MODULE 6C: lowers
F
ANGIOSPERMS ● Aspecialized stemwith up to four types
ofmodified leaves
○ Sepals
■ Protect and enclose the
developing flower
○ Petals
■ Brightly colored and attract
pollinators
○ Stamens
■ Produce pollen
■ Has:
ngiosperms
A ● Filamentsthat hold up
● Seed plants with flowers and fruits anthers
● The mostwidespread and diverseof all ● Anthersthat produce
plants pollen
● Has: ○ Carpels
○ Flowers- a structure specialized for ■ Produce ovules
sexual reproduction(pollination) ■ Has 3 parts:
○ Fruits- amature ovaryand other flower ● Ovaryat the base which
parts that became modified forseed containsovules
dispersal ● Stylewhich holds up the
■ Protects seeds and aids in stigma and this is where
dispersal the pollen tube most grow
■ Fleshy or dry through
■ Can open at maturity or remain ● Stigmawhich receives the
closed pollen and allows the pollen
to germinate or not
Basic Flower Structure (Lily)
Flower Morphology: Androecium
S
● tamens- anther + filament
● Anther
○ Has4 pollen sacs(2 pairs)
■ Pollen sac =
microsporangia
■ Where meiosis occurs
to produce the
microgametophyte
● Pollen grain =
microgametophyte
○ Connective
○ Anthersopen to release pollen grains lternation of Generations
A
■ Taxonomically informative ● Both the haploid and diploid generations
■ Commonly, the opening is of the plants aremulticellular bodies
throughlongitudinal slits
■ Transverse slits, pores, valves
● Filament
○ Presents anther
● Sometimes, androecium ispetal-like
Flower Morphology: Gynoecium
● S porophyte
○ Diploid body (2N)
○ Produces spores (N) via meiosis
■ Spores grow into the haploid
gametophyte via mitosis
● Gametophyte
○ Haploid body (N)
○ Produces gametes (N, egg and sperm)
A
● ll thecarpelsof the flower via mitosis
● Site ofpollination and fertilization ● Syngamy of gametes
● Stigma ○ Results in azygote(2N), which matures
○ Collects pollen into the sporophyte via mitosis
○ Wheregerminationof pollen grain ● Types of Plants Based on # of
occurs Sporangium
● Style ○ Homosporous
○ Connects stigma to ovaries
○ Pollen tubes must grow through the
stylar tissue
● Ovary
○ Surrounds and protects theovules
lower Morphology: Ovules
F
■ O ne type of sporangium that
● Contains
produces the spores
megagametophyte
■ Bisexualgametophyte - egg and
○ Produces egg
sperm
○ Surrounded by
■ Nonvascular and seedless
integuments
vascular plants (bryophytes,
● Connected to the ovary
ferns, lycophytes)
wall by thefuniculus
H
○ eterosporous
● Ovules develop into
seeds
● Ovaries develop into
fruits
■ T wo types of sporangia that
produces each type of spores
■ Megasporangia
● M ake megaspores which ● P ollen tube grows to ovary
produces the female carrying 2 sperm nuclei
gametophyte which will ● The ovule is entered by a pore
produce the female gamete called themicropyle
(egg) . D
4 ouble fertilization
■ Microsporangia
● Make microspores which
produces the male
gametophyte which will
produce the male gamete
(sperm) ● T wo sperm from the pollen
Present in seed plants and a few
■ enter the female gametophyte
seedless vascular plants within an ovule
● Zygote (2N)- embryo within a
ngiosperm Life Cycle
A seed within an ovule or fruit
● Flowers contain both male and female ○ Results from
structures fertilization of egg and
● Themale gametophytesare contained sperm
within pollen grainsproduced by the ● Endosperm (3N)- food storage
microsporangia in anthers tissue
○ Results from fusion of
sperm and 2 polar
nuclei
○ Nourishes the
developing embryo
● T
hefemale gametophytedevelops within . Seedling forms and grows from seed
5
an ovule contained within an ovary ● Within a seed, the
embryoconsists of
aroot (radicle)and
2 seed leaves
(cotyledons)
● Seedlingis a baby
sporophyte
1. S porophyte (2N) produces spores (N)
viameiosis
Outline of Angiosperm Life Cycle
● Occurs insporangiawithin
anthers and ovules
2. Spores develop intomale and female
gametophytes(N)
● Highly reduced
● Gametophytes
produce gametes
(N)
3. Pollination
● Pollen grain lands
on a stigma and
germinates