A talk given for Anhui Univ.
(April 7, 2022)
and Jiangsu Normal Univ. (Aprile 10, 2022)
and Dalian Maritime Univ. (April 13, 2022)
and the 11th Math. Culture Conf. of China (plenary talk, July 31, 2022)
and Suzhou Univ. (Sept. 23, 2022)
êÆuy
Behind Mathematical Discoveries
šœ•
H®ŒÆêÆX
e‡µzwsun@[Link]
‡<Ì•µ[Link]
Á‡
·‚0 êÆuy c“§±˜ ê؆|Üþ uy
²{•~5 «XÛÏLŒÿa'!• þŠ!|^OEIS!Ü
néŽ •{MEÑ#ߎ½#(J"F" wUéŒ[‰Ñ
‰ï#uyk¤é&"
2 / 49
êÆ[ Aé¶ó
êÆ °“3ugd"—— Cantor
u²Ò´ÀJk¿Â |Ü"—– Poincare
8BÚa'´y“êÆ A:"3y“êÆp½n4 un
ا ?ÛýnØL´Ã¡ó¥˜‚"—– Sylverster
‰Æ†ú† Ú †K•êÆ[‚ ïĹħ§†"{U
å—ƒƒ'"3‰ï¥ù´•˜•U¿¬ØŒóD âU§ %
´z‡kŠ• êÆ[ØŒ" Uå"—–Hankel
Gauss–• k§^—n!²gC3â/þrL è,"—–
Klein
3 / 49
˜!Œÿa'
4 / 49
Euler^a'uysin x á¦È/ª
P(x)´~ê‘•1 õ‘ª§Ù Ü":•α1 , . . . , αn , K
n
Y x
P(x) = 1− .
αi
i=1
®•
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x − + − + ··· ,
3! 5! 7!
l
sin x x2 x4 x6
=1− + − + ··· .
x 3! 4! 6!
Eulerrù†~ê‘•1 õ‘ªa'§¿•Ä sin(±nπ) = 0
(n = 1, 2, 3, . . .), Œÿ/ßÿ
∞ ∞
x2
Y
sin x Y x x
= 1− 1− = 1− 2 2 .
x nπ −nπ n π
n=1 n=1
5 / 49
P∞ 1 π2
Euleruy n=1 n2 = 6
' þ¡ ªü> x 2 ‘Xê§Euleruy
∞
1 X 1
− =− ,
3! n2 π 2
n=1
½=
∞
X 1 π2
= .
n2 6
n=1
ù£‰ BaselJÑ ¦?êÚ ∞ 1
n=1 n2 ¯K"
P
6 / 49
Ramanujan. π1 ?ê
√
ŠâStirlingúªn! ∼ ( ne )n 2πn Œ•
4n
2n (2n)!
= ∼ √ .
n (n!)2 nπ
3
P∞ (2kk )
G. Bauer (1859): k=0 (4k + 1) (−64)k
= π2 .
/An equation for me has no meaning,
unless it represents a thought of God.0
1914cS. RamanujanuL¦ =I 1˜ŸØ©§3(—?Ø
\y²/ Ñ 17‡1/π?ê"~X¶
∞ 2k 3 ∞
992
X
k 16 X 26390k + 1103 4k
(42k + 5) = , = √ .
4096k π 396 4k k, k, k, k 2π 2
k=0 k=0
† 1987cù17‡?ê ªâ y²"
7 / 49
p-adic Γ-¼ê
p•Ûƒê§z‡p-adic êxk•˜ p-adic?êL«
x = a0 + a1 p + a2 p 2 + . . . Ù¥ a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . ∈ {0, . . . , p − 1},
§•p-adic‰|x|p = p −ordp x Âñ"5¿
n−1
X n−1
X
x≡ ak p k (mod p n ) … x − ak p k 6 p −n → 0.
k=0 k=0 p
z‡p-adic êŒÀ•p-adicÂñ g,êS 4•"
p-adic Γ-¼ê: é ên½Â
Y
Γp (n) := (−1)n k.
0<k<n
p-k
„ ½Γp (0) = 1. g,êS (xn )n>0 p-adic4••xž, ½Â
Γp (x) = lim Γp (xn ).
n→∞
8 / 49
Γp ( 21 )
aquEulerúª
π
Γ(x)Γ(1 − x) = ,
sin πx
éx ∈ Zp k
Γp (x)Γp (1 − x) = (−1){x}p ,
ù {x}p L«•˜ r ∈ {1, . . . , p} ¦ x ≡ r (mod p). AO/,
2
1
Γp = (−1){1/2}p = (−1)(p+1)/2 .
2
é'˜e§ 2
1 π
Γ = = π.
2 sin(π/2)
9 / 49
LegendreÎÒ
p•Ûƒê§ êaép LegendreÎÒXe½Âµ
0
XJp | a,
a
= 1 XJp - a… x 2 ≡ a (mod p)k ê),
p
XJp - a… x 2 ≡ a (mod p)Ã ê)"
−1
®•
1 XJp ≡ 1 (mod 4),
−1
= (−1)(p−1)/2 =
p −1 XJp ≡ −1 (mod 4),
1 XJp ≡ ±1 (mod 8),
2 (p 2 −1)/8
= (−1) =
p −1 XJp ≡ ±3 (mod 8).
10 / 49
Van Hamme a'
éÛƒêpkΓp ( 21 )2 = −( −1
p ). 1997cVan Hamme• π?ê
p-adic [§JјX Ó{ªßŽ"~XµƒA
uRamanujan?ê
∞ 2k 3
√ ∞ 2k 3
X
k 2 2 X k 16
(6k + 1) = , (42k + 5) = ,
(−512)k π 4096k π
k=0 k=0
¦ßÿéÛƒêpk
p−1 2k 3
X −2
(6k + 1) k
≡p (mod p 3 ),
(−512)k p
k=0
(p−1)/2 2k 3
X −1
(42k + 5) k
≡5p (mod p 4 ).
4096k p
k=0
2017c§Van Hamme p-adic [ߎѮ y¢"
11 / 49
1
92Â¥%n‘ªXê π ?ê
2Â¥%n‘ªXêTn (b, c)•(x 2 + bx + c)n Ðmª¥x n ‘
Xê"duTn (2, 1) = 2n
n , ·ÀTn (b, c)•¥% ‘ªXê g
,í2"
ߎ (š, 2011, ]ü300{ ).
∞ √
X 66k + 17 3 2 540 2
T (10, 11 ) = ,
(211 33 )k k 11π
k=0
∞ √
X 126k + 31 3 2 880 5
T (22, 21 ) = ,
(−80)3k k 21π
k=0
∞
X 3990k + 1147 3 432 √ √
3k
Tk (62, 952 ) = (195 14 + 94 2).
(−288) 95π
k=0
• ùªÉ·eãߎéu 5µéƒêp > 3k
p−1
X 3990k + 1147 3 2 p −14 −2
Tk (62, 95 ) ≡ 17563 + 4230 (mod p 2 ).
(−288)3k 19 p p
k=0
12 / 49
Œ1ê
ên•Œ1ê(practical number)•z‡m = 1, . . . , nŒL
¤n ˜ ØÓÏfƒÚ§=kn ØÓÏfd1 , . . . , dk ¦
k
m X 1
= .
n di
i=1
~Xµ6´Œ1ê§Ï•1, 2, 3, 6 Ø6, …4 = 1 + 3,
5 = 2 + 3.
?Û êk ?›L«§l ŒL•ØÓ 2˜gƒÚ"
2 ˜gÑ´Œ1ê"
؇L50 Œ1ê:
1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 42, 48.
Œu1 Œ1êÑ´óê"
13 / 49
òŒ1ꆃêƒé'
aquπ(x) = |{p 6 x : p•ƒê}|, ·‚½Â
P(x) = |{q 6 x : q •Œ1ê}|.
x
aquƒê½nπ(x) ∼ log x , ®•
x
P(x) ∼ c (Ù¥~êc ≈ 1.336),
log x
ùdM. Margenstern31991cßÿ§ A. Weingartner32014cy
²"
aquGoldbachߎ†Ì)ƒêߎ§'uŒ1êkeã(
J"
½n (G. Melfi [J. Number Theory 56(1996)]).
(i) óêÑŒL¤ü‡Œ1êƒÚ"
(ii) káõ‡Œ1êq¦ q ± 2•Ñ´Œ1ê"
14 / 49
ƒê†Œ1ê 5O
2013c·Äg„ Œ1êù«ê"5¿Œu2 ƒêÑ´Û
ê§ Œu1 Œ1êÑ´óê"
3êÆXÒIp§·w 'u • …ófåš ¤ Ï
•§° ´/IüåV0§=ücfåš ¤3IŠü •§
Vcfåš ¤31Šü •"ùÚ ·@£ ƒê´I §
Œ1ê´å "
XJ˜éƒ ên†n + 1¥˜‡•ƒê,˜‡•Œ1
꧷ҡ{n, n + 1}•˜éœ¿(couple).
ÅÓ‡Goldbachߎ (š, 2013). Œu4 óêŒL¤
p + q = (p + 1) + (q − 1),
ù p†q•ƒê§p + 1†q − 1•Œ1ê"
15 / 49
üa/n²£0
•Ä n ô •3§·Ú\üa/n²£0¿ßŽùüa
n²£Ñkáõ‡"
1˜an²£: {p − 1, p, p + 1}, Ù¥p•ƒê§p ± 1Œ1"
1 an²£: {q − 1, q, q + 1}, Ù¥qŒ1, q ± 1•ƒê"
1˜an²£ Y%ƒêµ
3, 5, 7, 17, 19, 29, 31, 41, 79, 89, 127, . . . .
1 an²£ Y%Œ1êµ
4, 6, 12, 18, 30, 42, 60, 72, 108, 150, . . . .
16 / 49
ÊsS
y¢¥•¬k'n ô•E, OœÅª§ùr¦·Ú\
/ÊsS0 Vg"
ÊsSµ{m − 2, m − 1, m, m + 1, m + 2}, Ù¥m, m ± 2ÑŒ
1§…m ± 1•ƒê"
ߎ (š§2013)µkáõ¬ÊsS"
c˜ ¬ÊsS /%0Œ„[Link] ~
Xµ1n¬ÊsS•
{16, 17, 18, 19, 20},
Ù¥16, 18, 20•Œ1ê§17†19•ƒê"
17 / 49
!• þŠ
18 / 49
Žâ²þ
n ∈ Z+ = {1, 2, 3, . . .}, K
n−1
1X
1 = 1 ∈ Z,
n
k=0
n−1
2X
k = n − 1 ∈ Z,
n
k=0
n−1
1 X
(2k + 1) = 1 ∈ Z.
n2
k=0
éua0 , a1 , . . . , an−1 ∈ Z, §‚ Žâ²þ•
n−1
a0 + a1 + · · · + an−1 1X
= ak .
n n
k=0
19 / 49
|ÜêØ¥ EGZ½n†Kemnitz-Reiher½n
EGZ½n (P. Erdős, A. Ginzburg, A. Ziv, 1961). ?
‰2n − 1‡ êa1 , . . . , a2n−1 , Œl¥ÀÑn‡ai (i ∈ I ) (Ù
¥I •{1, . . . , 2n − 1} n f8)¦
X
ai ≡ 0 (mod n),
i∈I
=Ã êai (i ∈ I ) Žâ²þE• ê"
Kemnitz-Reiher½n (Kemnitz, 1983; C. Reiher, 2003). ?
‰4n − 3‡c1 , . . . , c4n−3 ∈ (Z/nZ)2 , Œl¥ÀÑn‡ci (i ∈ I ) (Ù
¥I •{1, . . . , 4n − 3} n f8)¦ i∈I ci = 0. †é{`§²
P
¡þ4n − 3‡ :¥7Œ Ñn‡¦ §‚ -%E• :"
20 / 49
)ÛêØ¥þŠ O
êؼêf : Z+ → Cì?LyŒUéØ5K"~Xµ¼ê
1 XJ n•ƒê,
1P (n) =
0 d ,
†Øê¼ê
d(n) = |{d ∈ Z+ : d | n}|
XÓƒê©Ù˜ JÏ5Æ"
êؼêf (n)LyØ5Kž§)ÛêØ¥=w
1X X
f (n) (þŠ) ½ö f (n) (Ü©Ú)
x n6x n6x
ì?Ì‘"
21 / 49
ƒê½n†DirichletØê½n
ƒê½nµ
Z x
X X x dt
π(x) := 1P (n) = 1∼ ∼ .
n6x p6x
log x 2 log t
oÑ/ù§ êx•ƒê AÇŒ—• log1 x .
DirichletØê½nµ
X √
d(n) = x log x + (2γ − 1)x + O( x)
n6x
(Ù¥γ = 0.577 · · · •Euler~ê)§½=
1X 1
d(n) = log x + 2γ − 1 + O √ .
x n6x x
22 / 49
Apéryê
P∞ 3
1978c§Apéryy² ζ(3) = n=1 1/n Ãn5"y²L
§¥¦^knêS {Bn /An }∞
n=1 5%Cζ(3), ù
A0 = 1, A1 = 5, B0 = 0, B1 = 6,
…{An }n>0 †{Bn }n>0 Ñ÷v4í'X
(n + 1)3 un+1 = (2n + 1)(17n2 + 17n + 5)un − n3 un−1 (n = 1, 2, . . .).
¯¢þ§
n 2 n
n+k 2 n + k 2 2k 2
X n X
An = = ,
k k 2k k
k=0 k=0
ù«ê 5 ·¶•Apéryê"
23 / 49
Beukersߎ
/ªnØ¥ Dedekind eta¼êXe‰Ñµ
∞
Y
1/24
η(τ ) = q (1 − q n )
n=1
Ù¥τ ∈ H = {z ∈ C : Im(z) > 0}, q = e 2πiτ l |q| < 1.
Beukersߎ(1985). éuƒêp > 3, ·‚k
A(p−1)/2 ≡ a(p) (mod p 2 ),
ùpa(n) (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)Xe‰Ñµ
∞
Y ∞
X
4 4 2n 4 4n 4
η (2τ )η (4τ ) = q (1 − q ) (1 − q ) = a(n)q n .
n=1 n=1
† 2000c§ùߎâ S. Ahlgren†Ken Ono”.y¢"
24 / 49
'uApéryê ˜‡ßÿ
éuÛƒêp, •Ä A(p−1)/2 p 2 k5Ƨ … p−1
2 Ð
´0, . . . , p − 1 /¥:0§2010c·3lþ°£5 »•þ|^
þŠgŽ¿£ e¡ù‡ßÿ"
ߎ (šœ•, 2010). ?‰Ûƒêp, ·‚k
p−1
X
Ak
k=0
4x 2 − 2p (mod p 2 ) XJ p ≡ 1, 3 (mod 8)…p = x 2 + 2y 2 (x, y ∈ Z),
≡
0 (mod p 2 ) XJ p ≡ 5, 7 (mod 8).
2011cšœ•y² dßÿ p¤á"† 2019c§dߎ
â š†šœ•(arXiv:1910.06856)•ªy²"
25 / 49
Motzkinê ²•Ú
Catalanê/X
1 2n 2n 2n
Cn = = − (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
n+1 n n n+1
1n‡Motzkinê
bn/2c
X n 2k 1
Mn :=
2k k k +1
k=0
´l²¡þ‚:(0, 0)r (n, 0) ÎÜe㇦ ‚´^êµz
Ú‡o•À(1, 0), ‡o•À (1, 1), ‡o•ÀH(1, −1), ØO
x¶±e"
ߎ (š§2010). p > 3•ƒê§K
p−1
X p
Mk2 ≡ (2 − 6p) (mod p 2 ).
3
k=0
26 / 49
k'(J
½n (š[Adv. Appl. Math. 136(2022)]).
(i) é?Û ênk
n
2X
(2k + 1)Mk2 ∈ Z.
n
k=1
(ii) é?Ûƒêp > 3, k
p−1
X p
(2k + 1)Mk2 ≡ 12p (mod p 2 ).
3
k=0
y² 9ÎÒOŽ!q- [9|Üð ª"
›cc·ßÿ Ó{ª
p−1
X p
Mk2 ≡ (2 − 6p) (mod p 2 ) (éƒêp > 3)
3
k=0
† •Câ 4Vç(arXiv:2208.10275)¤y²"
27 / 49
n!|^OEIS
28 / 49
SloaneM• êS 3‚z‰
29 / 49
OEIS^8˜~
30 / 49
|^OEIS)û¯K˜~
2010c·‰Number Theory Listue‡§ßÿ
n−1 3
1 X 2k
2n
(21k + 8) ∈ Z (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
4n n
k
k=0
鯥=<Kasper AndersenyÑ ù‡§¦uy
n−1 3 n−1 2
1 X 2k X n+k −1
2n
(21k + 8) = .
4n n
k k
k=0 k=0
ù ª˜²uy§ÒŒ^ZeilbergerŽ{5y²£ ª
ü>÷vÓ 4í'X¤
"
31 / 49
|^OEIS)û¯K˜~
2010c·‰Number Theory Listue‡§ßÿ
n−1 3
1 X 2k
2n
(21k + 8) ∈ Z (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
4n n
k
k=0
鯥=<Kasper AndersenyÑ ù‡§¦uy
n−1 3 n−1 2
1 X 2k X n+k −1
2n
(21k + 8) = .
4n n
k k
k=0 k=0
ù ª˜²uy§ÒŒ^ZeilbergerŽ{5y²£ ª
ü>÷vÓ 4í'X¤
"
·ŽØѦNouyù‡Û% ª§2nJ¯e¦âwŠ
·“—¤3µò†>@‡S cA‘1, 5, 46, 517 Ñ\
OEIS|¢µ§|˜e=uy†eãS ˜—µ
n 2
X n+k
A112029(n) = (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
k
k=0 32 / 49
/ÏOEISq˜~
ék ∈ N´„2k − 1 | 2k
k , ¯¢þk ∈ Z ž
+
1 2k 2 2k − 1 2 2k − 2
= = = 2Ck−1 .
2k − 1 k 2k − 1 k k k −1
aquMotzkin꧷‚½Â
bn/2c 2k
X n
k
Wn := (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
2k 2k − 1
k=0
ߎ (š[Adv. Appl. Math. 136(2022)]). p > 3•ƒê§K
é?Ûn ∈ Z+ ,
Ppn−1 Pn−1
k=0 Wk2 − 2( k=0 Tk )2
•p-adic ê,
pn
Ù¥Tk (¥%n‘ªXê)•(1 + x + x −1 )k Ðmª¥~ê‘"
ùpÚª n−1k=0 Tk 3n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6? Š©O•1, 2, 5,
P
12, 31, 82, ë„OEIS^8A097893. 33 / 49
1-3-5ߎ
Lagrangeo²•Ú½n (1770)µz‡g,êŒL¤o‡
ê ²•Ú"
1-3-5ߎ (š, 2016-04-09): n ∈ NŒL¤x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2
(x, y , z, w ∈ N) ¦ x + 3y + 5z•²•ê"
L{•˜ ˜ ~fµ
7 =12 + 12 + 12 + 22 … 1 + 3 × 1 + 5 × 1 = 32 ,
8 =02 + 22 + 22 + 02 … 0 + 3 × 2 + 5 × 2 = 42 ,
31 =52 + 22 + 12 + 12 … 5 + 3 × 2 + 5 × 1 = 42 ,
43 =12 + 52 + 42 + 12 … 1 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 4 = 62 .
Tߎu2020c Ä:ßêÆ[A. Machiavelo9ÙƬ)N.
Tsopanidis|^Hamiltono ê¤y²"¦‚ Ø©“Zhi-Wei Sun’s
1-3-5 Conjecture and Variations”uLuJ. Number Theory 222(2021). 34 / 49
]ü2400{ ) 24-ߎ d5
2016c·•ßÿ1-3-5ߎ¥x + 3y + 5zŒ†¤x + 2y ,
x + 3y †x + 24y ¥?˜‡"
24-ߎ (š, 2017-02-04). n ∈ NŒL¤x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2
(Ù¥x, y , z, w ∈ N) ¦ x†x + 24y Ñ´²•ê"
dߎ® ûŸm y 1010 . e¡´L{•˜ ˜ ~fµ
12 =12 + 12 + 12 + 32 , 1 = 12 , 1 + 24 × 1 = 52 ;
23 =12 + 22 + 32 + 32 , 1 = 12 , 1 + 24 × 2 = 72 ;
24 =42 + 02 + 22 + 22 , 4 = 22 , 4 + 24 × 0 = 22 ;
71 =12 + 52 + 32 + 62 , 1 = 12 , 1 + 24 × 5 = 112 .
ùA‡êL¤x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2 (Ù¥x, y , z, w ∈ N) ¦
x + 24y •²•ê L{••˜§ë„OEIS^8A273404. m©
v[%* ƒA xo•²•ê"Z‰¥ ü 96¯
2 §·â¿£ Œkü‡²•ê ‡¦" 35 / 49
o!ÜnéŽ
36 / 49
NþÏ^Ú
b a1 , . . . , ak , n1 , . . . , nk ∈ Z+ , …a1 x1n1 + . . . + ak xknk
(x1 , . . . , xk ∈ N)UL«¤kg,ê(dž¡a1 x1n1 + . . . + ak xknk
•NþÏ^Ú)"?‰ êN, z‡n = 0, . . . , N − 1ŒL«
¤ i=1 ai xini (Ù¥xi ∈ N), u´
Pk
|{(x1 , . . . , xk ) ∈ Nk : a1 x1n1 < N, . . . , ak xknk < N}| > N,
l
k 1/ni !
Y N
N6 1+ .
ai
i=1
duùé?ÛN ∈ Z+ ¤á, ·‚7k
k
X 1
> 1.
ni
i=1
37 / 49
n˜Ê˜ßŽ
n˜Ê˜ßŽ (š, 2018c4 28F). ên > 1oŒL
¤a2 + b2 + 3c + 5d , Ù¥a, b, c, d ∈ N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}.
~f: 5 = 02 + 12 + 31 + 50 , 25 = 12 + 42 + 31 + 51 .
5P. ·én 6 2 × 1010 y dߎ, ¿\Ù]ü3500{
¦Ùy²"2022c ú¬òdߎ y 2.4 × 1011 .
ߎ (š, 2018c4 25F). ên > 1oŒL
¤a2 + b 2 + 2c 2d
c + d , Ù¥a, b, c, d ∈ N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}.
5P. ·én 6 2 × 1010 y dߎ, 2022c ú¬òdß
Ž?˜Ú y 1011 .
ŠâStirlingúª,
√ 4n
n n
2n
n! ∼ 2πn , l ∼√ .
e n nπ
38 / 49
D9©ê
/X n1 £Ù¥n• ê¤ ©ê ü ©ê" D9<•
Är knêL¤ØÓü ©êƒÚ£ù knê D9©
ê¤
§~Xµ¦‚5¿
2 1 1 10 1 1 1
= + , = + + .
35 30 42 73 11 22 1606
1202cFibonacciy²z‡ knêÑŒL¤ØÓ ü ©ê
ƒÚ§ù´Ï•
1 1 (n + 1) − n 1
− = = .
n n+1 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
~Xµ
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + + = + + .
3 3 3 3 3 + 1 3(3 + 1) 3 4 12
39 / 49
©1•Œ1ê ü ©êƒÚ
2015c9 Ч·‰ŒÆ)þ5lÑêÆ6‘§ùCantory²¢ê
8ØŒê§ù 9r[0, 1]¥xL¤ ?›/ª
∞
X xn X 1
0.x0 x1 x2 · · · = n
= (Ù¥xn ∈ {0, 1}).
n=0
2 n>0
2n
xn =1
1 U@þ§·qŽåù¯" knêUL¤k•‡©1•Ø
Ó2˜g ü ©êƒÚíºknê©1Ø´2˜gž’½ØUXdL
«"ù¦·‡Ï¦'2˜g•2 ˜aê§u´·Ž Œ1ê"
Pk 1
ߎ (š§2015-09-12). z‡ knêŒL¤ j=1 qj /ª§Ù
¥q1 , . . . , qk •ØÓ Œ1ê"
~fµ
10 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + ,
11 2 4 8 48 132 176
Ù¥2, 4, 8, 48, 132, 176Ñ´Œ1ê"
2016c11 , David Eppsteiny² · ù‡ßŽ"
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k'ƒê•£
1
uÑ, Ù¥pL¤kƒê"
P
Euler: p p
dd•
X 1 X 1
†
p
p−1 p
p+1
ÑuÑ"
Dirichlet½n: XJa ∈ Z†m ∈ Z+ pƒ§Kkáõ‡ƒ
êp ≡ a (mod m).
dd•éz‡m ∈ Z+ káõ‡ƒêp¦ p − 1 (½
öp + 1)•m ê"
/Xp − 1(½p + 1) ê©Ù†Œ1ê Øõ"
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©1•p − 1½p + 1 ØÓü ©êƒÚ
ßÿ£š§2015c9 9F¤. ?‰ knê m
n §kØÓ ƒ
êp1 , . . . , pk ¦
m 1 1 1
= + + ··· + ,
n p1 − 1 p2 − 1 pk − 1
•kØÓ ƒêp1 , . . . , pk ¦
m 1 1 1
= + + ··· + .
n p1 + 1 p2 + 1 pk + 1
5µ·®\Ù•dߎ y²]ü500{ "2018c, ¸IÚ
é©f©1؇L1000 u1 knê y dߎ§¦„
é ØÓƒêp1 < · · · < p2065 £Ù¥ p2065 ≈ 4.7 × 10218 ¤¦
1 1
+ ··· + = 2.
p1 + 1 p2065 + 1
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~f
~X:
1 1 1 1 1
1= = + + + ,
2−1 3 − 1 5 − 1 7 − 1 13 − 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1= + + + + + ,
2 + 1 3 + 1 5 + 1 7 + 1 11 + 1 23 + 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + + ,
3 3−1 7−1 2 + 1 3 + 1 11 + 1
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
19 37 − 1 137 − 1 191 − 1 229 − 1
1 1 1 1
+ + + +
331 − 1 397 − 1 761 − 1 1021 − 1
1 1 1 1
= + + +
37 + 1 107 + 1 227 + 1 239 + 1
1 1 1 1
+ + + + .
311 + 1 359 + 1 701 + 1 911 + 1
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1
P
d|n d+1 6∈ Z
1
ên• ꕧ ˆÏfƒÚ•2n, = d|n
P
d = 2.
ê ~fk6, 28, 496, . . . .
Euclid, Euler: n•ó ê …= §/X2p−1 (2p − 1), Ù
¥p†2p − 1Ñ´ƒê"
Û ê¯Kµ´Ä•3Û êº
ù¯K{²üZõc§–8E,] ™û"
ߎ (š§2015-10-15) Ãknê
X 1
(n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
d +1
d|n
ÑØ´ ꧿…Ù êÜ©üüØÓ"
dßÿ y n 6 2 × 109 .
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†1n‡ƒê°(Šk' ßÿ
é ên, 4pn L«1n‡ƒê"
eãßÿ´d4•†Ó Vgéu 5"
ߎ £š§2014-09-24). éz‡ êmk ên¦
m+n Øpm + pn , m > 2ž„Œ?˜Ú‡¦n < m(m − 1).
1
oÑ/§pm + pn ≡ 0 (mod m + n) VÇ• m+n . 5¿
2 −m
mX m2 m
1 X1 X1
= − ∼ log m2 − log m = log m → +∞.
m+n n n
n=1 n=1 n=1
lVÇþùþãßÿ´Ün "
dßÿ® y m 6 4 × 105 . ~Xµm = 79276ž¦
m+n Øpm + pn • ên•3141281384.
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'u1m‡ƒê†1n‡ƒê Ú
?‰pƒ êa†b, •Schinzelb 7k êx¦
p = ax + 1†q = bx + 1Ñ´ƒê§u´knêr = a/b ŒL¤
ax p−1
= .
bx q−1
ùéu·r knêL¤AÏ êƒ'"
ߎ (š§2015-07-03). knêÑŒL¤ m
n (Ù¥m, n•
ê)¦ pm + pn •²•ê"
20
®ém, n 6 1300 y dߎ"~Xµ2 = 10 …
p20 + p10 = 71 + 29 = 102 .
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ƒUƒê †Ú
ߎ (š§2012-03-31). é?Û êm, k؇
√
L2m + 2.2 m ëY˜ãƒêpk , . . . , pn (k < n)¦
m = pn − pn−1 + . . . + (−1)n−k pk .
√ √
(éu Ûêm, $–Œrþ.2m + 2.2 m U¤m + 4.6 m.)
dßÿuLuJ. Number Theory 133(2013), Šö]ü1000{
¦ y²"2020cÜsém 6 109 y dߎ"~X:
1 = 3 − 2, 2 = 5 − 3, 3 = 7 − 5 + 3 − 2, 4 = 11 − 7, 5 = 7 − 5 + 3,
8 = 11 − 7 + 5 − 3 + 2, 11 = 19 − 17 + 13 − 11 + 7,
20 = 41 − 37 + 31 − 29 + 23 − 19 + 17 − 13 + 11 − 7 + 5 − 3,
2382 = p652 − p651 + · · · + p44 − p43
√
… p652 = 4871 = 2 · 2382 + b2.2 2382c.
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5ê؆|Ü¥ #ߎ6¹820‡ßŽ
48 / 49
(åŠ
F"ùgùŒU-uŒ[ MEå!
49 / 49