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AMAS FACT FILE

1. WORLD GEOGRAPHY -
Countries ranking by : Area; Population; GDP
BY TOTAL AREA (as on Jan 2026)
RUSSIA – 170.75 lakh sq km
CANADA – 99.68 lakh sq km
USA – 98.66 lakh sq km
CHINA– 95.72 lakh sq km
BRAZIL – 85.10 lakh sq km
AUSTRALIA – 76.88 lakh sq km
INDIA – 32.87 lakh sq km
KAZAKHSTAN – 27.24 lakh sq km
ARGENTINA – 27.04 lakh sq km
ALGERIA – 23.81 lakh sq km

By Population (as per: 2026)

INDIA – 147.663 crore
CHINA – 141.291 crore
USA – 349.035 crore
INDONESIA – 287. 887 crore
PAKISTAN – 259. 300 crore
NIGERIA – 242.432 crore
BRAZIL – 213.563 crore
BANGLADESH – 177.818 crore
RUSSIA – 143.394 crore
ETHIOPIA – 138.902 crore

By GDP (as per: 2026)

USA - $30.6Trillion
CHINA - $19.4Trillion
GERMANY - $5.0Trillion
JAPAN - $4.3Trillion
INDIA - $4.1Trillion
UK - $4.0Trillion

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 FRANCE - $3.4Trillion
ITALY - $2.4Trillion
CANADA - $2.2Trillion
BRAZIL - $2.2Trillion

Population of World
Total – 823 crore
Male – 414 crore
Female – 409 crore
Surface of Earth
Water – 70.8%
Land – 29.2%
Saltwater – 97.5% Freshwater - 2.5%
Age Structure of the World
0 – 14 years = 24%
15 – 64 years = 65%

Longest Rivers in the world : Top 5 with length

Nile River – 6,650 km - Northeastern Africa
Amazon River – 6,400 km – South America
Yangtze River – 6,300 km – China
Mississippi - Missouri River System – 6,275 km – USA
Yenisei River – 5,539 km – Russia & Mangolia
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Lowest point on earth (with depth) – on LAND = Dead Sea 400 to 414 meters
Lowest point on earth (with depth) – below Sea Level = Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench 10,935 meters
Important Features Of The Continents
1. Continent: ASIA
Major Mountain Range: Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush
Highest Peak: Mount Everest (8849 meters): Located Near Nepal / china
Longest River: Yangtze River (6300 km, China)

2. Continent: AFRICA
Major Mountain Range: Atlas Mountain, Ethiopian Highlands, Drakensberg
Highest Peak:Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 meters): Located Near- Tanzania
Longest River:Nile River ( 6650 km, Africa)

3. Continent: NORTH AMERICA

Major Mountain Range: Rockey Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Appalachians
Highest Peak: Denali (6194 meters
Longest River: Mississippi- Missouri River Syatem ( 6275 km, USA)

4. Continent: SOUTH AMERICA

Major Mountain Range: Andes (7000 km)
Highest Peak:Mount Aconcagua (6961 meters, Argentina)
Longest River:Amazon River (6400 km)

5. Continent: EUROPE


Major Mountain Range: Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Caucasus
Highest Peak: Mount Elbrus (5642 meters, Russia)
Longest River: Volga River (3530 km, Russia)

6. Continent: AUSTRALIA
Major Mountain Range: Great Dividing Range, MacDonnell Ranges
Highest Peak:Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m, Australia)

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 Longest River:Murray Darling River System (3672 km)

7. Continent: ANTARCTICA
Major Mountain Range: Transantarctic Mountains Ellsworth Mountains
Highest Peak: Mount Vinson (4892 m)
Longest River: Onyx River (32 km, Antarctica

Important Sea
Mediterranean Sea – Located: Between Europe, Africa, Asia
Caribbean Sea – Located: Central America and Caribbean islands
Black Sea – Located: Eastern Europe, connected via Bosporus
Red Sea – Located: Between Africa and Arabian Peninsula
Baltic Sea – Located: Northern Europe, bordered by Scandinavia and Baltic states
South China Sea – Located: Southeast Asia, highly strategic trade route
Caspian Sea – Located: Largest enclosed inland body of water (technically a lake)

Volcanoes: WORLD
LARGEST by MASS- Tamu Massif – Height: (Underwater) 4460 meters – Location: Shatsky Rise- Pacific Ocean
TALLEST - Mauna Kea – Height: 10,210 meters from ocean base and 4207 meters above sea level – Location:
Hawaii, USA
MOST ACTIVE – Kilauea – Height: 1247 meters – Location: Hawaii, USA

Volcanoes: INDIA
ACTIVE - Barren Island – Height: 354 meters – Location: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
DORMANT - Narcondam Island – Height; 710 meters – Location: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
EXTINCT - Deccan Traps – Height: 1500 meters – Location: Maharashtra, Karnataka

IMPORTANT STRAITS and their LOCATION

STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR – Located: Connects Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (Spain/Morocco)
STRAIT OF MALACCA – Located: Between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; busiest shipping route
STRAIT OF HORMUZ – Located: Connects Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman; vital for oil transport
BOSPORUS & DARDANELLES – Located: Connect Black Sea to Mediterranean (Turkey)
BERING STRAIT – Located: Between Russia and Alaska, connects Arctic Ocean and Pacific
BAB-EL-MANDEB – Located: Connects Red Sea to Gulf of Aden (Djibouti/Yemen)
PALK STRAIT – Located: Between India and Sri Lanka

Important Channels
English Channel – Located: Between England and France, connects North Sea to Atlantic
Mozambique Channel – Located: Between Madagascar and Mozambique
Panama Canal – Located: Connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Sunda Strait – Located: Between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia

Important Gulfs
Persian Gulf – Located: Between Iran and Arabian Peninsula
Gulf of Mexico – Located: Bordered by USA, Mexico, Cuba
Gulf of Aden – Located: Between Yemen and Somalia, connects to Arabian Sea
Gulf of Guinea – Located: West Africa, major oil-rich region
Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) – Located: Between Baja California

2. GEOGRAPHY INDIA
Area
Total – 3,287,263 sq km
Land – 2,973,193 sq km
Water – 314,070 sq km

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 Geographic Coordinates of India
20.5937 N , 78.9629 E
Land Boundaries
Total = 15,106 km
Border Countries
Bangladesh: 4096 km and is the 5th largest land border in world
China: 3488 km
Nepal: 1752 km
Myanmar: 1643 km
Bhutan: 699 km
Pakistan: 3323 km
Afghanistan: 106 km
India’s Coastline – 7000 km
MARITIME CLAIMS
‘nm’ – nautical miles
1nm = 1,852 meters
Territorial sea – 12nm
Contiguous zone – 24nm
Exclusive economic zone – 200nm
Continental shelf – beyond 200nm
Highest peaks of India
Kanchenjunga 8,586 meters - Sikkim
Nanda Devi – 7816 meters – Himalayas – Uttarakhand
Kamet – 7756 meters – Himalayas – Uttarakhand
Saltoro Kangri (K10) – 7742 meters – Karakoram – Ladakh
Saser Kangri I (K22) – 7672 meters – Karakoram – Ladakh

Mean Elevation – 160 meters

(Mean elevation = the average height of a country’s land above mean sea level.)
LAND USED
Agriculture land- 60%
Arable land- 52.8%
(Arable land: used for growing crops)
Forest- 23.1%
CLIMATE - Varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
NATURAL RESOURCES
Coal 4th largest reserve in the world, mica, antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, bauxite, diamond
MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Ganga Basin: 1,000,000 - 1,086,000 sq km (within India)
Indus Basin: 321,289 sq km (within India)
Godavari Basin: 312,812 sq km
Krishna Basin: 258,948 sq km
Brahmaputra Basin: 194,413 sq km (within India)
Mahanadi Basin: 141,600 sq km
Narmada Basin: 98,796 sq km
Cauvery Basin: 87,900 sq km
Tapi (Tapti) Basin: 65,145 sq km

Important Mountain Ranges -

Mountain Range Highest Peak Height (metres) State/Region

Karakoram Range K2 (Godwin Austen) 8611 m Ladakh (UT)

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 Middle Himalaya Kangchenjunga 8586 m Sikkim–Nepal
(Himachal) border

Western Ghats Anamudi 2695 m Kerala

Eastern Ghats Jindhagada Peak (Arma Konda) 1690 m Andhra

Pradesh

Khasi Hills Lum Shyllong 1968 m Meghalaya

Garo Hills Nokrek Peak 1412 m Meghalaya

Jaintia Hills (Highest point near) Lum Shyllong plateau ≈1700 m (plateau Meghalaya
region / local high points highlands)

Aravalli Range Guru Shikhar 1722 m Rajasthan

Important channels/Gulfs/Straits

Important Lakes –

Important mountain passes of India

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 Mountain Height Height (Located In Connects / Region
Pass (metres) metres)

Khardung 5359 m Ladakh (UT) Leh ↔ Nubra Valley (gateway to Siachen area)
La

Zoji La 3528 m Ladakh - Srinagar ↔ Leh

Jammu & Kashmir

Nathu La 4310 m Sikkim India ↔ Tibet (China)

Shipki La 3930 m Himachal Pradesh India ↔ Tibet (China), Satluj Valley trade
route

Important Dams

DAMS RIVER STATE

Bhakra Nangal Dam Sutlej Himachal Pradesh / Punjab

Hirakud Dam Mahanadi Odisha

Tehri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarakhand

Sardar Sarovar Dam Narmada Gujarat

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Krishna Telangana

Important Hydro Power Projects

Hydropower Project RIVER STATE Installed Capacity (Megawatt)

Koyna Hydroelectric Project Koyna Maharashtra 1960

Subansiri Lower HEP Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh / Assam 2000

Srisailam HEP Krishna Andhra Pradesh / Telangana 1670

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 Nathpa Jhakri HEP Sutlej Himachal Pradesh 1500

Sardar Sarovar HEP Narmada Gujarat 1450

3. GOVERNMENT DATA
Government Type: Federal Parliament Republic
Important Government Post Holder
Chief Justice of India-
Comptroller and Auditor General of India -
Attorney General of Chief Election Commissioner –
Defence Secretary –
Foreign Secretary –
Chiefs of Armed Forces
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) –
Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) –
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) -
PARLIAMENT
Total seats in Lok Sabha - Maximum strength: 552 members
Up to 530 representatives of States and Up to 20 representatives of Union Territories followed with 2 members of the
Anglo-Indian community (nomination discontinued by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019)
Current sanctioned strength: 543 elected members
Total seats in Rajya Sabha - Maximum strength: 250 members Division as per - 238 representatives of States and Union
Territories 12 members nominated by the President of India
Current strength: 245 members
Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Shri Om Birla
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha - C. P. Radhakrishnan
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA – Drafted on 4th November, 1949
Adopted on – 26th November, 1949
Came in Force on – 26th January, 1950
Legal System – common law system based on English Law Model. Personal Laws applicable for various communities.
Judicial Review System incorporated.
SUFFRAGE: 18 years of age
CITIZENSHIP: Those born on or after January 26, 1950 get citizenship by birth, Those born between July 1, 1987 and
December 3, 2004 get citizenship from Decent i.e., at least one parent should be a citizen of India.
Head of State: President
Head of Government: Prime Minister
Cabinet: Union Cabinet of ministers recommended by the PM, appointed by the Prz.
4. ECONOMIC DATA
GDP
Nominal GDP - USD 3.7–3.8 trillion
Real GDP - ₹ 173–176 lakh crore
GDP Growth Rate - 6.5% – 7.0% (FY 2024-25)
GDP per capita - USD 2,600–2,800
Sector wise contribution to GDP
Inflation Rate
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - 5.0% (recent average, early 2026)
Wholesale Price Index (WPI) - 2–3% range
Unemployment Rate - 3.2% – 3.5%

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 Repo Rate - 6.50%
Fiscal Deficit - FY 2025-26: ~4.9% of GDP
Forex Reserves - USD 620–640 billion range
Exchange Rate – Latest Market Trends
FDI inflow – sector wise
Top 5 trading partners : with the total bilateral trade

FDI inflow – sector wise

Sector Share % (Approx)

Services Sector (Financial, Banking, Insurance, Outsourcing, R&D) 16–18%

Computer Software & Hardware 14–16%

Telecommunications 6–7%

Trading 6–7%

Automobile Industry 5–6%

Construction Development 4–5%

Pharmaceuticals 3–4%

Top 5 trading partners : with the total bilateral trade

RANK COUNTRY TOTAL TRADE(USD BN Approx)

1. USA ~ 118-120

2. CHINA ~110-115

3. UAE ~85-90

4. SAUDI ARABIA ~52-55

5. SINGAPORE ~50 - 53

Top 3 Export countries with total trade

RANK COUNTRY EXPORTS(USD BN Approx)

1. USA ~ 77-80

2. UAE ~35-38

3. NETHERLANDS ~22-25

Top 3 Import countries with total trade

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 RANK COUNTRY EXPORTS(USD BN Approx)

1. CHINA ~ 100-105

2. RUSSIA ~55-60

3. UAE ~50-55

Budget FY 2026-27 : Allocation of funds to different sectors-

SECTOR ALLOCATIONS(RS LAKH CRORE APPROX)

DEFENCE 6.3 – 6.5

Road Transport & Highways 2.8 – 3.0

Railways 2.5 – 2.6

Education 1.3 – 1.4

Health & Family Welfare 1.0 – 1.1

Agriculture & Farmers Welfare 1.5 – 1.6

Rural Development 2.3 – 2.5

Home Affairs 2.2 – 2.3

Jal Shakti 0.9 – 1.0

PM-KISAN ~0.60

Per Capita Income

Nominal Per Capita Income: 2.15 – 2.20 lakh per annum
Real Per Capita Income: 1.25 – 1.30 lakh
BUDGET AT GLANCE
2026 -27
Overall Budget
Total Expenditure: ₹53.47 lakh crore
Capital Expenditure: ₹12.22 lakh crore (major push on infrastructure)
Revenue Expenditure: ₹ 41.25 lakh crore

Defence Sector
Total Defence Allocation: 7.85 lakh crore Highest among all ministries
Capital outlay for modernisation: 2.19 lakh crore strong focus on modernization
Revenue Outlay: 3.65 lakh crore

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 5. POPULATION DATA
Total population – 143.7 crore
Total male population – 73.5 crore
Total female population – 70.2 crore
Population growth rate - 0.8%
Urban Population – 53.8 crore
Rate of Urbanization – 37.4 %
Most populated state – Uttar Pradesh
Least populated state - Sikkim
5 most populated state – Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh
Birth Rate – 19.3 per 1000
Death Rate – 7.3 per 1000
Sex Ratio – 952 females per 1000 males

Infant Mortality rate – 27 per 1000 live births

Life expectancy at birth - 69.7 years
Fertility Rate – 2.0
Total Literacy Rate – 77.7 %
Male Literacy Rate – 84.7 %
Female Literacy Rate – 70.3 %
State with highest literacy Rate – Kerala 96.2 %
State with lowest literacy Rate – Bihar 61.8 %
Mother’s Mean Age at first – Birth: 21.2 years
Maternal Mortality Ratio – 103 deaths/ 100000 live births
Total Fertility Rate: 2.0
Current Health Expenditure: 3.8%
Government Health Expenditure: 1.84%
Per Capita Health Expenditure: Rupees 4863
Doctor Density: 10.3 per 10,000
Sanitation Facility Access: 95.4% Household
Net Migration Rate:
6. TRANSPORTATION DATA
AIRPORTS
Total – 149
International – 34
Domestic - 115
Major Airports –
Indira Gandhi International Airport – Delhi
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport – Mumbai
Kempegowda International Airport – Bengaluru
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad
Chennai International Airport – Chennai
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport – Kolkata

Roadways
Total length of road – 66.7 lakh km
Total national highway network – 1,46,195 km
National high-speed corridors - 18,000 km planned high-speed economic corridors
Golden Quadrilateral – 5,846 km , Connects: Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai – Kolkata
Railways
Total track length – 1,26,366 km
Total route length – 68,584 km

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 Total Vande Bharat trains – 51 services operational
First Vande Bharat Rapid Rail – Lunched on: 15 February, 2019 Run Route: New Delhi – Varanasi
First Rapid Rail: Namo Bharat Rail: Inaugurated on October, 2023 Route: Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut Corridor
Ports
Total Major Ports - 12
Deendayal Port (Kandla) – Gujarat
Mumbai Port – Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) – Maharashtra
Mormugao Port – Goa
New Mangalore Port – Karnataka
Cochin Port – Kerala
Chennai Port – Tamil Nadu
Kamarajar Port (Ennore) – Tamil Nadu
V.O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin) – Tamil Nadu
Visakhapatnam Port – Andhra Pradesh
Paradip Port – Odisha
Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata–Haldia) – West Bengal

Non-Major Ports – 205

7. ENERGY DATA
Total electricity consumption – 1,695 Billion units
Electricity exports – 9.6 Billion units
Electricity imports – 8.3 Billion units
Fossil Fule percentage – 75% out of which 72% is Coal and 3% is Diesel
Coal production – 1.028 million tonnes
Coal consumption – 1,175 million tonnes
Petroleum Crude Oil Production – 29 metric tonnes
Petroleum consumption – 252 million metric tonnes
CO2 emission – 2.9 billion tonnes
Co2 emission from coal – 70%
Co2 emission from petroleum – 25%
Energy Consumption Per Capita – 1,350kWh per capita per year
Energy Reserves ( in tonnes) (as on 1 April, 2024)
Coal – 378.21 Billion tonnes
Crude oil – 651 Million Metric tonnes
Natural Gas – 1,138 Billion cubic meters
Solar – 748 GW
Wind – 695 GW
Large hydropower – 145 GW
small hydropower – 21 GW
Biomass – 28 GW
Cogeneration from Bagasse – 10 GW
Installed electricity generation capacity – 442 GW (as on March 2025)
Total energy production (in tonnes) – 720 Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Wind energy percentage – 10.5%
Solar energy percentage – 17%
Hydro energy percentage – 11%
Biomass and waste percentage – 2.5%
Electrification of Villages –
100% village electrification achieved (April 2018)
Household electrification: 99.9%+ (Saubhagya Scheme, 2025 update)

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 Programs/schemes related to energy in India –
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)
Saubhagya Scheme
Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS)
UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana)
National Solar Mission
PM-KUSUM Scheme
National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023)
Faster Adoption & Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME-II)
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar Modules
Atal Jyoti Yojana

Nuclear Energy Installed Capacity – 8,180 MW (22 operational reactors)

Total Nuclear Energy Production – 52 Billion units
Total Electricity Production – 1,730 Billion units
Wind energy percentage – 10.5%
Solar energy percentage – 17%
Hydro energy percentage – 11%
Biomass and waste percentage – 2.5%

8. MILITARY DATA
RANK STRUCTURE & INSIGNIA
INDIAN ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE

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 Top Military Exercises
INDIAN ARMY
Major Exercises
Domestic Exercises
Exercise Sudarshan Shakti
Exercise Vijay Prahar
Exercise Him Vijay
Exercise Yudh Abhyas (also bilateral with USA)
Exercise Shakti (with France)
Exercise Gagan Shakti (Tri-service participation)
Exercise Poorvi Prahar
Exercise Paschim Lehar
Bilateral / Multinational
Yudh Abhyas – USA
Indra – Russia
Shakti – France
Hand-in-Hand – China
Maitree – Thailand
Surya Kiran – Nepal
Nomadic Elephant – Mongolia
Garuda Shakti – Indonesia
Dharma Guardian – Japan
Sampriti – Bangladesh
Khanjar – Kyrgyzstan
Ajeya Warrior – UK
INDIAN NAVY
Multilateral
MALABAR (USA, Japan, Australia)
MILAN (hosted by India)
RIMPAC (USA-hosted)
IBSAMAR (India–Brazil–South Africa)
VARUNA (France)
Bilateral
SIMBEX – Singapore
INDRA NAVY – Russia
AUSINDEX – Australia
KONKAN – UK
SLINEX – Sri Lanka
CORPAT (Coordinated Patrols with various countries)

INDIAN AIR FORCE

Domestic
Exercise Vayu Shakti
Exercise Gagan Shakti
Exercise Astra
International
Cope India – USA
Garuda – France
Indradhanush – UK
Pitch Black – Australia
Red Flag – USA
Eastern Bridge – Oman

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 Desert Eagle – UAE
Blue Flag – Israel
Chiefs of Army Staff – First Indian & British, Current, Last 10
Chiefs of Air Staff – First Indian & British, Current, Last 10
Chiefs of Naval Staff – First Indian & British, Current, Last 10

Various Weapon Systems In Indian Armed Forces

Infantry Weapons –
Assault Rifles
Carbines
Light Machine Guns
Medium Machine Guns
Sniper

Artillery Weapons –
Towed Howitzers
130 mm/122 mm Upgraded Guns
Artillery Modernised Weapon
Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher

Naval Ships
Aircraft Carriers
Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine
Destroyers

Aircrafts
Fixed Wing
Helicopters – Attack
Heavy and Medium lift Helicopters

Missiles –
Ballistic Missiles
Cruise Missiles

Drones
Indigenous UAVs
Loitering Munitions
MALE/ HALE UAVs

Public Sector Undertakings

Defence PSUs
NEW DPSUs

9. IMPORTANT NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

DRDO
Headquarters: DRDO Bhawan
Location: New Delhi, India
Date of Formation: 1 January 1958
Chairman/Head (2026): Dr Samir V. Kamat (Secretary, Department of Defence R&D & Chairman DRDO)
ISRO
Headquarters: ISRO Headquarters
Location: Bengaluru, Karnataka
Date of Formation: 15 August 1969
Chairman/Head (2026): S. Somanath

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 CDS
Headquarters: Integrated Defence Headquarters (IDHQ), Ministry of Defence
Location: New Delhi
Post Created On: 24 December 2019
Current CDS (2026): General Anil Chauhan
RBI
Headquarters: Central Office Building
Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra
Date of Establishment: 1 April 1935
Governor (2026): Shaktikanta Das
Sujan R. Chinoy
Election Commission of India
Headquarters: Nirvachan Sadan
Location: New Delhi
Date of Formation: 25 January 1950
Chief Election Commissioner (2026): Rajiv Kumar
Niti Aayog
Headquarters: NITI Aayog Building
Location: New Delhi
Date of Formation: 1 January 2015
Chairperson: Prime Minister of India
Vice Chairperson (2026): Suman Bery
IDSA
Headquarters: MP-IDSA Complex
Location: New Delhi
Date of Establishment: 11 November 1965
President: Defence Minister of India
Director General (2026): Ambassador
10. IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
ASEAN
(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
Founded: 8 August 1967 (Bangkok Declaration)
Total Member States: 10
Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia
BRICS
Founded: 16 June 2009 (First Summit, Yekaterinburg)
Total Member States (2026): 10
Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia
SCO
(Shanghai Cooperation Organisation)
Founded: 15 June 2001
Total Member States: 10
Members: China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Belarus
BIMSTEC
(Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)
Founded: 6 June 1997
Total Member States: 7
Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand

QUAD
(Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)
Founded (revived): 2017

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 Total Members: 4
Members: India, USA, Japan, Australi
SAARC
(South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
Founded: 8 December 1985
Total Member States: 8
Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
G20
Founded: 26 September 1999
Total Members: 19 Countries + European Union + African Union (since 2023)
Total Members (2026): 21
G7
Founded: 1975
Total Members: 7
Members: USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
Founded: 4 April 1949
Total Member States (2026): 32
(Finland joined 2023; Sweden joined 2024)
EU
Founded: 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty)
Total Member States: 27
African Union
Founded: 9 July 2002
Total Member States: 55
UNO
Founded: 24 October 1945
Total Member States: 193
World Bank
Founded: July 1944 (Bretton Woods Agreement)
Operational from: 27 December 1945
Total Member Countries (IBRD): 189
WHO
(World Health Organisation)
Founded: 7 April 1948
Total Member States: 194
IMF
(International Monetary Fund)
Founded: 27 December 1945
Total Member Countries: 190
11. IMPORTANT BATTLES
Pre Independence Wars:
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Revolt of 1857
Three battles of Panipat

Post Independence Wars:

1947-48, Indo-Pak War –
1962, Sino-Indian War –
1965, Indo-Pak War –

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 1971, Bangladesh Liberation War –
1999, Kargil War –

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