ROADS & VEHICLE (HISTORY)

THE ROMANS-were the major road builders in the HIGHWAY- any public thoroughfare, public boulevard,
ancient world avenue, park alley, but shall not include roadway owned
by private persons. colleges, universities, or institution.
JOHN LOUDON MCADAM- in vented the PNEUMATIC other similar (mga pampublikong daanan pero hindi
TIRES (made of air) ex. Bike, car kasama ang mga private owned roadway)

AUTOMOBILE/MOTOR VEHICLE- found its greatest THROUGH HIGHWAY- it means every highway or
popularity in the United States. portion which vehicular traffic is given the right-of-way
(intersection)
JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR -introduced motorized
carriages by his invention of the "INTERNAL THRUWAY OR THROUGHWAY- it is a highway that has
COMBUSTION ENGINE (1860s-70s) limited entrances and exits. It is known as autobahn in
German (basta may daan na may entrance at exit)
NICOLAUS OTTO & GOTTLIEB DAIMLER- manufactured
gas engines SKY WAY- A modern urban system of roadway above
street level for free flow of traffic (fly over road
RUDOLF DIESEL- developed an internal combustion intended to connect one to city to another city)
engine with the use of diesel fuel
EXPRESSWAY- A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular
JOHN LOUDON MCADAM- advocate the theory of movement. (bawal ang stopping)
feeder road building (farm to market road) and perfect
the macadamized road in England. SUBWAY A conduit running entirely under the ground
for fast travel route of commuters.
WHEELS- Was invented probably in Western Asia
 One of man's greatest inventions TUNNEL ROAD- A passage of wide section cut through
hill to shorten circuitous roadway. (bubutasan ang
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT- An executive function such as bundok para madaanan ng sasakyan)
planning, organizing, directing, supervising,
coordinating, operating, recording, and budgeting traffic FEEDER ROAD- farm-to-market traffic
affairs (THE USE OF POSDCORB)
 Refers to the activities undertaken by a highway OVERPASS- elevated structure built for the safety of the
transportation agency to improve roadway pedestrians in crossing busy highways (sa taas dadaan)
system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for
both providers and consumers of transportation SIDEWALK- it refers to the paved walkway along the
services. side of a street. (daan sa tabi ng kalsada)

For purposes of construction, repair, and/or INTERSECTION- Refers to the area of a roadway created
maintenance, roads are classified as: when two or more roadways join together
NATIONAL ROADS PROVINCES------CITIES  Controlled- merong traffic signs and enforcer
 Uncontrolled- wala yung dalawa na nabanggit
sa controlled
PROVINCES
PROVINCIAL ROADS (MUNICIPALITIES------ LEVEL-CROSSING- it means any level intersection
CITIES) between a road and a railway track with its own track
formation
CITY ROADS BARANGAY-------CITIES
MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
MUNICIPAL ROADS MUNICIPALITY
(BARANGAY------ 1. Physical Inadequacy- kakulangan sa physical
BARANGAY) roadways, sa materials, maintenance (need ng road
BARANGAY ROADS BARANGAY (SITIO----SITIO) widening or magdagdag ng mga need sa road)
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING- is the science of measuring
2. Poor Control Measures- mga incompetent enforcer traffic and travel and the study of the basic laws relative
(need ng proper training of personnel) to the traffic flow and generation, and the application of
this knowledge to the professional practice of planning,
3. Human Errors- mga bad habits (need ng traffic and the operating traffic systems to achieve safe and
education) efficient movement of persons and goods (ginagamit
nila talino dito nila, yung pinag aralan nila to lessen
4. Poor maintenance- unrepaired (maintain/repairing) travel time ng mga tao without encouraging them to buy
ng sasakyan pa)
SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
Involves:
TRAFFIC BUILD-UP- gradual increasing of traffic usars in
a given portion of the highway or traffic way.  Department of Public Works and Highways
 Provincial government
BOTTLENECKS- narrow points or areas in highways.  Municipal government
where traffic congestions or traffic jams usually occur or  Chartered cities
traffic may be held up. (2 lanes sya tapos biglang sa
susunod na daanan biglang nag isang lane nalang) TRAFFIC EDUCATION- is the process of giving training
and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
TRAFFIC CONGESTION- characterized by slower speeds, knowledge
longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing
(moving pero sobrang slow) RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC EDUCATION

TRAFFIC JAMS (SNARL-UP)- movement of traffic users is  SCHOOLS (PUBLIC/PRIVATE)

very slow or stationary (yung halos hindi na Talaga na  PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS
alis sa pwesto, yung dapat na 3 hrs na byahe nagiging 10  CITIZENS SUPPORT GROUPS (NGO)
hrs)
FOUR TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS USED IN
GRIDLOCKS- severe road congestion, block an entire DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAM
network of intersecting streets (hindi na nagalaw ang
mga sasakyan tapos nag uunahan na sila, kamote  COMPREHENSIVE- Place the student into the
moves) real life of driving situation from the beginning
(hindi yung sino sino yung nag tuturo sa kanya
COLLISIONS- incidents when traffic unit or person ng pag dadrive)
striking violently against another (head on collision)
(halimbawa is yung dalawang sasakyan ang  TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION- It depends on the
nagbanggaan sa gitna ng kalsada) instructor-student communication (ex. Is yung
pagkuha ng TDC permit, yung may mag
ACCIDENTS- may cause unintentional damage to seseminar tapos ma exam)
property, loss of limbs, or death
 COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD- The student
FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT will be accompanied by an instructor. As the
student drives, the instructor has to give
1. EDUCATION comments on his driving.

[Link]  4 SIMULATED CONDITIONS AND OFF THE ROAD

TRAINING SIMULATON- a static machine with
[Link] all the features of a car used in driving method
or driving training.
[Link]

[Link]
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT- It deals mostly on the
implementation and enforcement of traffic laws, rules  b. Detain the arrested person
and regulations.
 Effectives is measured by decreased traffic  C. arrest the driver even without a warrant
accidents and delay.
TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT- is the study of dealing with
AGENCIES INVOLVED: LTO, LGU, TRAFFIC potentially disastrous population explosion changes in
ENFORCEMENT urban environment due to the scale and density of a
new urban concentration and new activities carried out,
SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT-selection by geographical air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
areas for strict enforcement (bawal ito kasi dapat yung transport congestion which result therein. (nagchecheck
batas is implemented kahit saan, pero may ibang place ng mga lumalabs na usok sa mga MV if dangerous ba or
nga example is bawal sila o pinapayagan sila na hindi not sa kalikasan)
naka helmet at yung naka helmet sa kanila ang parang
mga magnanakaw at tago ang mukha) TRAFFIC ECONOMY- It deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy.
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
RA 4136 (LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE
1. TRAFFIC WARNING- an act reminding the driver of his OF THE PHILIPPINES)
violation in order for him to not do it again. No arrest or
citation is made. MOTOR VEHICLE- shall mean any vehicle propelled by
any power other than muscular power using the public
TYPES OF WARNING: highways but excepting bike, road rollers, trolley cars,
street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers,
 Visual Warning- gumagamit ng gestures graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes (if not
used on public highways) vehicles which run only on
 Verbal Warning- nagbibigay ng warning orally. rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines
of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
 Written Warning- gumagamit both oral ang
written, yung sasabihan kana na may violation ARTICULATED VEHICLE- shall mean any motor vehicle
ka at isusulat na name mo with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that
part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle
2. TRAFFIC CITATION- made to compel violators to
appear in court in absence of arrest.  is one that consists of two or more separate
frames connected by suitable couplings.
3. TRAFFIC ARREST-the taking of a person into custody
of the law. Only made when: MV- with power rating (makakatakbo kahit wala yung
buntot o yung kadugsong nya)
 the offense is serious; (ex. Nag da drive ng Trailer- without power rating ( hindi makakatako kapag
lasing, o may na bangga) wala yung MV)

 Detention is needed to avoid continued PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE- does not exceed nine
violation; (ex. May nabangga na tapos tumakas passengers and they are not used primarily for carrying
gamit yung sasakyan need habulin tapos hulihin freight or merchandise. (hindi lalagpas sa 9 person ang
para maiwasan na makadiskrasya pa) isasakay)

 there is reasonable doubt that violators may not PASSENGER TRUCK- motor vehicle registered for more
appear in court. than nine passengers.

REMEMBER, AS AN ENFORCER, YOU CAN:  All passenger automobiles for hire are required
(ang bawal lang gawin ni enforcer ay mag impose ng to have the registered passenger capacity
penalty dahil sic out ang nagwa nun) marked plainly an conspicuously on the sides
 bring the suspended person before the court
 thereof in letters and numerals not less than or disagreeable sound shall be installed or used
5cms. on any motor vehicle.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (GVW)- refers to the maximum NOTE!! All authorized emergency vehicles, such as
operating weight of a vehicle as specified by the ambulance and police cars and fire wagons used for
manufacturer including: MOTOR VEHICLE ITSLEF, emergency calls shall be equipped with a bell, siren, or
CARRYING CAPACITY, PASSENGER AND HINDI KASAMA exhaust whistle
YUNG MGA ACCESSORIES NA NILALAGAY NG DRIVER.

Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor vehicle HEAD TAIL LIGHTS PARKIN STOP SIGNAL
should not be more than its registered carrying capacity. LIGHTS (red light G LIGHT LIGHT
Conductors of public utility trucks or buses are held (not matatagpua LIGHTS (red (para
liable for the OVERLOADING of vehicles under their later n sa hulihan light malama
charge. than) ng na na n kung
sasakyan) blink saan
OWNER- shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor pag na liliko)
vehicle. Sayo nakarehistro. prino)
 The "owner" of a government-owned motor
vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of ONE- Visible at visible Visible Visible
the Bureau HALF least 100 100 when at least
HOUR METERS METERS brakes 100
DRIVER- any licensed operator of a motor vehicle. AFTER AWAY are FEET
SUNSET applie
PASSENGER- person with license, onboard a motor d
vehicle AND
UNTIL
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER- Shall mean every and any
driver hired or paid for driving AT
LEAST
CONDUCTOR’S LICENSE- may driver’s license, onboard ONE-
in a motor vehicle, assist the driver. HALF
HOUR
NOTE!!! (TESDA issues Cert of Training for Professional BEFORE
Driver who will operate MV contains hazardous cargo) SUNRIS
E
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES

TIRES OF MOTOR VEHICLES- No motor vehicle with

metallic tires shall be operated upon any public ⚫ the driver must dim the headlights or tilt the beams
highway. and solid tires whenever used shall be of downward whenever the vehicle is being operated on
sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims from well-lighted streets within the limits of cities,
coming in direct contact with the road. municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or districts,
or whenever such vehicle meets another vehicle on any
BRAKES - Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels public highway.
shall be provided with dual hydraulic break system(sa
front and rear/back) USE OF RED FLAG. Whenever the load of any vehicle
extends more than 1 meter beyond the bed or body,
HORNS. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such
horn signaling devise in good working order: load a red flag not less than 30 centimeters both in
length and width
 Provided, however, That no horn or signaling
device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, WHEN COULD A DRIVER LEAVE THE AREA OF ACCIDENT
WITHOUT BEING HELD LIABLE FOR HIT-AND-RUN?
  His life is in imminent danger of being harmed  b. It shall be firmly affixed to the motor vehicle
by other person/s by reason of the accident in such a manner as will make it entirely visible
and always legible
 He surrenders to proper authority
 c. No dealer's number plate shall be used on any
 He summons the assistance of a physician or motor vehicle after said vehicle has been sold
nurse to aid the victim (tumakbo dahil mahingi and delivered to a purchaser
ng medical assistance)
 d. No person can transfer number plates from
in the event that any accident should occur as a result of motor vehicle to another
the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the
DRIVER SHALL OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING: LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY

 Stop immediately DRIVER'S LICENSES- IT IS NOT A RIGHT BUT A

 Show his driver's license to inspecting traffic law PRIVILEGE granted by the Philippine Government
enforcer through LTO based on R.A. 4136 (statutory
 Give his true name and address, including that qualification).
of the owner of the vehicle
 Assist injured persons  Further, it is a privilege which may be
 Take measures to protect belongings of suspended or revoked.
passengers.
 Report the accident immediately  Driver's License (DL) an authority granted by the
LTO to a qualified person to operate motor
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES vehicle stating therein. the Driver's License Code
(DL Code) and conditions, among others
PRIVATE personal use
PRIVATE LICENSING PROCEDURE:

PUV Conveyance of  -Age Requirement (16 SP/ 17 NP/18P)

passengers/goo PUV  Be able to read and write (English and Filipino
ds or any local dialect)
 Physically fit and mentally fit to drive motor
GOVERMENT owned by the GOVERNMENT vehicle
government  -Clinically free from contagious diseases

DIPLOMATIC issued to STUDENT PERMIT- This kind is issued to person who

foreign desires to learn how to drive.
diplomats and
consuls PUV  A student driver cannot operate a vehicle
assigned in the UNLESS accompanied by an instructor who may
Philippines either be a license prof. or non-prof driver (sec.
30, RA 4136)

HYBRID/ Modern mv HYBRID/ NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE- This kind of

ELECTRIC ELECTRIC license is issued to owners of private-owned vehicles or
VEHICLE those not for hire or paid for driving.

 In driving a private truck, the driver can only

GUIDELINES IN USING NUMBER PLATES ride with laborers necessary to handle freight
on board. (not with kabit, gf, asawa)
 Number plates shall be displayed in conspicuous
places, one in front and one in the rear
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE- This license is issued
to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT
vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public
[Link] LIMIT AND OTHER RULES ON SPEED
CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION (NPDL-PDL)- the period of MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS
prohibition for change classification shall apply from the Passenger Cars Motor Trucks
date of settlement of fines and penalties (nakadepende and and Buses
sa demerit na meron ka kung kelan ka or anong period Motorcycles
ka pwede magpa change ng classification)
On open 80km/hour 50km/hour
DEMERIT PERIOD country roads,
1-2 3 MONTHS with no "blinds
3-4 6 MONTHS corners" not
5 UP 12/1YR closely
bordered by
CONFISCATION OF DRIVER'S LICENSE- Driver's license habitations.
may be confiscated for violations of R.A. 4136, the rules
and regulations issued by the Commissioner and Local
Traffic rules and regulations. On through 40km/hour 30km/hour
streets”
72h-15d rule clear of traffic
(confiscation>ma issue ng TOP or temporary operation with no blind
permit > valid for 72 hrs) (15 days> failure to pay corners,"
penalties/resolve penalty ma rerevoke o masususpend
ang license)
On city and 30km/hour 30km/hour
SPECIAL TYPES OF DRIVER'S LICENSE municipal
streets with
1. INTERNATIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE-it is issued for light traffic
special purpose by Automobile Association of the
Philippines (AAP).
Through
 this kind of license is also issued to foreigner or crowded 20km/hour 20km/hour
tourist streets,
approaching
 -Validity: 90 days intersections at
"blind corners,"
2. MILITARY DRIVER'S LICENSE- Can be issued to passing school
enlisted military personnel of the AFP operating motor zones, passing
vehicles owned by the government shall be license in other vehicles
accordance with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency which are
fees shall be collected thereof. stationary, or
for similar
 Validity: 3 years dangerous
circumstances.
DRIVER'S RESTRICTION CODE- NOW CALLED AS
DRIVER'S LICENSE CODE (DL CODE) EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT- lahat ng emergency
vehicle
DL CODE - refers to the collective code representing the
vehicle category/ies that a licensed person is allowed to
operate.
MV- Speed and Gross vehicle weight
B. LATERAL PLACEMENT
The proper positioning of the motor vehicle:  B. NEVER make a right turn from left lane

 while traversing- pag nagbabyahe always in a  C. at an intersection with a red traffic light,
right way make a right turn ONLY after coming to a full
stop to make sure no vehicle is coming from left
 while on Parallel Parking- dapat nakapark lang
ng 12 inches ABANDONED VEHICLE - unattended in an area not
provided for parking or unattended for 1 or 2 days in an
 Parked Diagonally- nose out policy, dapat hind area provided for parking
imo ihaharap yung nguso dun sa pag paparkan
mo like sa starbucks wag mo ihaharap sa kanya TRAFFIC CONTROL- It refers to the procedure, devices,
yung unahan. and communication systems that help vehicles and
vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways, or
C. OVERTAKING AND PASSING- AS GENERAL RULE, A air space.
driver should pass to the left of the vehicle being
overtaken and it shall resume driving on the right side. [Link] SIGNS- Any device mounted on a portable
of the road only after passing clear of the overtaken support whereby a message is conveyed by means of
vehicle. (if there’s only 2 lanes, laging ma overtake sa words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of
left ng sasakyan na oovertake-an) regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.

EXCEPTION: On the highways with two or more lanes DANGER WARNING SIGNS
where traffic goes one direction, another vehicle may be REGULATORY SIGNS
overtaken on the right (pwedeng mag overtake sa Right INFORMATIVE SIGNS
and left ng sasakyan nap ag oovertake-an basta there’s a  PD 207 declared the 1968 Vienna Convention
2 or more lanes) on Road Traffic, Signs and Signals as part of the
laws in the Philippines.
D. RIGHT OF WAY- This principle refers to the legal or
customary precedence (priority in place or time) which DANGER WARNING SIGNS- also known as "caution
allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of another. signs" to warn and seek caution as there is hazard
ahead.
RULES ON RIGHT OF WAY (A,B,C naka sulat)
REGULATORY SIGNS- These are signs which impose
D. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a legal restrictions, special obligations, instructions, or
full stop such vehicle before traversing any "through prohibitions.
highway" or railroad crossing
INFORMATIVE SIGNS- known as “guide signs” or
→ LAW ENFORCER> TRAFFIC LIGHT> PAVEMENT “directing signs”
MARKINGS (laging si law enforcer ang susundin, pag
wala si enforcer si traffic light ang susundin at pag wala [Link] LIGHTS
yung dalawa si pavement markings ang susundin)
SERIES/CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER- R-Y-G
E. STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING RULES - When
Other Motorists affected, The the driver making SERIES IF TURNED ON: R-G-Y
movement shall give a signal (hand signal) to other
drivers of his intention to make such movement (Sec. FLASHING RED SIGNAL- complete stop and proceed
44, a). only when it is safe to do s0.

MAKING A RIGHT TURN FLASHING YELLOW SIGNAL-proceed with caution.

 Signal your intention to turn right with your FLASHING GREEN SIGNAL-permits the vehicle facing
turning signal light or a hand signal AT LEAST that signal to turn left, turn right or go through while
100FT before you intend to make turn opposing traffic faces red signal. (pag nag fa flash ng
green titingnan mo yung araw kung saan ni aallow  3. Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the
lumiko kung sa right or left ba pero pag wala naman solid lines
araw at naka green lang ibig sabihin pwede ka ng lumiko
kahit pama left or right man) E. A YELLOW OR WHITE LINE WITH A DOTTED WHITTE
LINE MEANS
3. PAVEMENT MARKINGS- defined as the markings used
on paved roadways to provide guidance and information a. That you cannot overtake if the solid line is in
to pedestrians and drivers. your side
b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the
solid line.
1. PAVEMENT MARKINGS- These are lines used as
separation for motor vehicles traveling opposite or the 2. CURB MARKING FOR RESTRICTIONS (nakasulat ang
same direction meaning and types)

SPECIFIC MEANING OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS 3. OBJECT MARKINGS – placed on objects on the road
or beside the road (humps, rocks, similar hazardous
[Link] BROKEN/DOTTED LINE object on the side of the road)

 Separates traffic moving in opposite/same 4. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS – deigned to reflect and

direction become luminous when hit by vehicles head light (ito
yung mga nailaw sa kalsada pag natatamaan ng ilaw ng
 OVERTAKING IS POSSIBLE when the other lane is sasakyan)
clear of incoming possible
4. TRAFFIC ISLANDS- These are areas within the
B. WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE IN A TWO-LANE WAY roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical
channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
 Separates traffic moving in opposite direction
Traffic islands are further sub-classified into three:
 Could be found in road sections that are made
dangerous  DIVISION ISLANDS constructed primarily to
divide streams of motor vehicles (to divide
 PASSING AND OVERTAKING CAN BE MADE but movement)
ONLY UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE THERE IS
NO ONCOMING TRAFFIC  CHANNELIZING ISLANDS constructed to
channelize or direct the flow of traffic
C. WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE ON A FOUR-LANE ROAD
 ROTARY ISLANDS constructed along
 When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER intersections or rotundas for purpose of turning
OVERTAKE by passing aver the solid white lanes around.

 2 Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving TRAFFIC PATROL- It refers to the observation of road
vehicles conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users
of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law
 Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) is for fast moving enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected
vehicle services to the public.

D. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE OR DOUBLE WHITE LINES- Conspicuous > in full view (nasa gitna ng kalsada si
traffic enforcer)
 [Link] NO OVERTAKING
Visible→ in full view but on the side of the street (nasa
 2. Overtaking is extremely dangerous gilid ng kalsada si traffic enforcer)

Concealed → not visible (medyo tago na part)

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REACTION TIME-distance traveled before applying the
brakes
Primary objective:
 Know the victim (para maka produce ka ng INITIAL CONTACT- the first accidental touching of an
medical assistance) object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard
 who is responsible for the incident. (head on collision)

NOTE!! When there is a need to conduct interview MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT- it is the greatest collapse or
during the investigation, the interviewing process of overlap in a collision, the force between the traffic unit
persons involved should be done separately. and the object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement (naggigitgitan na yung dalawang sasakyan
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS epro hindi pa rin nagana ang brake dahil sa sobrang
bilis)
A. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
(nagbangaan ang tao at bicycle sa kalsada) DISENGAGEMENT- it is the separation of a traffic unit in
mation from an object with which it has collided, the
B. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT (dalawang force between the object ceases at this time
sasakyan nagbanggaan sa parking lot)
STOPPING-this is when the traffic units involved come
C. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT (dalawang to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident situation
sasakyan nagbanggaan sa kalsada)
INJURY- it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not
D. NON-MOTOR VEHIVLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT (tao necessarily occur after the accident but within any of
at bicycle nagbangaan sa parking lot) the chain of events,

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT THE DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE- provides that
where both parties are negligent where it is impossible
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD to determine whose fault or negligence brought about
the occurrence of the incident, the one who had the
START OF EVASIVE ACTION last clear opportunity to avoid the impending harm but
failed to do so, is chargeable with the consequences
arising therefrom
INITIAL CONTACT
STATE OF NECESSITY PRINCIPLE- there is state of
MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT necessity even if the injury to a person results in his
death, because SELF-PRESERVATION always makes the
DISENGAGEMENT actor feel that his own safety is greater than that of
another. (if there are banggaan na nangyari pero ginawa
STOPPING mo lang iyon to mainly avoid greater evil or greater
damage)
INJURY
Elements or requisites under the law
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD- it is seeing, feeling or hearing
and understanding the usual or unexpected movement  the evil sought to avoided actually exists
or condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident (mapatunayan na may iniwasan mainly para di
about to happen. magkaroon ng malaki na effect ang accident)

START OF EVASIVE ACTION- to it is the first action taken  the injury feared be greater that that done to
by a traffic unit escape from a collision course or avoid it (ikaw ang umiwas sa something para ma
otherwise avoid a hazard (minsan yung mga driver lessen yung damage)
kapag nakakafeel ng aksidente na gilid sila, na tigil at
nagpapahinga at nag pepray)
  3. that there is no other practical and less RA 10913 ANTI-DISTRACTED DRIVING ACT
harmful means of preventing it.
DISTRACTED DRIVING- lahat ng nag tetext, nag ca call,
SKIDMARKS AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT nanunuod ng movie, film, youtube or other similar acts
INVESTIGATION habang nag da drive ay violatrion ito sa RA 10913.

SKIDMARKS- A mark which a tire makes when a vehicle EXEMPTIONS- if by nature of work or by nature of your
wheel locked, steps rolling and slides or spins on the function needed ng gadgets sila lang ang pwede.
surface of the road because of sudden application of
brakes. (high speed) LIABLE- Operator and Owner but if the owner advice ot
give caution to the operator ma except sya sa liability.
CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARKS- marking on a roadway left
by a rotating tire and a wheel of a speeding vehicle on a IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITY OF RA 10913- MMDA,
curve PNP and other concerned government, na inuutusan ni
LTFRB and DOTC- LTO
IMPENDING SKID MARK- marks caused by the forward
rotation of the wheels being slower than the forward RA 10666 CHILDREN'S SAFETY ON MOTORCYCLES ACT
movement of the vehicle. (nauuna ang sasakyan
nahuhuli ang gulong kaya nagkakaroon ng impending PROHIBITION- It shall be unlawful for any person to
skid mark) drive a two (2) wheeled motorcycle with a child on
board on public roads where there is heavy volume and
YAW/SCUFF MARK- a type of skid marks that are made fast moving of vehicles and where a speed limit of more
by a tire that is sliding or turning sideways. than 60/kph is imposed.

SKIP MARK- It is made by a bouncing wheel because of UNLESS:

interrupted brakes
 The child passenger can comfortably reach
GAP SKID- braking skid mark which is interrupted by his/her feet on the standard foot peg of the
release and reapplication of brakes for a longer time motorcycle:

RUTS- a sunken track worn by a wheel groove forming a  The child's arms can reach around and grasp the
path for anything waist of the motorcycle rider, and

GOUGE- a groove made by a hard part of a motor  The child is wearing a standard protective
vehicle to another car after side sweeping each other or helmet referred to under Republic Act No.
it may be left on a road surface by a motor vehicle which 10054, otherwise known the "Motorcycle
overturned then slid on the road surface. Helmet Act of 2009."

RA 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 RA 11229 CHILD SAFETY IN MOTOR VEHICLES ACT

(influence of alcohol) FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS- refer to CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM- refers to a device, capable
standardized tests to initially assess and determine of accommodating a child occupant in a sitting or supine
intoxication, namely: position.

1. EYE TEST- Driver must look and follow the  It is so designed as to diminish the risk of injury
direction of a pen by limiting the mobility of the child's body.

2. WALK AND TURN- 9 steps back and fort in a FRONT SEAT

straight line
not allowed: 12 y.o and below
3. 1 LEG STAND- For 30 secs
allowed: 13 y.o and up
150 cm/59 inch / 4.91 ft height
The requirements of shall not apply to circumstances
where the child restraint system would put such child in
a greater danger, such as:

 During medical emergencies;

 When the child transported has a medical or

developmental condition; or

 Other analogous circumstances prescribed

under the implementing rules and regulations
(IRR).

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is mandated to

approval or disapproval of child restraint systems that
will be manufactured, sold, distributed and used in the
Philippines (according to United Nations Regulations
concerning Child Restraint Systems)