit

Coaxial CCTV cable Minimum 150 mm from power circuits

2.4 Security System Installation

A structured installation process is essential for producing a reliable, professional security system.
Cutting corners during installation leads to system failures, safety risks, and costly remediation work.

Steps in Installation
11. Site Survey — Visit the site to assess the environment, identify risks, measure cable runs, and
confirm camera/detector positions. Document all findings with sketches or photographs.
12. System Design — Produce a detailed design showing device positions, cable routes, equipment
specifications, power requirements, and zone layouts. Seek client approval before proceeding.
13. Selection of Equipment — Choose equipment that meets the specification, local standards, and
client budget. Verify compatibility between all system components.
14. Cable Laying — Install cables following the agreed design. Use appropriate containment,
observe segregation rules, and leave sufficient slack at device positions. Label all cables.
15. Mounting Devices — Fix cameras, detectors, keypads, and panels securely to the structure.
Ensure cameras are angled correctly for coverage and detectors face the right direction.
16. Wiring Connections — Terminate all cables neatly at device terminals and panels. Follow wiring
diagrams exactly and use correct tools for each connection type.
17. System Programming — Configure the DVR/NVR, alarm panel, or access controller. Set up
recording schedules, zones, user codes, and communication paths.
18. Testing and Commissioning — Test every device, zone, and function systematically. Record
test results. Check all camera views, detector responses, and alarm outputs.
19. User Training — Demonstrate system operation to the client. Cover arming/disarming, viewing
recordings, adding users, and basic fault-finding. Provide written instructions.
20. Maintenance Planning — Agree a maintenance schedule. Provide the client with a service
contract and emergency contact details. Carry out the first service at 12 months.

2.5 CCTV System

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) systems are electronic surveillance systems that transmit video
signals to a specific set of monitors or recording devices. They are used to deter crime, monitor activity,
and provide evidence for investigations.

Types of CCTV Systems

 • Analogue CCTV — Traditional system transmitting video over coaxial cable to a DVR. Lower
resolution but lower cost. Still widely used in retail and small commercial premises.
• IP CCTV — Network-based system transmitting compressed digital video over Cat5e/6 or fiber
to an NVR. Higher resolution, flexible recording options, and easier remote access.
• Wireless CCTV — Transmits video over Wi-Fi or cellular networks. Suitable where cable runs
are impractical. Requires strong wireless coverage and has higher latency than wired systems.
• HD-CVI / HD-TVI / AHD — Hybrid analogue systems transmitting HD video over coaxial cable.
A cost-effective upgrade path from standard analogue to HD resolution.

System Type Resolution Cable Recorder Best For

Analogue Up to 700 TVL Coaxial (RG59/6) DVR Budget, small sites

HD-CVI/TVI/AHD 1 MP to 8 MP Coaxial (RG6) HD DVR Analogue upgrades

IP (Wired) 1 MP to 32+ MP Cat5e/6 or Fiber NVR Large sites, high detail

Wireless IP 1 MP to 8 MP None (Wi-Fi) NVR Retrofit, no cable access

2.5.1 Identification of Materials and Components

[Link] Cables
• Coaxial cable (RG59/RG6) — for analogue and HD analogue cameras
• Cat5e/Cat6 cable — for IP cameras, PoE switches, and NVRs
• Fiber optic cable — for long-distance IP connections
• Power cable — for cameras, DVR/NVR, monitors, and switches
• HDMI/VGA cable — for connecting monitors to recorders

[Link] Conduits, Trunking and Containment

• PVC conduits — lightweight, corrosion resistant, suitable for indoor surface wiring
• Metallic conduits — stronger mechanical protection, required in industrial or high-risk areas
• Cable trunking — rectangular channelling for multiple cables on exposed routes
• Flexible conduits — used at device connections to allow vibration absorption and alignment
• Cable trays — open support for multiple cables in roof voids and plant rooms
• Armoured conduit — for underground or outdoor routes exposed to physical damage

[Link] CCTV System Components

Component Function Notes

Camera (Dome) Captures video — compact, Suitable for indoor ceilings and under
vandal-resistant eaves

Camera (Bullet) Captures video — longer range, Common for outdoor perimeter and car
directional parks

Camera (PTZ) Pan, tilt, zoom motorised camera Used for wide areas requiring active
tracking

DVR Records analogue/HD analogue Typically 4, 8, 16 or 32 channel

 Component Function Notes

video

NVR Records IP camera video Requires network switch and PoE or

streams separate power

Monitor Displays live and recorded Size chosen based on number of

footage cameras displayed

Network Switch Connects IP cameras to NVR PoE switch powers cameras over Cat
cable

Hard Disk Drive Stores recorded video Capacity calculated by resolution x

cameras x days retention

Video Balun Converts coaxial to twisted pair Allows use of Cat cable with analogue
cameras

Power Supply Unit Provides 12V DC or 24V AC to Multi-output types power several cameras
cameras from one unit

[Link] Backup Systems (Data and Power)

• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) — provides immediate battery backup during mains failure,
protecting equipment from power surges
• Batteries — sealed lead-acid or lithium batteries within UPS systems
• Generators — diesel or petrol generators for extended power outages exceeding UPS battery
capacity
• Cloud storage — off-site video backup via internet connection, protecting footage from local
theft or fire
• External storage devices — NAS (Network Attached Storage), external hard drives, or SD cards
for additional local backup
• RAID arrays — redundant storage configurations within NVR/DVR systems to protect against
single hard drive failure

2.6 Specification of Tools, Equipment and Materials

Accurate specifications ensure that the correct components are ordered, installed, and maintained.
Specification documents are essential for procurement, quality control, and troubleshooting.

2.6.1 Tolerance and Range

• Voltage tolerance — equipment must operate correctly within the supply voltage range (e.g.
230V AC +10%/-6% per BS 7671)
• Temperature range — cameras and outdoor equipment must be rated for the site temperature
extremes (e.g. -20°C to +60°C for outdoor cameras)
• Operating distance — maximum cable run length before signal degradation requires a repeater,
switch, or fiber link
• Humidity range — equipment in damp environments requires a suitable IP rating and humidity
specification
2.6.2 Make/Model
• Manufacturer identification — specifying a manufacturer and model number ensures
compatibility and availability of spares
• Equipment version/firmware — critical for IP equipment where firmware updates affect features
and security
• Approval marks — BS Kitemark, CE marking, or Sold Secure rating indicate tested and certified
equipment

2.6.3 Size
• Cable diameter — affects conduit sizing; ensure conduit fill ratio does not exceed 40% of
internal area
• Storage capacity — calculate required HDD capacity based on bitrate, number of cameras, and
days of retention
• Screen size — monitor size depends on viewing distance and number of camera feeds
displayed simultaneously
• Enclosure dimensions — control panels and DVR/NVR must fit within allocated rack or wall
space

2.6.4 Class
• Safety class — Class I (earthed metal body), Class II (double insulated), Class III (extra low
voltage)
• Protection class — IP rating (see Section 2.16) indicates suitability for dusty or wet
environments
• Performance rating — video resolution (megapixels), frame rate (fps), sensitivity (lux), and
compression format (H.264/H.265)
• Fire resistance class — cables in escape routes and fire alarm circuits must meet BS EN 50200
or equivalent

2.8 Alarm Systems

Alarm systems are electronic systems designed to detect, signal, and respond to danger, intrusion, fire,
or other hazards. They are a fundamental component of any comprehensive security installation.

Types of Alarm Systems

• Fire alarm system — detects smoke, heat, CO, or flames and warns occupants to evacuate
• Burglar alarm system — detects unauthorised entry and triggers audible/visual alarms or sends
alerts to a monitoring centre
• Combined systems — modern panels can handle both fire and intruder detection on a single
platform
• Panic alarm system — manually activated by staff or occupants in an emergency
• Perimeter alarm system — protects the outer boundary of a site using beams, fence sensors, or
vibration detectors
2.8.1 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm systems are designed to give early warning of fire, allowing occupants to escape and
emergency services to respond before the fire causes serious damage.

Grades and Categories (BS 5839):

Grade Category Description

Grade A L1/M Full addressable panel with remote monitoring — commercial

buildings

Grade B L2/L3 Panel-based conventional system — small to medium

commercial

Grade C L4/L5 One or more multi-sensor units with integral control — larger
domestic

Grade D LD1/LD2 Mains-powered interlinked detectors — domestic properties

Grade F PD Battery detectors only — smallest domestic installations

Components and Functions:

Component Function Notes

Smoke detector (optical) Detects visible combustion particles Best for slow smouldering fires
using an infrared light beam

Smoke detector Detects invisible combustion Best for fast flaming fires
(ionisation) particles using a radioactive source

Multi-sensor detector Combines optical and heat sensing Reduces false alarms

Heat detector Triggers at a fixed temperature or Used in kitchens and dusty areas
rate of rise

Manual call point (MCP) Manually activated break-glass unit Positioned at exit routes

Alarm sounder Produces audible alert tone Must meet 65 dB(A) at sleeping
positions

Sounder beacon Combined audible and visual alert Required for hearing-impaired
occupants

Fire control panel Receives signals and activates Addressable panels identify exact
outputs device location

Relay module Activates ancillary equipment on E.g. door releases, lifts, HVAC
alarm shutdown

Wiring Topologies:
• Radial (spur) wiring — simple star topology from panel to each device. If a cable breaks, only
that device is affected.
• Loop wiring — all devices on a single cable loop. Addressable systems can locate the fault even
if the loop is broken at one point.
 • Class A wiring — full loop back to panel from both directions. Single fault does not take any
device offline.

2.8.2 Burglar Alarm System

Burglar alarm systems detect unauthorised entry into a protected area and alert the occupants, security
monitoring centre, or police. Modern systems integrate with CCTV and access control for a unified
security response.

System Grades (EN 50131):

Grade Risk Level Typical Application

Grade 1 Low Residential — intruder has little knowledge of alarm systems

Grade 2 Low to Medium Small commercial — intruder has general knowledge of

systems

Grade 3 Medium to High Commercial/bank — intruder has detailed knowledge and

tools

Grade 4 High High-risk — intruder capable of fully planning intrusion

Components and Functions:

Component Function Technology

PIR sensor Detects body heat movement Passive infrared

within the protected zone

Dual-technology detector Combines PIR and microwave PIR + microwave

— both must trigger to raise
alarm

Magnetic contact Detects door or window Magnetic reed switch

opening by separation of
magnet and switch

Glassbreak detector Detects sound frequency of Acoustic/audio analysis

breaking glass

Vibration detector Detects impacts on walls, Piezoelectric sensor

safes, or ATMs

Alarm panel Receives zone signals, Microprocessor control

processes logic, activates
outputs

Keypad Used to arm/disarm the Digital/RFID

system with a PIN code or
proximity card

Bell box (siren) External audible/visual Piezo siren, LED strobe

deterrent alarm

Motion detector (outdoor) PIR or microwave for external Dual-tech or curtain PIR
perimeter detection
 Component Function Technology

Panic button Fixed or portable button for Hardwired or wireless RF

manual alarm activation

2.9 Identification of Materials and Components for Alarm Systems

2.9.1 Cables
• Multi-core alarm cable (4-core, 6-core, 8-core) — connecting detectors, keypads, and sounders
to alarm panel
• Power cable (1.5 mm² or 2.5 mm²) — supplying mains power to the panel and transformer
• Twisted pair cable — for communication buses in addressable and hybrid systems
• Fire-rated cable (MICC or LSZH) — mandatory on fire alarm circuits in commercial buildings

2.9.2 Conduits, Trunking and Containment

• PVC conduit — for surface wiring of alarm circuits in domestic and light commercial settings
• Steel conduit — for high-security installations or in areas with risk of physical damage
• Cable trays — for multiple cable runs in roof voids, plant rooms, or risers
• Mini trunking — neat surface-mounted solution for alarm cables on skirting boards or door
frames

2.9.3 Alarm System Components

• Control panel — the central processor of the alarm system
• Sensors and detectors — PIR, magnetic contacts, glassbreak, vibration, smoke
• Keypads — user interface for arming, disarming, and programming
• Sounders/sirens — internal and external audible alarms
• Backup battery — sealed lead-acid battery providing minimum 12-hour standby power
• Tamper switches — detect removal of device covers or tampering with enclosures
• Communication modules — GSM, PSTN, or IP diallers for remote monitoring and alerts

2.9.4 Backup Power Systems

• Rechargeable sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries — standard in alarm panels, typically 7 Ah or 12
Ah
• UPS systems — provide mains power backup for the entire security system including NVR and
network equipment
• Solar panel systems — used in remote locations without mains power access

2.10 Specification of Alarm System Tools, Equipment and

Materials
2.10.1 Tolerance and Range
 • Voltage range — alarm panels typically operate at 12V DC. Input must tolerate mains voltage
variation.
• Current rating — calculate total current draw of all devices on the panel to ensure the power
supply is adequate
• Zone resistance — end-of-line resistors maintain specific resistance values per zone for tamper
monitoring

2.10.2 Make/Model
• Brand identification — specifying a preferred manufacturer ensures spare part availability and
installer familiarity
• Listing/certification — NSI Gold or SSAIB approval, EN 50131 grade compliance

2.10.3 Size
• Cable size — alarm cable conductor size affects voltage drop and current capacity over long
runs
• Battery capacity (Ah) — must provide 12 hours standby + 30 minutes full alarm per most
standards

2.10.4 Class
• Fire resistance class — LSZH or mineral-insulated cable required in fire alarm systems in public
buildings
• Protection class — IP54 or better for outdoor detectors and bell boxes

2.11 Wiring Alarm Systems

Correct wiring is essential for reliable alarm operation. All connections must be made to the
manufacturer's terminal designations and the overall design specification.

2.11.1 Schematic Diagram

A schematic diagram shows the electrical operation of the alarm system using standard symbols. It
indicates:
• Zone connections and end-of-line resistor values
• Power supply connections (mains, battery, regulated 12V)
• Tamper circuit connections
• Output connections (sirens, diallers, relay outputs)
• Communication connections (RS-485 bus, Ethernet, GSM)

2.11.2 Wiring Diagram

A wiring diagram shows the actual physical connections between terminals, including:
• Panel terminal designations and cable colour coding
• Device terminal connections with core identification
 • Cable route descriptions and reference numbers
• Junction box details and cable joint locations
• Test points and commissioning notes

2.12 Electric Fence

An electric fence is a perimeter security device that delivers high-voltage, low-energy pulses to
intruders or animals that contact the fence wires. It provides a powerful psychological and physical
deterrent without causing serious injury.

Uses and Applications

• Residential perimeter security — top fence attachment for domestic properties
• Commercial and industrial perimeter protection — standalone high-security fence for
warehouses, factories, and compounds
• Agricultural protection — livestock containment and predator deterrence on farms
• Prison and corrections facilities — high-security detention perimeter
• Military and government installations — critical infrastructure protection

How It Works
The energizer generates high-voltage pulses (typically 5,000–12,000 V) at a rate of approximately one
pulse per second. The pulse duration is very short (300 microseconds), limiting the total energy to a
safe level while delivering a powerful shock. When a person or animal contacts the live wire and the
earth, the circuit is completed and a shock is felt.

Electric Fence Safety Standards

Standard Description

IEC 60335-2-76 International safety standard for electric fence energizers

BS EN 60335-2-76 UK/European adoption of the energizer safety standard

SANS 10222 South African standard — common in East African installations

2.13 Identification of Materials and Components for Electric Fence

2.13.1 Cables
• High-voltage fence cable — connects energizer to fence wires; rated for pulse voltages up to 15
kV
• Underground cable — UV-resistant, double-insulated cable for below-ground interconnections
• Earth cable — connects earth rods to energizer earth terminal; typically 6 mm² or larger
green/yellow cable
2.13.2 Conduits and Containment
• PVC conduit — protects cables from UV, physical damage, and accidental contact at ground
level
• Flexible conduit — used where cables enter or exit metallic posts or structures

2.13.3 Electric Fence Components

Component Function Notes

Energizer Generates the high-voltage Select output (Joules) based on fence

pulses length and vegetation risk

Fence wires Carry the live voltage along the Galvanised steel, aluminium, or stainless
fence line steel

Insulators Prevent conductors touching UV-stabilised polyethylene; rated for voltage

the fence posts or structure used

Earth rods Provide the return path for the Copper-clad steel rods; minimum 3 x 1.2 m
pulse circuit rods recommended

Warning signs Alert persons to danger of Mandatory by law at regular intervals on all
electric fence electric fences

Tensioners Maintain correct wire tension Ratchet or spring type depending on fence
along the fence run wire material

Lightning diverter Protects energizer from Connected at regular intervals and at gate
lightning-induced surges entry points

Gate isolation switch Interrupts fence voltage at Key-operated or integrated with access
pedestrian and vehicle gates control

Fence monitor/alarm Detects fence cuts, shorts, or Connects to alarm panel or standalone
contact and raises an alarm siren

2.13.4 Backup Power Systems

• Battery backup — 12V sealed battery maintains fence operation during mains failure
• Solar power system — solar panel and charge controller allows fully off-grid fence operation in
remote areas
• UPS — maintains continuous power to energizer with automatic changeover on mains failure

2.14 Specification of Electric Fence Tools, Equipment and

Materials
2.14.1 Tolerance and Range
• Voltage output range — energizer output voltage should be measured with a fence voltmeter;
minimum 5 kV during normal operation
 • Pulse energy rating — measured in Joules (stored energy); higher Joules needed for long
fences or areas with vegetation contact
• Fence length capacity — energizer specification states maximum effective fence length (e.g. 20
km for large commercial energizer)

2.14.2 Make/Model
• Manufacturer details — select IEC 60335-2-76 compliant energizers from reputable
manufacturers
• Approval marks — look for CE, SAA, or relevant national certification

2.14.3 Size
• Wire gauge — typically 2.0 mm to 2.5 mm galvanised steel; heavier gauge for high-security
applications
• Battery size — 12V, 7 Ah minimum; larger (18–40 Ah) for extended backup or solar systems

2.14.4 Class
• Weatherproof rating — energizer must be rated IP44 minimum for outdoor installation; IP65 for
exposed sites
• Security classification — some standards grade electric fence systems by deterrence level

2.15 Wiring Electric Fence Systems

2.15.1 Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram for an electric fence shows:
• Energizer connections (live output, earth terminal, mains input)
• Fence wire layout (number of active and return wires)
• Earth rod network and bonding arrangements
• Lightning diverter positions along the fence
• Gate loop and isolation switch connections
• Alarm output connections to monitoring equipment

2.15.2 Wiring Diagram

The wiring diagram shows physical connections and cable routing, including:
• Energizer terminal designations and cable specifications
• Post positions, wire heights, and zone boundary identification
• Underground cable routes and depth of burial
• Earth rod positions and inter-connection bonding cables
• Warning sign positions per regulations

2.16 Insulation Classes of Enclosures (IP Ratings)

The Ingress Protection (IP) rating system, defined by IEC 60529, classifies the degree of protection
provided by an enclosure against the intrusion of solid particles and liquids. The rating uses the letters
IP followed by two digits.

First Digit (Solid Second Digit (Liquid

IP Rating Typical Applications
Protection) Protection)

IP20 Protection against No protection against Indoor switchgear, distribution

fingers and objects liquid boards
>12 mm

IP44 Protection against Protection against Indoor enclosures in damp areas,

solid objects >1 mm splashing water from outdoor under cover
any direction

IP55 Dust protected (limited Protected against low- Industrial panels, outdoor alarm
ingress permitted) pressure water jets panels

IP65 Dust tight (no ingress) Protected against low- Outdoor CCTV cameras, bell boxes,
pressure water jets junction boxes

IP66 Dust tight (no ingress) Protected against Exposed outdoor installations,
powerful water jets coastal environments

IP67 Dust tight (no ingress) Protected against Underground junction boxes, buried
temporary immersion connectors
(up to 1 m for 30 min)

IP68 Dust tight (no ingress) Protected against Submersible cameras, underwater
continuous immersion installations
(depth specified by
manufacturer)

Selection Guidance:
• Indoor environments (offices, shops) — IP20 to IP44 acceptable
• Indoor wet areas (car washes, kitchens) — minimum IP54
• Outdoor general — minimum IP65
• Exposed coastal or high-pressure wash-down — IP66 or better
• Underground or in water — IP67 or IP68

2.17 Cable Labelling

Cable labelling is the systematic identification of each cable in an installation using physical markers,
tags, or sleeves. It is a professional requirement on all commercial installations.

Labelling Methods
• Cable markers/sleeves — numbered or lettered heat-shrink sleeves applied before termination
• Adhesive label tags — wrapped around the cable at both ends and at junction points
• Cable ties with label tags — cable tie with flat area for writing or printed label
• Thermal print labels — professional printed labels using Brady, Dymo, or similar label printers
 • Colour coding — cable jacket colour used to identify system type (e.g. red for fire alarm, yellow
for data)

What Labels Should Include

• Circuit number or zone reference matching the as-built drawings
• Origin (panel or switch) and destination (device or junction box)
• Cable type and size
• Date of installation (for fire alarm cables per BS 5839)

Importance of Cable Labelling

21. Easy identification — engineers can quickly locate any circuit without tracing cables
22. Simplifies maintenance — reduces time spent tracing faults during reactive maintenance visits
23. Reduces wiring errors — during installation, labelled cables prevent incorrect terminations
24. Improves safety — prevents accidental connection or disconnection of live circuits
25. Saves time during troubleshooting — fault diagnosis is faster with a clear identification system
26. Supports handover documentation — forms part of the as-built record passed to the client

2.18 Cable Termination

Cable termination is the process of preparing the end of a cable and connecting it to a device,
connector, or terminal block in a way that creates a reliable, low-resistance, and mechanically secure
electrical joint.

Termination Methods
Method Description Suitable For

Crimping A ferrule or connector is RJ45 connectors, BNC plugs, ferrules

compressed onto the conductor on stranded wire
using a crimping tool

Soldering Solder is melted to create a Coaxial connectors (BNC), PCB

permanent electrical bond between connections, fine wire
conductor and terminal

Screw terminals Conductor inserted into a terminal Alarm panels, CCTV power connections,
block and secured by a screw junction boxes

Insulation Connector contacts pierce the cable Telephone cables, Cat cable keystone
displacement (IDC) insulation to make contact jacks, punchdown blocks

Push-in connectors Spring-loaded connector grips Quick connections in lighting and low-
conductor without tools voltage circuits

2.18.1 Importance of Correct Termination

 27. Ensures reliable connection — poor terminations are the leading cause of intermittent faults in
security systems
28. Prevents signal loss — high-resistance joints cause voltage drop and signal degradation in
CCTV and alarm cables
29. Improves safety — loose or poorly terminated cables can arc, causing fire or electric shock
30. Enhances durability — correctly terminated cables withstand vibration and thermal cycling
without failing
31. Reduces faults and callbacks — professional terminations reduce the frequency of maintenance
visits
32. Maintains system integrity — tamper loops and end-of-line resistors only function if terminations
are correct

2.19 Tools Used in Cable Termination

Tool Purpose Used For

Crimping tool (RJ45) Compresses RJ45 connector IP cameras, network connections

onto Cat cable conductors

Crimping tool (coaxial) Attaches BNC compression CCTV camera coaxial connections
connectors to coaxial cable

Ferrule crimper Attaches bootlace ferrules to Panel terminal blocks, alarm

stranded cable ends connections

Cable stripper Removes outer and inner All cable types

insulation without damaging
conductors

Punchdown tool Terminates Cat cable conductors Structured cabling, IP CCTV

into keystone jacks and patch
panels

Coaxial compression tool Applies BNC/F compression CCTV, satellite, aerial systems
connectors to coaxial cable

Screwdriver (flat/cross) Tightens screw terminals on Alarm panels, terminal blocks

panels and junction boxes

Multimeter Measures continuity, resistance, Testing all cable circuits

voltage, and current

Cable tester (RJ45) Verifies correct pinout and IP CCTV, data networks
continuity of Cat cable
connections

Soldering iron Melts solder to make permanent BNC connectors, delicate PCB work
connections

Heat gun Shrinks heat-shrink tubing over Outdoor and waterproofed

connections for insulation and connections
protection
2.19.1 Strip Knife (Cable Knife)
A strip knife or cable knife is a specialist tool designed to safely remove the outer sheath and insulation
from cables without nicking or damaging the conductors. Features include:
• Adjustable blade depth to control how deeply it cuts into the cable jacket
• Hook or V-shaped blade that cuts the insulation without cutting through to the conductor
• Self-regulating rotary type for coaxial cables to produce a clean, consistent strip
• Different blade profiles for round cables, flat cables, and armoured cables
Correct stripping is essential — damaged conductors cause high-resistance joints, intermittent faults,
and potential fire hazards. Always use a proper stripping tool rather than a general-purpose knife.

2.20 Security System Integration with Other Components

Modern security systems are increasingly integrated with other building systems to provide a unified,
intelligent response to security and safety events. Integration allows different systems to share
information and trigger coordinated actions.

Integration Examples
Integration Function Benefit

CCTV + Access Control Camera automatically points to Visual verification of access events
door when access is denied or
forced

Alarm + CCTV Camera recording triggered by Immediate video evidence on alarm

alarm zone activation

Alarm + Lighting Perimeter lights activated Deters intruder, aids camera visibility
when PIR detects movement

Fire Alarm + Access Door releases automatically Enables safe evacuation

Control unlock on fire alarm activation

Fire Alarm + HVAC Air handling units shut down Life safety
on fire alarm to prevent smoke
spread

Security + BMS Building management system Single point of oversight

monitors security system
status centrally

Security + Intercom Visitor identity verified via Controlled access management

intercom before access is
granted

Security + Smart Notifications sent to mobile Remote management and monitoring

Home/IoT app; remote arming/disarming

Security + Monitoring Alarm signals transmitted via Professional rapid response

Centre IP/GSM to 24-hour response
centre
Benefits of Integration
• Centralised monitoring — a single control interface for all security and building systems reduces
operator error
• Improved security — systems working together respond faster and more intelligently to threats
• Faster response — automated responses (lights on, camera to alert position, door lock) happen
in milliseconds
• Remote access and control — cloud-connected systems allow security to be managed from
anywhere via smartphone or web
• Efficient management — integrated systems generate combined reports, simplifying security
audits and insurance requirements
• Reduced false alarms — cross-verification between CCTV and alarm detection reduces
unnecessary responses
• Cost savings — one integrated system reduces hardware duplication, installation costs, and
maintenance overheads

Integration Technologies
• RS-485 serial bus — traditional low-speed communication between security panels and
peripheral devices
• TCP/IP Ethernet — modern systems communicate over the LAN/WAN for high-speed
integration
• Open Platform Communications (OPC) — industry standard for process control and BMS
integration
• ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum) — standard ensuring interoperability between IP
cameras and recorders from different manufacturers
• SIA DC-09 — standard protocol for alarm signalling over IP to monitoring centres
• REST API and SDK — software interfaces used by smart home platforms, mobile apps, and
third-party software

End of Security System Installation Notes