ABSTRACT

This study focuses on evaluating corrosion mitigation in reinforced concrete beams by

incorporating basalt fibres and migrating corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion of steel reinforcement
is a major durability concern in reinforced concrete structures, especially in chloride-rich
environments, leading to cracking, spalling, and reduction in structural strength.

In this experimental investigation, concrete beams of M20 grade were prepared with varying
percentages of basalt fibres (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). The specimens were cast using water
mixed with 3.5% NaCl to simulate aggressive conditions and reinforced with steel bars. After
28 days of curing, the beams were subjected to accelerated corrosion through wetting and
drying cycles. Corrosion activity was monitored using the half-cell potential method as per
ASTM C876 guidelines.

The results indicated that corrosion levels increased progressively with exposure cycles in all
specimens. However, the inclusion of basalt fibres reduced the rate of corrosion by minimizing
crack formation and permeability, thereby limiting chloride ingress. The application of
migrating corrosion inhibitors further enhanced corrosion resistance by forming a protective
layer over the reinforcement.

Among all fibre dosages, 0.6% basalt fibre content exhibited comparatively lower corrosion
readings, indicating better performance. Although the variation in corrosion among different
fibre percentages was not significantly large, the overall trend showed improved resistance
with higher fibre content.

The study concludes that the combined use of basalt fibres and migrating corrosion inhibitors
significantly enhances the durability and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures
exposed to aggressive environments.

Keywords: Basalt fibre, corrosion mitigation, migrating corrosion inhibitors, half-cell

potential, chloride attack, reinforced concrete. Basalt Fiber, Corrosion Inhibitors, Concrete.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Steel bars are usually protected in alkaline incubator combined with other protections such as
coating, cover against exposure, and/or using inhibitors to mitigate their deterioration trend
when exposed to harsh environment. The harsh environment would include elevated
temperature, relative high humidity, and exposure to chemicals such as carbonation, chloride
and other acidity agents that reduce their alkalinity to the extent that ions start to release and
initiate anode and cathode which starts the corrosion process. Reinforced concrete is used
worldwide extensively as a construction material due to its superior compatibility between its
constituting materials. The use of steel and concrete together improves properties of both
components physically, mechanically and chemically. Steel reinforcements usage makes it
possible for engineers to construct wide spans buildings and with different shapes. The failure
of concrete structures in the Arabian Gulf area is more pronounced due to the carried over
chloride ion air-borne salts or high chloride in soil. Chloride destroys protective oxide layer on
steel rebar and the corrosion initiates

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete has emerged as a promising solution for improving the
corrosion resistance and durability of concrete. Basalt fibers, derived from natural volcanic
rock, possess inherent properties that make them highly resistant to corrosion, chemicals, and
environmental degradation. This experimental study focuses on investigating the accelerated
corrosion behaviour of steel reinforcement in basalt fiber concrete, with the objective of
assessing its corrosion resistance and durability compared to M20 grade concrete.

The significance of this study lies in the potential of basalt fiber concrete to mitigate corrosion-
related issues in concrete structures, particularly those exposed to aggressive environments
such as marine environments, dicing salt exposure, and industrial settings. The use of basalt
fiber reinforcement offers several advantages, including enhanced durability, reduced
maintenance requirements, and improved sustainability due to the use of a natural and
environmentally friendly material.

The experimental approach involves the preparation of concrete specimens with varying
proportions of basalt fiber content 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% and steel reinforcement. These
specimens are subjected to real-world corrosion conditions. The corrosion rate is monitored
over time to evaluate the performance of basalt fiber concrete in terms of corrosion resistance
and steel reinforcement protection.

The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the corrosion behaviour of basalt
fiber concrete and its effectiveness as a corrosion-resistant reinforcement material. The
findings will contribute to the body of knowledge in corrosion engineering, materials science,
and concrete technology, informing best practices and strategies for designing durable and
resilient concrete structures in corrosive environments.

Natural corrosion of reinforcement in concrete is inherently slow, often taking years before the
first observable crack appears on the outer concrete surface. In laboratory settings, it becomes
imperative to accelerate the corrosion process to achieve meaningful results within a reasonable
testing period. This acceleration is achieved by applying either a constant potential or a fixed
electric current magnitude to the embedded steel.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Youngi liu [Link] (1) studied the corrosion of steel reinforcement is a critical durability issue
plaguing reinforced concrete (RC) structures worldwide, leading to immense financial burdens
from maintenance and repair. The problem stems from the ingress of aggressive agents like
chlorides and carbonates, which breach the steel's passive oxide layer, triggering a two-stage
process of corrosion initiation and propagation. While the global demand for concrete is high,
its susceptibility to such degradation compromises the long-term service life of countless
structures. For decades, the primary defense against this phenomenon has been the use of
traditional corrosion inhibitors. These additives, directly mixed into the concrete or applied
later, fall into two main categories: inorganic (e.g., nitrites, molybdates) and organic (e.g.,
amines, imidazolines).. These drawbacks have highlighted the need for more advanced,
sustainable solutions. In response, a new generation of smart corrosion inhibitors has emerged
as a promising alternative.

Inna pitak [Link](2) examined basalt fibers (BFs) are gaining significant interest as an alternative
reinforcement material in concrete due to their high tensile strength, thermal stability, and eco-
friendly nature. However, a crucial aspect of their application is their long-term durability and
corrosion resistance within the highly alkaline environment of concrete. The literature on this
topic presents a complex picture, highlighting both the promising attributes and the potential
vulnerabilities of basalt fibers.

Kuijiao li [Link](2023) focused on the corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major cause of

degradation in reinforced concrete structures. This electrochemical process is primarily
initiated by the ingress of aggressive agents, most notably chloride ions, which accumulate
within the concrete and eventually break down the passive protective layer that naturally forms
on the steel surface. To combat this, researchers have explored innovative methods of corrosion
control, including the use of corrosion inhibitors delivered via specialized carriers within the
concrete mix.

V’aclav ko cl [Link](2024) performed the experiments on the rise of basalt fibers as a promising
alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete, but emphasizes their primary weakness: their
susceptibility to degradation in the highly alkaline environment of concrete. The author notes
that while basalt fibers offer several advantages over steel, including comparable mechanical
properties, better thermal resistance, and a lower environmental impact, their poor chemical
durability in alkaline conditions is a significant obstacle to their widespread adoption. the rise
of basalt fibers as a promising alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete, but emphasizes
their primary weakness: their susceptibility to degradation in the highly alkaline environment
of concrete. The author notes that while basalt fibers offer several advantages over steel,
including comparable mechanical properties, better thermal resistance, and a lower
environmental impact, their poor chemical durability in alkaline conditions is a significant
obstacle to their widespread adoption.

Henggen zyan(2025) have investigated the use of basalt fibers (BF) to improve the durability
of solidified shield waste mud (ZSWM) obtained from Zhanjiang City, China. This study, a
first of its kind, specifically examines the performance of BF-reinforced ZSWM under the
combined harsh environmental conditions of acid corrosion and dry-wet (d-w) cycles. The
researchers solidified the waste mud using a cement-based solidifier and incorporated varying
dosages of BF into the specimens.

The results demonstrated that the inclusion of BF significantly improved the physical and
mechanical properties of the solidified ZSWM. The researchers observed a notable
enhancement in the mass and P-wave velocity of the specimens, which are indicators of
improved density and structural integrity. A key finding was the substantial increase in the
uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), with a 0.7% BF dosage yielding an optimal 29.39%
increase. This showed that a specific amount of BF can significantly boost the material's load-
bearing capacity.

Medhani pathirana [Link](2005) worked on the effectiveness of rare-earth metal (REM)

carboxylate inhibitors in mitigating corrosion is significantly impacted by the condition of the
steel surface. On fresh steel, these organic inhibitors exhibit very high efficiency, forming a
protective layer that provides over 90% inhibition. However, on pre-rusted steel, their
effectiveness drops dramatically to below 50%. This is because the existing rust layers act as a
barrier, preventing the inhibitor molecules from reaching the metal surface to form a protective
film. This highlights a key challenge in corrosion control the presence of rust fundamentally
alters the surface, making it difficult for many inhibitors to work effectively. To overcome this,
a hybrid system combining the REM inhibitors with an inorganic inhibitor, sodium molybdate,
was developed.
 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Corrosion of reinforcement steel is one of the most critical durability issues affecting reinforced
concrete structures worldwide. In aggressive exposure conditions, particularly in chloride-rich
environments such as coastal regions, marine structures, industrial zones, and areas where de-
icing salts are frequently used, the embedded steel reinforcement becomes highly susceptible
to corrosion. Although concrete normally provides an alkaline environment that forms a
protective passive layer around the steel surface, the ingress of chloride ions gradually destroys
this passive film. Once depassivation occurs, electrochemical corrosion reactions initiate on
the reinforcement surface, leading to the formation of rust products.

The corrosion products occupy a significantly larger volume than the original steel, generating
internal tensile stresses within the surrounding concrete. As a result, cracking, delamination,
and spalling of concrete occur, ultimately reducing the load-carrying capacity, stiffness,
serviceability, and overall structural performance of reinforced concrete members. In severe
cases, corrosion-induced deterioration can lead to premature structural failure, increased
maintenance costs, and serious safety concerns. Therefore, controlling reinforcement corrosion
has become a major focus in the field of concrete durability and infrastructure sustainability.

Conventional corrosion protection methods, including epoxy-coated reinforcement, corrosion-

resistant alloys, cathodic protection systems, waterproof coatings, and chemical admixtures,
have been widely implemented to improve the durability of reinforced concrete structures.
However, many of these techniques involve high installation and maintenance costs, require
specialized application procedures, or exhibit limited long-term effectiveness under severe
environmental conditions. Consequently, there is a growing need for economical, practical, and
efficient corrosion mitigation techniques that can enhance the service life of reinforced concrete
structures exposed to aggressive environments.

The present study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of powerthrow caplets as corrosion
inhibitors in reinforced concrete beams of M20 grade concrete. The experimental program
involves exposing reinforced concrete specimens to cyclic wet-dry conditions in a chloride-
rich environment to simulate real-life field exposure conditions commonly encountered in
marine and coastal structures. The wet-dry cycles accelerate chloride penetration and corrosion
activity, enabling a detailed assessment of the inhibitor performance within a shorter duration.

To evaluate the corrosion behavior of the embedded reinforcement, the half-cell potential
method is employed as the primary monitoring technique. Half-cell potential measurements
provide a non-destructive and reliable means of assessing the probability and progression of
steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. By periodically recording the half-cell
potential values over time, the study aims to compare the corrosion activity in concrete beams
with and without powerthrow caplets and determine the extent to which the caplets reduce
corrosion initiation and propagation.

The findings of this research are expected to contribute to the development of improved
corrosion protection strategies for reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive chloride
environments. If proven effective, powerthrow caplets could offer a practical and economical
solution for enhancing structural durability, reducing maintenance requirements, and extending
the service life of infrastructure systems such as bridges, parking structures, marine platforms,
and coastal buildings. Ultimately, this study seeks to support sustainable construction practices
by promoting innovative methods for corrosion prevention and long-term structural
performance.
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY
The flow of work is presented in various steps which are as shown in Fig.4.1

Fig.1.8 Flow of work

 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

5.1 Preparation of specimen (Beam):

The specimens are having size of 150 X 150 X 700 mm. A total of 4 reinforcement will be
provided in specimen along upper face (2 bars) and lower face (2 bars). The reinforcement bar
is of 12 mm in diameter and are fastened to 8 mm diameter stirrups with a spacing of 150mm
C/C having 30 mm cover. The steel bar is exposed at one of the end of beam to take readings
for half-cell potential test. The water cement ratio is included of 3.5% NACL water which will
then be cured for 28 days. Basalt fibre is added in the specimen in specific percentage.

For concrete casting, 4 types of proportion were taken, which are as follows-

 Normal concrete (NC)

 Basalt fiber (BF) concrete 0.2% - which means 0.2% volume of concrete

 Basalt fiber (BF) concrete 0.4% - which means 0.4% volume of concrete

 Basalt fiber (BF) concrete 0.6% - which means 0.6% volume of concrete The curing
technique follows IS 516-1959.

[Link] of beam specimen

4.2 Electrochemical Measurement/ half cell potencial

The corrosion test involved measuring two key electrochemical parameters: the potential drop
(V) and the half-cell potential (E).The potential drop (V) was measured between the embedded
reinforcement bar and an external counter-electrode. Since the current density was kept
constant throughout the test, this measured voltage (V) is proportional to a specific electrical
resistance (R) (expressed in Ω⋅cm2) of the material medium separating the steel rebar and the
counter-electrode. Essentially, V gives an indication of the medium's resistance to electrical
[Link] half-cell potential (E) of the rebar was monitored regularly against a Saturated
Calomel Electrode (SCE), which served as the reference electrode. To perform these half-cell
potential measurements, the specimens were temporarily removed from the water tank, and the
standard curing process was halted. The readings were taken after the specimens had been
allowed to air-dry for approximately 30 minutes.

Fig.4.2 Half cell circiutary

Fig.4.3 half cell reading

4.3 Insertion of Powethrow Caplets

After completing the exposure cycles and initial corrosion measurements, Powethrow caplets
were introduced into the concrete beams as a corrosion control measure. Holes of 20 mm
diameter and 30 mm depth were drilled into the beam at designated locations. Care was taken
to avoid damaging the reinforcement during drilling. The caplets were then inserted into these
holes, with each face of the beam containing two caplets, resulting in a total of eight caplets
per beam. After insertion, the holes were sealed using epoxy putty to ensure that the caplets
remained in place and to prevent ingress of external contaminants. This step represents the
application phase of the corrosion inhibitor. Following the insertion of Powethrow caplets, the
beams were monitored over an extended period to evaluate the effectiveness of the corrosion
inhibitor. Half-cell potential readings were recorded at regular intervals of 30 days for a total
duration of 6 months. This long-term monitoring helped in observing trends in corrosion
activity and determining whether the inhibitor was successful in reducing or stabilizing
corrosion levels.

Fig.4.3 Insertion of Powethrow Caplets

 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the experimental study demonstrate the effectiveness of basalt fibres and
corrosion inhibitors in reinforcement in mitigating natural corrosion of steel reinforcement in
concrete exposed to environmental conditions. The specimens S1, S2, S3 and S4 are consider
in each category of specimens.

5.1 Half-cell Potential Measurement

The half-cell potential (voltage) between the Ag/AgCl reference electrode and the steel
reinforcement. The potential is typically recorded in millivolts (mV). The specimens in each
category, namely S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6, display varying half-cell potential readings. It
shows the different behaviour of each specimen under normal corrosion. The readings are taken
before inserting the inhibitors into the specimens. The first readings are observed after 4th cycle
of wetting and drying period.

Table 5.1 Half-cell Potential Readings for normal concrete specimen after 4th cycle
(mV), same process was followed till 6th cycle.

[Link] 0% Fibres 0.2% Fibres 0.4% Fibres 0.6% Fibres

S1 -1420 -1185 -925 -451

S2 -1431 -1192 -939 -462

S3 -1428 -1189 -918 -455

S4 -1416 -1173 -928 -449

S5 -1439 -1196 -932 -458

S6 -1418 -1178 -921 -465

Average -1425 -1185 -927 -456

 5.2 Comparison of Half-cell Potential Readings for 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% & 0.6%
BFRC Specimen after Inserting Inhibitors
Table 5.21 Half-cell Potential Readings for 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% & 0.6% BFRC
Specimen after Inserting Inhibitors

Date With Inhibitors (mV) Without Inhibitors (mV)

0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6%
11-10-2025 -1491 -1244 -967 -476 -1528 -1262 -970 -475
18-10-2025 -1529 -1280 -997 -504 -1571 -1304 -1012 -516
25-10-2025 -1556 -1303 -1021 -528 -1610 -1342 -1050 -555
01-11-2025 -1580 -1325 -1039 -546 -1645 -1377 -1085 -590
08-11-2025 -1598 -1343 -1054 -561 -1675 -1407 -1115 -623
15-11-2025 -1614 -1359 -1068 -575 -1704 -1436 -1144 -654
22-11-2025 -1629 -1374 -1082 -589 -1730 -1462 -1170 -680
29-11-2025 -1641 -1386 -1094 -601 -1752 -1484 -1192 -702
06-12-2025 -1651 -1396 -1104 -611 -1772 -1504 -1212 -722
13-12-2025 -1660 -1405 -1113 -620 -1790 -1522 -1230 -740
20-12-2025 -1668 -1413 -1121 -628 -1806 -1538 -1246 -756
27-12-2025 -1672 -1417 -1125 -632 -1819 -1551 -1259 -769

Half-cell potential (mV)

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12

0% With Inhibitors 0.2% With Inhibitors 0.4% With Inhibitors

0.6% With Inhibitor 0% Without Inhibitors 0.2% Without Inhibitors

0.4% Without Inhibitors 0.6% Without Inhibitor

Graph 5.21 Half-cell Potential Readings for 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% & 0.6%
BFRC Specimen after Inserting Inhibitors
OBSERVATIONS:
Table 5.22 Weekly Variation of Half-Cell Potential Readings for BFRC Specimens with
and without Corrosion Inhibitors
Date With Inhibitors (mV) Without Inhibitors (mV)
0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6%
Day 0 -66 -59 -40 -20 -66 -59 -40 -20
Day 7 -38 -36 -30 -28 -43 -42 -42 -41
Day 14 -27 -23 -24 -24 -39 -38 -38 -39
Day 21 -24 -22 -18 -18 -35 -35 -35 -35
Day 28 -18 -18 -15 -15 -30 -30 -30 -33
Day 35 -16 -16 -14 -14 -29 -29 -29 -31
Day 42 -15 -15 -14 -14 -26 -26 -26 -26
Day 49 -12 -12 -12 -12 -22 -22 -22 -22
Day 56 -10 -10 -10 -10 -20 -20 -20 -20
Day 63 -9 -9 -9 -9 -18 -18 -18 -18
Day 70 -8 -8 -8 -8 -16 -16 -16 -16
Day 77 -4 -4 -4 -4 -13 -13 -13 -13

Half-cell potential (mV) vs Time

80

70

60

50

40

Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42 Day 49 Day 56 Day 63 Day 70 Day 77

Graph 2.2 Rate of Change of Half-Cell Potential Readings for BFRC Specimens over
12 Weeks
The half-cell potential measurements obtained from the experimental program provide clear
insight into the corrosion behaviour of reinforced concrete beams under chloride-induced
wetting and drying cycles. The results indicate that normal concrete (0% BFRC) exhibited
highly negative half-cell potential values (average around -1425 mV before inhibitor
application), which corresponds to a high probability of active corrosion due to unrestricted
chloride penetration and microcrack formation.

With the incorporation of basalt fibres, a consistent improvement in corrosion resistance was
observed. As the fibres dosage increased from 0.2% to 0.6%, the half-cell potential values
became progressively less negative, indicating a reduction in corrosion activity. This
improvement can be attributed to the crack-bridging ability of basalt fibres, reduced
permeability, and densification of the concrete matrix, which limits the ingress of aggressive
ions. Among all the mixes, the 0.6% BFRC specimens demonstrated the best performance,
showing significantly lower corrosion probability compared to conventional concrete.

The introduction of migrating corrosion inhibitors further enhanced the corrosion resistance of
all specimens. The readings of specimens with inhibitors were consistently less negative than
those without inhibitors across all fibres percentages, confirming their effectiveness in slowing
down the electrochemical corrosion process. However, a gradual increase in negative potential
over time was observed in all cases, indicating that corrosion progression was not completely
eliminated but significantly delayed.

The combined use of basalt fibres and corrosion inhibitors proved to be the most effective
strategy for corrosion mitigation. The synergy between physical improvement (through fibres
reinforcement) and chemical protection (through inhibitors) resulted in the lowest corrosion
rates. Particularly, the 0.6% BFRC specimens with inhibitors exhibited the least negative half-
cell potentials, indicating the lowest likelihood of corrosion among all test samples.

Overall, the results demonstrate that the incorporation of basalt fibres along with corrosion
inhibitors significantly enhances the durability of reinforced concrete by reducing corrosion
activity, delaying its initiation, and improving resistance against aggressive environmental
conditions. This approach offers a practical and sustainable solution for extending the service
life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride-rich environments
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The present study focuses on evaluating the corrosion behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
subjected to chloride-induced wetting and drying cycles, using half-cell potential
measurements as the primary assessment tool. Various concrete mixes incorporating basalt
fibres (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) along with migrating corrosion inhibitors were analysed to
understand their individual and combined effects on corrosion mitigation. The observations
derived from all experimental readings and tabulated results provide a comprehensive
understanding of how fibres reinforcement and chemical inhibitors influence the durability and
corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete under aggressive environmental conditions.

 The half-cell potential readings from all tables clearly indicate that normal
concrete (0% BFRC) exhibited the most negative values, confirming a very high
probability of active corrosion under chloride exposure.
 The corrosion rates across different basalt fibre percentages (0.2%, 0.4%, and
0.6%) were found to be of similar magnitude; however, among these, the 0.6%
BFRP specimens consistently showed comparatively lower corrosion readings,
indicating better overall performance.
 An increasing trend in corrosion readings was observed over time for all
specimens due to continuous chloride exposure and wet-dry cycles; however,
specimens with corrosion inhibitors demonstrated a slower rate of increase,
confirming their effectiveness in delaying corrosion.

Overall, the study concludes that basalt fibre and corrosion inhibitors enhance corrosion
resistance and durability of reinforced concrete. While corrosion rates were similar across fibre
contents, 0.6% basalt fibre performed best. Corrosion increased over time, but inhibitors
significantly reduced its rate.
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