NSCS Pinaka famous- Ferdinand Magellan

Sinakop tayo ng españa – 330 years

NASA PICS.
📌HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Illustrado
- General luna, rizal
- Precolonial, colonial, and
post- colonial  Spanish Era

 The pre-Spanish Philippines - they establish school and introduce

subjects.
- The early inhabitants of the
archipelago had their belief - The Spaniards brought with them their
system and indigenous own culture and practices.
knowledge system.
- They established schools for boys and
- Science was observed in how they
girls and introduced the concept of
interpreted the movements of
subjects and disciplines.
heavenly bodies to predict
seasons and climates and -It was the beginning of formal science
organize days into months and and technology in the country, known
years. now as the school of science and
- Scientific knowledge was technology.
observed in how they planted
- The Filipinos developed ways to
their crops, taking care of
replicate the technology brought by the
animals, and food production.
Spaniards using indigenous materials.
- They used science in preparing
the soil for agricultural purposes -Medicine and advanced science were
and like any other ancient culture. introduced in formal colleges and
They also discovered the universities established by the Catholic
medicinal uses of plants, orders.
- They developed tools for planting,
- The galleon trade (kalakalakang
hunting, cooking, and fishing; for
galleon) had brought additional
fighting their enemies during war
technology and development to the
or tribal conflicts.
Philippines.
- They also developed technologies
in creating musical instruments. (tabacco, gobernador general)
- The Metal Age had a significant
- Filipino students who were able to
influence on the lives of early
study in Europe also contributed to the
Filipinos.
advancement of medicine, engineering,
- Sophisticated designs of gold and
arts, music, and literature in the
silver jewelry, ceramics, and
country.
metal tools proved that their
technological ideas helped ( During the treat of paris sa america )
develop different tools.
 American Period and Post
Commonwealth Era
- Aguinaldo (hero) but sa iba
 Spanish Colonial Period
consider sya as rival

• American Era
 - The Americans established the resources to improve its science
public education system and and technological capability.
improved the engineering works
• Japanese era
and people’s health conditions.
- Tenchnological voacational school
(tandaan)
- They reorganized the learning of
science and introduced it in public
• Post- colonial Era
and private schools.
🟩Presidents of the Philippines
- They established a modern
🟩FERDINAND E. MARCOS SR.
research university, the University
(DECEMBER 30, 1965 FEBRUARY 25,
of the Philippines.
1986)

- They created more public - Ferdinand Marcos was the tenth

hospitals than the former colonial president of the Philippines and
master. the last president of the Third
Republic.
- The mineral resources of the - He was one of the most
country were also explored and controversial leaders of the
exploited during the American 20th century. He ruled the
time. Philippines for 21 years and was
removed from office after the
- Transportation and People Power Revolution.
communication systems were
Reason
improved, though not accessible
throughout the country. - Imelda Marcos

🟩FERDINAND E. MARCOS (DECEMBER

- The Protestant church missions in
30, 1965 FEBRUARY 25, 1986)
different places in the country
also brought hospitals and - The first president to win a
schools to far-flung areas. second term
- The longest-ruling president of
- However, World War II had the Philippines, he ruled for 21
destabilized the development of years
the country in many ways. - He declared Martial Law on
Institutions and public facilities Sept. 22, 1972
were turned into ashes, houses - He increased the size of Philippine
were burned, and many lives military and armed forces
were destroyed. - By 1980, the Philippine GNP was
four times greater than 1972
(bumagsak ung mga institution,
- Marcos built more schools, roads,
maraming namatay…)
bridges, hospitals, and other
- Since the establishment of the infrastructure than all former
new republic, the whole nation presidents combined
has focused on using its limited
• He topped Ist place in the Bar
Exam in 1939: “I’ll pay you when I
 have money.” – The creditor cannot - Directed the Department of
demand right away unless the court Education to revitalize the science
fixes a period. courses in public high schools.
The Department of Education,
PROJECTS
with the National Science
- Many of Marcos Sr’s infrastructure Development Board (NSDB), is
projects include the North Luzon organizing a project to provide
Expressway, South Luzon selected high schools with science
Expressway, Maharlika Highway, teaching equipment over a four-
Circumferential Roads 1-10, San year period
Juanico Bridge, and Mactan- - Assisted 107 institutions in
Mandaue Bridge undertaking nuclear energy work
- Ferdinand Marcos Sr’s by sending scientists to study
government also completed 20 nuclear science and technology
power plants so that the abroad, and providing basic
Philippines would be independent training to 482 scientists,
of the surging prices of oil and doctors engineers, and
electricity technicians.
- Notable medical institutions were - He enacted a law under
also built during Marcos’s regime, Presedential Decree No. 1003-
such as the Philippine Heart A. s. 1976 (why need nito,
Center, Lung Center of the need natin na may reserve
Philippines, and National Kidney expertise) to establish the
and Transplant Institute National Academy of Science and
- The Cultural Center of the Technology, which is composed of
Philippines (CCP). Folks Arts scientists with “innovative
Theater, Philippine International achievement in the basic and
Convention Center (PICC), applied sciences,” to serve as a
National Arts Center, Nayong reservoir of scientific and
Pilipino, and the People’s Park in technological expertise for the
the Sky were constructed during country.
Marcos Sr’s regime to promote
Filipino heritage and culture
- Marcos Sr. signed the MARCOS SR.
Emancipation of Tenants from the
- The role of science and
Bondage of the Soil (Presidential
technology in national
Decree No.27) in 1972
development was emphasized.
PINAKA HIGHLIGHT - He mandated the Department of
Education and Culture, now
- He amended the 1973
known as the Department of
Philippine constitution, article
Education (DepEd), to promote
15 section 9, he declared that
science courses in public high
the advancement of science
schools.
and technology shall have
- The 35-ha lot in Bicutan, Taguig
priority in the national
was proclaimed in 1968 as the
development.
Philippine Science Community,
 now the site of the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST).
On wed.
- Seminars, workshops, training
programs, and scholarships on . mag aassign (15mins reportinig)
fisheries and oceanography were (10mins report, 5 mins quiz)
also sponsored.
Mag papa quiz ung reporter (5 items)
- The Philippine Coconut Research
Institute (PHILCORIN) was tasked Prepare ½ crosswise
to promote the modernization of
Next meeting – quiz
the coconut industry. Several
agencies and organizations were
then established like:
🟩 02/23/26
• Philippine Textile Research Institute
📌CORAZON C. AQUINO (FEBRUARY
• Philippine Atomic Energy Commission 25, 1986 JUNE 30, 1992)
(now the Philippine Nuclear Institute)
 The first woman to be president
• National Grains Authority (now of the Philippines or any Asian
National Food Authority) country
 She signed the Family Code of
• Philippine Culture for agricultural
1987, a major civil law reform,
research (now the Philippine Council for
and 1191 Local Government
agriculture, aquatic, and natural
Code, which reorganized the
resources research and development)
structure of the executive branch
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, of government.
and Astronomical Services  She initiated charitable and social
Administration (PAGASA) activities helping the poor and the
needy
 Was named "Woman of the Year"
• Philippine National Oil Company in 1986 by TIME magazine
 The National Science and
• Plant Breeding Institute
Technology Authority was
• International Rice Research Institute replaced by the Department of
(IRRI) Science and Technology, giving
science and technology a
• Bureau of Forest Products
representation in the cabinet. She
• National Committee on Geological said that science and technology
Sciences development shall be one of the
top three priorities of the
- The National Science and
government towards and
Development Board (NSDB) was
economic recovery.
reorganized as the National Science and
 Corazon Aquino was the first
Technology Authority (NSTA) in 1981.
woman president of the
- The National Academy of Science and Philippines and the first woman to
Technology (NAST) was established to become president of an Asian
be the reservoir of scientific and country.
technological expertise in the country.  She was the 11th president and a
democracy icon, one of the 100
 Women Who Shaped World  He promoted family-planning
History and 20 Most Influential practices to help to solve the
Asians of the 20th Century. country’s growing population
 Hosted the 4th Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation Leader’s
 Philippine Inventors Incentive Act Summit in the Philippines in 1996
which gave assistance to Filipino  He presided over celebrations of
inventors through giving financial Philippine Independence
aid, patent application assistance, Centennial in 1998
legal assistance and to help  Ramos reached out peace talks
inventors market their products with the rebels such as the Moro
domestically and abroad. National Liberation Front and New
 Encourage scientist and inventors People's Army
to bring the Philippines to its  FVR received British Knighthood
former position as second to only from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
Japan in the field of Science and II (Knight Grand Cross of the
Technology. One of the goals of Order of St. Michael and St.
her administration was to achieve George)
the status as being and
industrialized country by 2000.
 The National Science and  The Philippines had approximately
Technology Authority (NSTA) was 3,000 competent scientists and
renamed the Department of engineers.
Science and Technology (DOST).  The “Doctors to the Barrio”
This was done in order for the program made healthcare
science and technology sector to accessible even in far-flung areas
be represented in the cabinet and in the country.
thus play in integral role in the  Incentives were given to people
countries sustainable economic who played significant roles in the
recovery and growth. science and technology sector.
 The Science and Technology  The National Program for Gifted
Master Plan penned by DOST Filipino Children in Science and
aimed to update the production Technology was created for high
sector, improve research school students who wanted to
activities, and develop major in science and engineering
infrastructures for science and in college.
technology sector.  A number of laws and statutes
related to science and technology
sector were mandated such as
📌FIDEL V. RAMOS (JUNE 30, 1992-
JUNE 30, 1998)
 RA 8439: Magna Carta for
 FVR was widely credited as the
Scientist Engineers, Researchers
most effective president because
and other Science and Technology
he led the Philippines to
Personnel in Government
economic growth
 RA 7687: Science and Technology
Scholarship Act of 1994
 RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions  Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 8749) which
 RA 8293: The Intellectual Property was designed to protect and
Code of the Philippines preserve the environment and
ensure the sustainable
development of its natural
📌JOSEPH E. ESTRADA (JUNE 30, resources.
1998 JANUARY 20.2001)  Electronic Commerce Act of
2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)
 Joseph Estrada is the 13th
which outlaws computer
president of the Philippines
hacking and provides
and the first film actor to
opportunities for new business
become a president in the
emerging from the internet-
country.
driven New economy.
 During his years in office,
 Launched a full-scale program
economic growth was slow,
based on cost effective
and he faced impeachment
irrigation technologies.
proceedings. He became the
first president in Asia to be
impeached from an executive
📌GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
role. He was ousted from the
presidency in 2001 (JANUARY 20, 2001 JUNE 30, 2010)
- Ineffective president
 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the
 Moro Islamic Liberation Front
14th president of the
headquarters and camps were
Philippines, the 2nd female
captured during his presidency
president, and the first Filipino
 Cited as one of the Three
president whose parent was a
Outstanding Senators in 1989
former president.
 He became a Mayor of the City
 She's also an economist like
of Manila, the county’s capital
her father, ex-president
 He won every mayor election
Diosdado Macapagal. Having a
in San Juan from 1969 to
master's degree and doctorate
1984
in economics, Gloria put the
 Erap was among the
Philippine economy back in
“Magnificent 12” who voted
shape.
to terminate the agreement
 Annual economic growth in the
that allows for U.S. control of
Philippines averaged 4.5%
Clark Airbase and Subic Naval
during her administration,
Base
expanding every quarter of her
presidency. That is higher than
 He was credited with the
in the administrations of her
passage of, among other
three immediate predecessors.
pieces of legislation, the bills
The peso strengthened by
on irrigation project and the
nearly 20% in making it the
protection of carabaos
best-performing currency of
the year in 2007.
- Hind sya tumagal kasi impeach
sya
  Second female president of the  R.A. 9367 of the Biofuel act.
country  R.A. 10601 which improves the
 First president to take oath Agriculture and Fisheries
outside Luzon Sector through Mechanization.
 Gloria Arroyo oversaw higher
economic growth than the past
three presidents before her 📌BENIGNO AQUINO III (JUNE 30,
 Philippine Peso became the 2010 -JUNE 30, 2016)
best-performing currency of
• Benigno Aquino III was the 15 th
the year in Asia in 2007 during
president of the Philippines. He was the
her term
first bachelor president. A son of ex-
 eVAT Law was implemented
president Corazon Aquino, he was also
under her term
called as Noynoy or PNoy. Noynoy
 She supported to bring back
finished his Economics degree from
Spanish language in the
Ateneo de Manila University.
Philippines during her 9-year
presidency • He was one of the students of a
- Naging teacher ni PNoy sa ateneo former economics professor, Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, the president before
him.
 She took up International Trade
at Georgetown University in
Washington D.C. with Bill • He created the no “wang-wang”
Clinton (street siren) policy
 Graduated Magna Cum Laude
• Noynoy initiated shifting to K-12
from Assumption College in
education in the Philippines
1968
 Arroyo earned a Master's • Peace agreement with the Moro
Degree in Economics from Islamic Liberation Front in October 2012
Ateneo de Manila University in
• Oversaw 7.1% growth of the
1978
Philippine economy in 2012
 Obtained Doctorate in
Economics from the University • TIME named him one of the 100 Most
of the Philippines in 1986 Influential People in the World in 2013
 Numerous Honorary Degrees
granted by prominent
international universities • Conferred four new National Scientist
 TIME Magazine's People Who for their contribution in the Scientific
Mattered list for 2005 field
 Forbes 100 Most Powerful
• Gavino C. Trono’s contribution
Women in the World (2004-
helped a lot families in coastal
2009)
populations through the extensive
studies he made on seaweed species.
 The term Filipinnovation was
the coined term in helping the • Angel C. Alcala, served as pioneer
Philippines to be an innovation scientist and advocate of coral reefs
hub in Asia.
aside from his contribution in the fields • Renewable Energy Promotion:
of systematics and herpetology. Initiated programs focused on utilizing
solar, wind, and biomass to reduce
• Ramon C. Barba’s contribution
reliance on imported fossil fuels
changes the seasonal supply of fresh
fruits to an all year round availability of • Project NOAH (Nationwide
mangoes through his studies on the Operational Assessment of
induction of flowering mango and Hazards) had a profound
micropropagation if important crop environmental impact by shifting the
species. Philippines from a reactive disaster
response model to a proactive, science-
• Edgardo D. Gomez steered the
based approach to environmental risks.
national- scale assessment of damage
coral reefs which led a national (pinaka no. 1 flood control)
conservation.
• Precision Hazard Mapping: The
project produced high-resolution
(1:10,000 scale) probabilistic hazard
• K-12 Program Implementation:
maps for floods, landslides, and storm
Signed the Enhanced Basic Education
surges. This allowed for “street-level
Act of 2013 (K-12), which overhauled
accuracy,” helping communities identify
the education system to include
exactly which areas were at risk during
mandatory kindergarten and two years
specific weather events.
of senior high school, heavily focusing
on technical-vocational skills and • Life-Saving Disaster Mitigation:
science. After the integration of NOAH’s data
into national warning systems, average
• Support for Research and
annual disaster-related deaths fell by
Development:
approximately 76% from roughly 1,253
Increased funding for the Department of before 2014 to about 295 in subsequent
Science and Technology (DOST) to years.
support research in biotechnology,
• Climate Change Adaptation:
agriculture, and industry.
Through the ISAIAH (Integrated
Scenario-based Assessments of
Impacts and Hazards) component,
• Modernization of PAGASA: Aquino
NOAH translated raw hazard data into
enacted
municipal-level risk assessments. This
The PAGASA Modernization Act of 2015, included multi-scenario maps that
which upgraded meteorological factored in climate change, helping
services, equipment, and operational local governments identify safe sites for
capabilities to improve weather long-term development and evacuation
forecasting and disaster management. centers.
• Establishment of DICT: He created • Watershed & River Monitoring:
the Department of Information and The project deployed over 600
Communications Technology (DICT) in automated rain gauges and 400 water
2016 to improve internet connectivity, level monitoring stations across 18
digital infrastructure, and cybersecurity. major river basins. This created a
"Flood Information Network"
(FloodNET) that provided real-time - DIWATA 2
data on river conditions to predict - Increase budget.. production and
flooding hours in advance. mitigation
- Promote data driven farming
• Coastal Protection: The CHASSAM
- Covid response
(Coastal Hazards and Storm Surge
Assessment and Mitigation) project 8888 Citizens’ Complaint Hotline
generated models for wave surges and
- Launched the 8888 hotline.
coastal circulation, which informed
- People can report slow or poor
solutions for coastal erosion and storm
government service.
surge protection.
- Promotes faster action from
• Informed Land-Use Planning: By government offices.
making 1,800 GB of hazard data
Rehabilitation of Public Places
publicly accessible via a Web-GIS
platform, NOAH enabled stakeholders to - Ordered clearing of roads and
discourage settlement in high-risk sidewalks.
areas, a critical step for long-term - Public places were made more
environmental resilience. accessible and organized.

• Monitoring Geological Stability: Rehabilitation of Boracay

The deployment of locally developed
- Temporarily closed Boracay in
Landslide Sensors in strategic locations
2018.
(like Southern Leyte) provided real-time
- Cleaned and restored the
monitoring of slope stability and soil
environment.
movement, offering early warnings for
- Improved sewage and waste
debris flow.
management systems.

Build Build Build Program

• QUIZ NEXT MEETING
- Focused on infrastructure
( WEDNESDAY – 25)
development.
- Marcos snr. Hanggang ki benigno - Built roads, bridges, airports, and
- 20 items railways.
- Enumeration and identification - Aimed to improve transportation
- More on science and technology— and create jobs.
ung mga contributions nila
Tax Reform for Acceleration and
Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law)

📌RODRIGO DUTERTE (JUNE 30,2016 - Reduced personal income tax for

TO JUNE 2022) many workers.
- Increased taxes on fuel and
- Launch 888
sugary drinks.
- Public places
- Part of a bigger tax reform plan.
- Rehabilitate boracay
- BBB infrastructure program Comprehensive Tax Reform
- Train law Program (CTRP)
- Comprehensive tax reform
- Updated the country’s tax
program
system.
- Philippines space agency
 - Aimed to make taxation fair and (June 30, 2022 to present)
generate funds for projects.
Digitilization
- Supported infrastructure and
social programs. Projects

Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) Virology and vaccine institute of

Philippines staff
- Signed the law creating PhilSA in
2019. Digitalization Program
- Strengthened the country’s space
- Promotes digital services in
science and technology.
government offices.
- Helps in disaster monitoring,
- Supports online transactions and
weather tracking, and research.
faster public services.
Diwata-2 - Launched programs like
Broadband ng Masa to improve
- A Filipino-made satellite launched
internet access, especially in
in 2018.
remote areas.
- Used to monitor disasters,
agriculture, and environment. Virology and Vaccine Institute of
- Helps in collecting images and the Philippines (VIP)
data from space.
- Proposed the creation of VIP.
Increased Budget for Disaster Risk - Goal: Study viruses and develop
Reduction local vaccines.
- Purpose: To prepare the country
- Gave more support for disaster
for future pandemics.
response and mitigation.
- Improved equipment and early Philippine Atomic Energy Act
warning systems. (PhilATOM Bill)
- Helped communities prepare for
- Supports the safe and peaceful
typhoons and calamities.
use of nuclear energy.
Promoted Data-Driven Farming - Helps improve research in nuclear
science.
- Encouraged use of satellite data
- Can provide additional energy
in agriculture.
source for the country.
- Farmers can monitor crops and
weather conditions. Expanded Philippine Science High
- Helps increase production and School Act
reduce losses.
- Expands Philippine Science
COVID-19 Response High School campuses.
- Gives more students access to
- Strengthened health system
quality science education.
during the pandemic.
- Helps develop future Filipino
- Provided vaccines and medical
scientists.
supplies.
- Implemented lockdowns and Balik Scientist Program
safety protocols to reduce spread.
- Encourages Filipino scientists
working abroad to return
📌Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. home.
 - They share knowledge and • The word “heliocentric”
skills in research and comes from the Greek
technology. words helios (sun) and
- Helps improve science kentron (center).
development in the Philippine Copernicus’s theory,
detailed in his landmark
book De revolutionibus
- To prepare for future pandemic orbium coelestium (On
- Phil atom (atomic act) the Revolutions of the
- Expanded phil institute act Heavenly Spheres),
- Broad band ng masa proposed several radical
- Program…working abroad balik ideas:
saytis program • The Sun-Centered
Model: The Sun, not the
Earth, is the fixed center of
the universe (or at least our
MIDTERMS
solar system).
03/04/26 • Earth’s Rotation: The
Earth is not stationary; it
📌Some intellectuals and their
rotates on its axis once
Revolutionary Ideas
every 24 hours, which
🟩Nicolaus Copernicus explains the rising and
setting of the sun.
• His ideas were an example
• Earth’s Revolution: The
of what is presently called
Earth, along with al other
as thought experiment.
planets, revolves around
Copernicus idea and model
the Sun. A full circuit takes
of the universe was
one year.
essentially complete in
• Retrograde Motion: He
1510.
explained why planets
🟩Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) sometimes appear to move
backward in the sky. This
“retrograde motion” is
• Renaissance polymath actually an optical illusion
whose work didn’t just caused by the Earth
change astronomy-it overtaking slower-moving
changed the way humanity outer planets as they both
perceived its place in the orbit the Sun.
cosmos.
🟩Why It Was a "Revolution"
• Before Copernicus, the
world followed the  Scientific Simplicity: The
Ptolemaic System, which Geocentric model required 80+
insisted that the Earth was epicycles to explain why planets
the stationary center of the moved the way they did.
universe. Copernicus's model was
mathematically cleaner (though
🟩The Core of Heliocentrism
not perfect, as he still believed
 orbits were perfect circles rather  Overproduction: Nature
than ellipses). produces more offspring than can
 The "De-centering" of possibly survive. This creates a
Humanity: For centuries, "struggle for existence."
theology and philosophy were  Selection: Individuals with traits
built on the idea that humans that give them a slight advantage
were at the physical center of (e.g., better camouflage or faster
God's creation. Copernicus legs) are more likely to survive
suggested we were just on and reproduce.
another "wandering star" (planet).  Adaptation: Over many
generations, these
🟩The Catch (and the Controversy)
"advantageous" traits become
 Copernicus was a cautious man. more common in the population.
He was a canon in the Catholic The species "evolves."
Church and knew his ideas would
🟩Key Concepts of the Theory
be controversial. Because of this,
he delayed the publication of his  Common Descent. Darwin
book for decades. Legend has it proposed that all life on Earth is
he was presented with the first connected.
printed pages of his work on his  Instead of species appearing out
deathbed in 1543. of nowhere, they branched off
 Fun Fact: The Church didn't from common ancestors like a
officially ban his book until 1616- massive “Tree of Life.”
over 70 years after he died-once  “Survival of the Fittest” This
they realized people were starting phrase (actually coined by
to take the "Sun-centered" thing Herbert Spencer, but adopted by
literally. Darwin) is often misunderstood.
 In biological terms, “fitness”
🟩Charles Darwin
doesn’t mean the strongest or
 Famous for his theory of fastest-it means the best suited
evolution. He published his book to the current environment
The Origin of Species in 1589. and most successful at passing on
His book presented evidence on genes.
how species evolved over time
🟩Societal Impact and Legacy
and presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate  Modern Synthesis: Darwin
species didn't know about DNA or genes
(Mendel's work was unknown to
🟩The Mechanism: Natural Selection
him). In the 20th century, we
 Darwin's "big idea" can be broken combined Darwin's selection with
down into four simple genetics to create the "Modern
observations: Synthesis," which remains the
 Variation: Within any population, foundation of all modern biology
individuals have different traits and medicine.
(size, color, speed). These traits
🟩Sigmund Freud
are often heritable.
  Famous figure in the field of  The Ego (The Adult): Driven by
Psychology. He made a significant the “Reality Principle.” It’s the
contribution in the scientific world mediator. It tries to satisfy the Id’s
through the development of desires in a way that is socially
psychoanalysis. acceptable and realistic.

🟩The Discovery of the Unconscious 🟩Psychosexual Stages of

Development
 Before Freud, most scientists
believed that humans were  He believed that personality is
rational actors who knew exactly mostly established by the age of
why they did what they did. Freud five and that it develops through
proposed the Iceberg a series of stages.
Metaphor:  At each stage, the Libido (sexual
 The Conscious (Tip of the energy/drive) is focused on a
iceberg): The small part of our specific "erogenous zone." If a
mental life we are actually aware child experiences a conflict or
of. trauma at a certain stage, they
 The Preconscious: Thoughts we might become "fixated" meaning
aren't thinking about right now they stay psychologically "stuck"
but can easily "pull" into there, which shows up as specific
awareness. personality traits in adulthood.
 The Unconscious (Submerged  Oral stage: (birth-18 months):
bulk): A massive reservoir of erogenous zone is the mouth and
feelings, thoughts, urges, and sucking and biting lead to
memories that are outside of our satisfaction
conscious awareness-often  frustration: pessimism, envy,
containing "unacceptable" or suspicion and sarcasm -
unpleasant content like anxiety or  overindulgence: optimistic,
conflict. gullible, and is full of admiration
for others around him
🟩The Structural Model: Id, Ego, and
 primary conflict: "weaning":
Superego
deprives the child of the sensory
 Freud argued that the human pleasures of nursing and of the
personality is a constant psychological pleasure of being
battlefield between three cared for, mothered, and held
conflicting forces:
 The Id (The Child): Driven by  Anal Stage (18-36 months):
the "Pleasure Principle." It wants obsession with the erogenous
what it wants now (hunger, sleep, zone of the anus and with the
sex, aggression). It is entirely retention or expulsion of the
unconscious. feces- conflict with
 The Superego (The Judge): parents/societal pressures.
The internalized moral standards  anal expulsive character:
and “rules” we learn from parents messy, disorganized, reckless,
and society. It strives for careless, and defiant. –
perfection and makes us feel  anal retentive character: neat,
guilty. precise, orderly, careful, stingy,
 withholding, obstinate,  Genital Stage: child’s energy
meticulous, and passive- once again focuses on his
aggressive genitals, interest turns to
heterosexual relationships. The
 The resolution of the anal stage less energy the child has left
permanently affects the individual invested in unresolved
propensities to possession and psychosexual developments, the
attitudes towards authority. greater his capacity will be to
 Phallic Stage: (3-6 years): The develop normal relationships with
phallic stage is the setting for the the opposite sex.
greatest, most crucial sexual
conflict in Freud's model of
development. In this stage, the
child's erogenous zone is the
genital region.
 The conflict, labeled the Oedipus MIDTERMS
complex (The Electra complex in
- indiv. Output
women), involves the child's
unconscious desire to possess the
opposite-sexed parent and to
eliminate the same-sexed one.
 Employs the defense mechanism
of identification, becoming as
much like the same sex parents
as possible, indoctrinating them
into their appropriate sexual role
in life. – A lasting trace of the
Oedipal conflict is the superego
 Fixation at the phallic stage
develops a phallic character, who
is reckless, resolute, self-assured,
and narcissistic—excessively vain
and proud
 failure to resolve the conflict can
also cause a person to be afraid
or incapable of close love; Freud
also postulated that fixation could
be a root cause of homosexuality

 Latency Period: a period in

which the sexual drive lies
dormant. During the latency
period, children pour this
repressed libidal energy into
asexual pursuits such as school,
athletics, and same-sex
friendships.
 - ex: forest, rivers, mangroves,
marine, wetlands, etc.

🟩Biodiversity – The Web of Life

• Birds pick up seeds and drop them on

a rich soil enriched by ants,
microorganisms, etc.

• The seeds grows into a variety of

trees, becoming a forest.

• Forests and mountains provide aquifer

(source of fresh water) and oxygen.

• Man eats fruits from trees and drops

🟩Finals (04/22/26) seeds.
📌Philippine biodiversity: Issues, • Birds and other pollinators pick up
Challenges, and Initiatives seeds again and the cycle continues.
- We all depend on biodiversity to 🟩What benefits that we can get in
survive. biodiversity
Bio- life BIODIVERSITY FEEDS THE WORLD
Diversity- variety or differences • In the olden days, humans had over
10,000 species for food.
🟩Biodiversity – what is it?
• Today-About 30 crops provide our
• Variety of life in our natural
body’s energy requirements, 40 species
environment from the smallest micro-
of mammals and birds domesticated for
organism to the largest mammals,
food, 14 species account for 90% of
including the ecosystems where they
livestock production.
live forests and mountains, rivers and
seas. BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES AIR AND
WATER
• Variety within and between species.
• Forests generate oxygen that we
🟩Levels of biodiversity
breathe.
• Genetic diversity
• Forests and mountains provide
- The genes are responsible for the aquifers-sources of water we drink.
uniqueness of every living
BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES
organism
MATERIALS FOR CLOTHING AND
• Species diversity SHELTER
- Usually measured in terms of • Fiber
total number of species found
• Timber
in a particular area.
• Bamboo
• Ecosystem diversity
• Cogon
- self sustaining collection of
organisms and habitat • Anahaw
• Rattan • Provisioning (production of food, air
water, including purification of air and
BIODIVERSITY HEALS
water, etc.)
• About 80% of the world’s biodiversity
• Regulating (stabilization of climate,
resources with medicinal values are in
control of diseases, detoxification and
forests. (The world loses around 13
decomposition of wastes, creation of
million hectares of forest cover every
drainage systems, etc.)
year.)
• Supporting (nutrient cycling, crop
• Cone snail, living in corals, is source
pollination, soil fertilization, prevention
of medicine for cancer pain. (Around
of soil erosion, etc.)
88% of ASEAN’s corals are at risk.)
• Cultural (social, spiritual and
BIODIVERSITY BRINGS INCOME TO
recreational benefits)
MILLIONS
🟩Examples
• Livelihood (selling fish, fruits and
vegetables; furniture making and wood • Wetland and Mangroves
carving; pearl farming; livestock raising
- Provides outdoor recreation,
and selling)
education, and ecotourism
• Forestry, Agriculture and Fisheries
- Provides timber and other vegetation
• Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals for human use

• Ecotourism - Maintains plant, animal, and microbial

biodiversity
• Around 80% of ASEAN’s rural poor’s
income is derived from biodiversity. - Sequesters Carbon

BIODIVERSITY SOOTHES - Provides wildlife habitat

• Nature tripping - Stores surface water and reduces

flood damage
• Mountain climbing
- Provides fish and breeding grounds
• Bird watching
and nurseries
• Enjoying the beach or verdant forests
- Filters and recycles Nand P released
• Comfort in nature by simply looking at by human activity into water
the green grass
- Recharges underground aquifers
• Hearing the joyful chirping of birds
• Forest Ecosystems
• Watching a puppy at play
- Forest canopy and leaf litter protect
• Inspiration to artists for their the soil surface from the erasive power
masterpieces of rain

🟩What services do we get on - Forests help maintain the water cycle

biodiversity? and stabilize local climate

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES - Forests provide goods such as food,

timber, and medicines
- Forest trees and plants store carbon - Biodiversity cures us
and help slow human-caused global
- Biodiversity clothes us
climate change
- Biodiversity gives us shelter
- Forests provide critical habitat for
plants, animals, and microbes - Biodiversity provides us livelihood

- Deep forest solls store large volumes • Quiz next meeting before mag
of water lesson

- Forest canopy porifies air by filtering • Finals- Video by group (Due a

particulates and providing chemical week before exam)
reaction sites where polutants are
detoxified
04/27/26

📌 Philippines Nature’s Superpower!

- Provides outdoor recreation,
education, and ecotourism Example: Mt. Makiling

- Forest tree roots bind sols and help Contains more tree species than the
prevent erosion whole continental United States, which
land area is 32 times bigger than the
- Forest solls purify water, acting as a
Philippines.
massive fliters

• Marine Ecosystems
- The Philippines is SECOND in the
- Sequesters Carbon
world in terms of butterfly
- Provides fish and other marine fauna species endemicity. Of its 895
habitat species, 352 are endemic.
- FIFTH in the world in
- Maintains marine plant, animal, and
mammalian endemicity. Of its
microbial biodiversity
183 species, 120 or 66% are
- Provides fish and breeding grounds endemic.
and nurseries - EIGHTH in the world in reptilian
species endemicity. Of its 258
- Provides outdoor recreation,
species, 170 or 66% are
education, and ecotourism
endemic.
- Filters and recycles N and P released - Polillo forest frog. There are
by human activity into water 171 species of amphibians in
the Philippines, 78% of these
- Ecosystem Services in
are endemics.
Southeast Asia valued at over
- Philippine Eagle, the world’s
US$2.2 billion
largest eagle.
• Biodiversity is Life. Biodiversity is - There 54 species of mangroves
our Life. In the world and 40 species of
these are found in the
- Biodiversity soothes
Philippines.
- We get our food and water from
biodiversity
 - 500 of the 800+ known coral As much as 88 percent of coral reefs
species in the world is found in may be lost in the next 30 years as a
our country. result of climate change.

Globally, about 20 to 30 percent of

species will be at increasingly high risk
🟩Philippine Biodiversity
of extinction possibly by year 2100 as
The Philippines is one of the 18 global mean temperatures exceed 2 to
megadiverse countries. 3°C above pre-industrial levels (Fischlin
et al., 2007).
Has more than 52, 177 described
species, half of which are endemic The ASEAN region is especially
found nowhere else in the world. vulnerable to climate change since a
huge proportion e proportion of its
🟩Hottest of the Hotspots
population lives along coastlines (ADB,
The Philippines is one of the 35 2009).
hotspots in the world
Deforestation
On a per unit area basis, the
3 million hectares of peatland burned
Philippines is the top megadiversity
over the past decade in Southeast Asia.
country and the hottest of the
hotspots. $9 billion in economic loss caused by
forest fires in Indonesia, including
🟩Depletion of the Philippine
health damage from smoke.
biodiversity
NASA: “Forest fires released as many
Mangrove forests
greenhouse gases as all the cars and
149,000 hectares remain from the power plants in Europe in an entire
original 450,000 hectares in 1918. year.” (Earth Policy Institute, 2009)
Wetlands Net annual forest area loss in Southeast
Asia at 2.4 M ha in the 1990s; 0.4M ha
- more than half of the country's
in 2000-2006; and 1.0 M ha in 2005-
wetlands of international Importance
2010, respectively (FAO, 2010).
covering 14,000 sq. km. are threatened.
Shifting cultivation and agricultural
Forest
expansion (Forest cover declining at
In 1935, there were 17 million hectares about 1% per year due to expansion of
of forests. Today, there are only six agriculture and human settlements to
million hectares. provide for the growing population)

Climate Change 1 percent: deforestation rate in

Southeast Asia from 2000-2010, which
Climate change is likely to become the
is lower than the 1.5-1.7 percent
dominant direct driver of biodiversity
estimates provided for 1900s (FAO,
loss by the end of the century. (ΜΑ,
2006). (National University of
2005)
Singapore).
In Asia, the IPCC report predicts that up
to 50 percent of biodiversity is at risk.
 If this continues, the region will lose up 📌Climate Change and the
to ¾ of its forests, and up to 42% of its Philippines
biodiversity by 2100.
- Reviewing the science
🟩Consequence of deforestation - Detecting the Changes
- Impacts of the Philippines
• Loss of habitat for many birds,
- Responses
mammals and other animals

• Reduced pollinator activity

🟩 Type of air pollutants
• Overall reductions in biodiversity
• Primary Pollutants
Invasive Alien Species
- Most hydrocarbons
• IAS-one of the major drivers of - Most suspended particles
environmental change, thus, placing
• Secondary Pollutants
considerable constraints on
environmental conservation, economic
growth, and sustainable development.
🟩Energy In= Energy out
• When IAS enter new habitats, they
compete with native species over food
supply and allow them to dominate the
local ecosystem.

• Cost of damage caused by invasive

alien species (IAS) globally is around
US$ 1.4 trillion p.a. (Global Invasive
Species Programme, 2008)

(fish, frog, cockroach, tilapia)

Illegal Wildlife Trade

• Over 100 million animals are hunted

for bush meat

• Illegal wildlife trade valued at USD $

10 to 20 billion (ASEAN-WEN)

• Targets – Indonesia, Malaysia, and 🟩 Greenhouse Effects

Myanmar. Smugglers frequently caught • Greenhouse warming makes earth
utilizing transport links through habitable
Thalland and Viet Nam. (ASEAN WEN)
- Without CO,, Earth’s mean
• 13,000 metric tons of turtles shipped temperature will be about-18°C
into China every year (no liquid water)
MONDAY- QUIZ • Unprecedented rise in CO,
concentrations is causing global
warming, environmental damage

05/04/26
🟩Inconvenient Truths a. Temperature,b. Rainfall, c. Tropical
cyclone activity
• It’s our fault
• Which then cause impacts on other
Impact of human CO, emissions now
sectors: agriculture, forests, water
exceed natural influences
resources
• It will warm up
🟩Trends in Regional Surface
Forecasting tools work, and they predict Temperatures
a warmer planet

🟩What about the Philippines?

• Many well-known impacts of global

warming (GW) not applicable to RP

- Deadly heat waves are unlikely,

no melting glaciers around
- Tropical, marine conditions tend
to keep weather and climate
stable
- GW must be distinguished from
local warming (Urban Heat Island
Effect)

🟩Is it just the Urban Heat Island

Effect? 🟩Tropical Cyclones (TCs) and Global
UHI-Warming of urban areas due to Warming: Quick Facts
removal of trees and water bodies, and • Typhoons form in warm waters
replacement with concrete and metal. (>27°C)
Many weather stations record a steady Fewer typhoons in January to March,
warming due to UHI, not GW. most frequent in July to November

Typhoons affect Mindanao mainly in

December when sea surface
temperatures (SSTs) remain warm
enough

• In theory, warmer SST means more

frequent, stronger storms

🟩Geographic Trends in Tropical

Cyclones

🟩Climate Change and the Number of tropical cyclones appearing

Philippines in the Western Pacific has been
increasing
• Likely Effects of Global Warming on
the Philippines: In the Philippines, the rise in typhoon
crossings is most pronounced over
-Sea level rise Visayas
🟩Stronger Typhoons? 🟩Changes in Mean Annual Rainfall
over the Philippines
• Effect of GW on TC strength is
currently the subject of intense
scientific debate
🟩Downstream Effects of a Changing
- Other TC requirements: uniform Philippine Climate Making a Bad
winds along vertical, enough Situation Worse
moisture throughout troposphere

• Energy: Bulk of local power supply in

- Not clear how global warming will RP comes from hydroelectricity
change these
-Any decrease in rainfall means more
• Skeptics: Observed rise in TC reliance on imported coal and oil
strength due to (1) better observations,
• Agriculture
or (ii) natural variation
-Less rain or too much rain means less
• What is certain: Philippine populations
harvest
are much-more vulnerable to
typhoons than before -Changes in timing of rain also critical

- More people living in riverbanks, -CO, rise favors crops, but weeds like it
mountainsides more -- - CO, rise can enhance con
- Even if TC strength doesn’t growth, but only in roots and stalk, not
increase, numbers of people at its edible parts
risk are rising
• Forests and biodiversity
🟩 Changes in Regional Rainfall
-Moistforests will shrink, turn into dry
Extremes, 1961 to 1998
forests

-GW may raise flood risk, worsening

habitat degradation and species loss

-However, human impact still much

more damaging

• Health

-Disease vectors (ie, mosquitoes) will

expand

range

-Displacement due to disasters will be a

worsening health issue

• Water Resources

-Rainfall is decreasing over Luzon and

parts of Mindanao where major dams
are found

-Rainfall is increasing in the Visayas

where there are no major dams
-Sea level rise may cause salinity • Develop, promote new crops and
intrusion; Laguna Lake at risk farming tech

• Marine Resources • Seek co-benefits, not just mitigate

-Warmer temperatures can kill coral (as -Save energy, promote clean mass
in 1998) transport to improve a air ir quality
quality
-Higher CO, in atmosphere can disrupt
carbona te chemistry, make shell and - Promote renewables to reduce all
bone formation difficult dependence

• Reduce pressure on resources by

finding alternative livelihoods

🟩Final Notes

Impacts on many sectors are currently

unclear but may become more
pronounced as warming continues

Science needed: Focus on

understanding, adaptation and
preparation

Old hard lessons: Use less energy, walk,

eat more veggies; reach out to the
grassroots

Filipinos should reduce their greenhouse

gas emissions, but for the right reasons

🟩A Better Response: EAT LESS

MEAT

• Heller and Keolian (2000): Impact of

meat eating is nearly the same as
driving a car

• Philippine 1990 livestock production

emitted 10,000 tons of CO, equivalent

- Equal to our industrial emissions,

or 10 percent of our total
🟩 Actions Needed
• Ecology 101: feeding a vegetarian
• Reduce exposure and vulnerability uses 90 percentless land than a
-Evacuate risky areas; enhance meateater
preparedness

• Build new dama 📌Nanotechnology

🟩What is Nanotechnology? us from manipulating atoms
individually.
Nanotechnology is the Intentional
manipulation of matter at the atomic He envisioned a future where
and molecular scale. It generally deals Information could be stored on the head
with structures sized between 1 to 100 of a pin and machines could be built at
nanometers. the molecular level.

At this scale, ordinary materials exhibit 🟩Norio Taniguchi

extraordinary propertles-changes in
The term "Nano-technology" was
color, strength, conductivity, and
officially coined to describe
chemical reactivity that are not seen in
bulk forms. the processing of materials with
tolerances of less than a micrometer.
🟩The Scale of Small
🟩The 1980s: Seeing the Invisible
10-9
Progress exploded in the 1980s with the
One Billionth of a Meter
invention of tools that allowed us to
To put this in perspective: “see” and “feel” atoms for the first
time.
 A sheet of paper is about
100,000 mm thick.
 A strand of DNA is roughly 2.5 nm
 STM (1981): The Scanning
wide.
Tunneling Microscope enabled
 If a marble were a nanometer, the
atomic-resolution imaging.
Earth would be one meter wide
 AFM (1986): The Atomic Force
🟩Unintentional Pioneers Microscope measured forces at
the nanoscale.
Ancient Nanotech
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won
Long before we understood the science,
the 1986 Nobel Prize for the STM
artisans used nanomaterials to create
invention.
stunning effects:
🟩Molecular Architects
Lycurgus Cup (4th Century):
Contains silver and gold nanoparticles Discovery of Carbon Allotropes
that change the glass color from green
 Fullerenes (1985): Discovery of
to red depending on lighting.
C60 “Buckyballs” by Kroto,
Damascus Steel: Medieval swords Smalley, and Curl.
contained carbon nanotubes that gave  Carbon Nanotubes (1991):
them legendary strength and Sumio lijima identified these ultra-
sharpness. strong cylindrical structures.

🟩1959: The Visionary Spark These discoveries provided the building

blocks for modern nanomaterials
"There's Plenty of Room at the
research.
Bottom"
🟩Milestone: Moving Atoms
Physicist Richard Feynman gave a
landmark lecture at Caltech, suggesting 1909: Don Eigler’s Achievement
that the laws of physics do not prevent
In a profound demonstration of control, Neuromorphic chips use memristors-
IBM researcher Don Eigler used an STM nanoscale
to manipulate 35 individual Xenon
resistors with memory-to mimic the
atoms to spell out the letters 1-B-M”.
synapses of the human brain.
This proved that humans could
This allows for ultra-low power Al
precisely control matter atom by atom,
processing.
transitioning nanotechnology from
theory to reality. enabling devices to learn and react
locally without cloud connectivity.
🟩Modern Applications
🟩QUANTUM DOT DISPLAY TECH
Medicine
Nanocrystal Landnancance
Targeted drug delivery, early cancer
detection sensors, and tissue Quantum Dots (QDs) are tiny
engineering using nanoscaffolds. particles that emit specific wavelengths
of light based on their size.
Electronics
QUED technology utilizes these
Smaller, faster transistors, high-density
nanocrystals to create 100% color
data storage, and flexible OLED
volume and higher peak brightness
displays.
while using less power than traditional
LEDs.

Energy

High-efficiency solar cells, lightweight 🟩CRITICAL INDUSTRY CHALLENGES

batteries, and hydrogen storage for
Scalability: Moving from laboratory-
clean fuel
grown nanotubes to mass-produced
🟩Active vs. Passive Targeting wafer integration is technically difficult
and expensive.
Nanotechnology allows drugs to
accumulate selectively in diseased Manufacturing Defects: At the
tissues while sparing healthy cells. atomic scale, even a single displaced
atom can cause a device to fail,
 Passive Targeting Uses the
requiring 99.999% precision.
“EPR Effect” where nanoparticles
leak into tumor blood vessels. Sustainability: The extraction of rare-
 Active Targeting Functionalizes earth metals for nanoelectronics poses
particles with ligands that bind to significant environmental and ethical
specific cellular receptors. risks.

🟩NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEM Thermal Management: Higher

ARCHITECTURES density leads to massive heat
generation, requiring novel nanoscale
100B
cooling solutions.
SYNAPSES MIMICKED
🟩The Future & Ethics
Brain-Inspired Hardware
Molecular Assembly: Theoretically
building any object from basic atoms.
Environmental Remediation:
Nanobots cleaning toxins from water
and air.

Ethical Concerns: Toxicity of

nanoparticles and the potential “Grey
Goo” scenario.

Regulation: Ensuring safe

development of nanomaterials for
public use.