Title

EE22023 HVDC AND FACTS

Presented by
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 COURSE OBJECTIVES
To impart knowledge on
• AC transmission systems and DC transmission
systems
• Basic operation and control of variable impedance
type FACTS Controllers
• Operation and control of VSC based FACTS
controllers
• Basic operation of Line Commutated Converter(LCC)
based HVDC links
• Features of voltage source converter based HVDC
control
 Unit 1 Syllabus
• Reactive power control in electrical power
transmission lines
• Load & System compensation
• Uncompensated transmission line
• Shunt and Series compensation
• Need for HVDC Transmission
• Comparison between AC and DC Transmission
• Types of HVDC transmission System.
 Title

Reactive power control in electrical power

transmission lines

Presented by
[Link],ASP/EEE
 Reactive Power
• To make transmission networks operate within desired
voltage limits, methods of making up or taking away
reactive power—hereafter called reactive-power
control.
• Upon energization, the ac networks and the devices
connected to them create associated time-varying
electrical fields related to the applied voltage, as well
as magnetic fields dependent on the current flow.
• As they build up, these fields store energy that is
released when they collapse.
• All energy-coupling devices, including transformers and
energy-conversion devices (e.g., motors and
generators), operate based on their capacity to store
and release energy.
Instantaneous power - Basics

Instantaneous power from the voltage source

to the load

Complex power in the network

 Instantaneous power - Basics
• The first term has an average value as well as a
peak magnitude of VI cos Ø. This average value is
the active power, P, flowing from the source to the
load.
• The second term has a zero average value, but its
peak value is VI sin Ø.
• The reactive power is essential for creating the
needed coupling fields for energy devices. It
constitutes voltage and current loading of circuits
but does not result in an average (active) power
consumption and is, in fact, an important
component in all ac power networks.
 Reactive Power Control
• The voltage variation at a node is an indication of
the unbalance between the reactive power
generated and consumed.
• If the reactive power generated is greater than
consumed, the voltage goes up and vice versa.
• The reactive power absorbed the transmission line
(lossless) is I2 XL and due to shunt capacitance, the
reactive power supplied by the line is V2 XC
• The loading condition in which the vars absorbed
are equal to the vars generated by the line is called
the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) (voltage
throughout the length of the line is the same)
 Reactive Power Control
• In case I2 XL > V2 XC the voltage will sag and if
I2 XL < V2 XC (light load) the voltage will rise
• Normally the loading is greater than SIL and the
net effect of the line will be to absorb (sink) the
reactive vars.
 Title

Load & System compensation

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 Uncompensated Transmission Lines
• To understand the need for reactive power control, consider a
simple case of a lossless short-transmission line connecting a
source Vs to a load Z.
• Between the sending- and the receiving-end voltages, a
magnitude variation, as well as a phase difference, is created.
 Load Compensation

• The most significant part of the voltage drop in the line reactance
(V1 = j IxXl) is due to the reactive component of the load current,
Ix.
• To keep the voltages in the network at nearly the rated value, two
control actions seem possible:
1. Load compensation, and
2. System compensation
 Load Compensation
• It is possible to compensate for the reactive
current Ix of the load by adding a parallel
capacitive load so that Ic =−Ix.
• It causes the effective power factor of the
combination to become unity.
• The absence of Ix eliminates the voltage drop ΔV1,
bringing Vr closer in magnitude to Vs - this
condition is called load compensation.
• Loads compensated to the unity power factor
reduce the line drop but do not eliminate it, they
still experience a drop of ΔV2 from j IrXl .
SYSTEM COMPENSATION
 System Compensation
–
• Beyond Load Compensation not only voltage and P.F other
factors are also compensated
• To regulate the receiving-end voltage at the rated value, a
power utility may install a reactive-power compensator .
• This compensator draws a reactive current to overcome
both components of the voltage drop ΔV1 and ΔV2 as a
consequence of the load Current IL through the line
reactance Xl.
• To compensate for ΔV2, an additional capacitive current, Δ
Ic, over and above Ic, is drawn by the compensator.
• When ΔIcXl = ΔV2, the receiving-end voltage, Vr, equals the
sending-end voltage, Vs. Such compensators are employed
by power utilities to ensure the quality of supply to their
customers .
 Title

Lossless Distributed Parameter Lines - Analysis

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 Loseless Distributed Parameter Lines
Most power-transmission lines are characterized by
distributed parameters:
* series resistance – r
* series inductance – l
* shunt conductance – g
* shunt capacitance - c
 Contd…
The fundamental equations governing the propagation of energy
along a line are the following wave equations….

 (1)

 (2)
 Contd.

From Equation (2) we get,

 (3)
 Contd.

Fig. The power on a lossless distributed line

Therefore, the power at the sending end is given as,

 (4)
Likewise, power at the receiving end is given as
 (5)

 Comparing equations (4) & (5)

 For a lossless line, Ps = -Pr and Qs  Qr
 Real Power flow from sending end to receiving end

 In electrically short power lines, sin a = a

 Power Equation

 (6)
 Symmetrical Lines
• When Vs = Vr = V, the line is said to be symmetrical
• From equations (4) & (5)

 (7)

 (8)
 Mid-point conditions
• For a symmetrical line, the midpoint voltage shows
the highest magnitude variation. In terms of the
midpoint voltage Vm, the receiving-end voltage is,
 (9)

• For simplification, define Vm = Vm 0 as the reference phasor

• Since Ps = -Pr = Pm = P and Qm = 0, the mid point current Im is
given by,

Under these conditions, eqn. (9) can be rewritten as,

 (10)
Contd..
 Contd..

 (11)

Equation (11) determines the midpoint voltage of a symmetrical line as

a function of the power flow P on it.
 Title

Tutorial Problem

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 Tutorial Problem 1:
• Consider a 735-kV symmetrical lossless
transmission line with l = 0.932 mH/ km, c = 12.2
nF/ km, and a line length of 800 km. Calculate
surge impedance, surge impedance loading, mid
point voltage and no load compensation that
should be provided at the receiving end.
• To avoid overinsulating the line so that it might withstand
overvoltages under no-load or light conditions, a common practice is
to permanently connect shunt reactors at both ends to allow line
energization from either end
 Problem 2:
Determine Mid point voltage of symmetrical line for the
following conditions and draw the voltage distribution
(1) P/Po=0
(2) P/Po=0.6
(3) P/Po=1
(4)P/Po=1.3
• For this line, it is observed that for light loading
below the surge-impedance load, the midpoint
voltage exceeds Vnom and reaches its highest value at
no load
• Furthermore, for stability considerations should an
operating load angle of, say, 30 be chosen to define
the full load rating of the line (0.588P0), the
midpoint voltage of the line will be 1.1058 pu
• These expected over voltages in the range 0.1–0.2
pu from full load to no load are not within
acceptable limits. Therefore, special techniques
must be used to control these over voltages.
• It is possible to control the overall voltage profile
of such a line as the one described in this case
study by creating a midpoint voltage bus and
connecting a controllable reactive-power source,
called a var compensator, to it.
• so that below the surge-impedance loading P0,
the var compensator absorbs reactive power, and
above P0, it supplies reactive power
 Midpoint compensation unlimited
capacity
• let us hold the midpoint voltage to Vmc=1.05pu
under all load conditions by employing a
continuous var controller of unlimited capacity
Midpoint compensation unlimited
capacity
Midpoint compensation unlimited
capacity
Midpoint compensation unlimited
capacity
The relationship between active power, P, and reactive
power, Q, with load angle δ in the 735-kV midpoint-
compensated line
The conclusions are as follows:

1. As the length of the line increases on account of the line-charging

capacitances, the line experiences significant over voltages at light-load
conditions.
2. Over voltages can be limited by using fixed or switched-shunt reactors
at the line ends as well as at intermediate buses where needed.
3. The application of midpoint or intermediate bus-voltage controllers
(var compensators) enhances the power-transmission capacity of a long
line.
4. In practical cases, var controllers are sized by carefully selecting their
continuous-operating range to hold the connecting-bus voltage within
an acceptable range of values in the normal line-loading range.
 Title

Shunt and Series compensation - Effect on Power-

Transfer Capacity

Presented by
[Link],ASP/EEE
 Active and Passive Var Control
• An active var control is produced when its
reactive power is changed irrespective of the
terminal voltage to which the var controller is
connected
• When fixed inductors and/ or capacitors are
employed to absorb or generate reactive power,
they constitute passive control
 PASSIVE COMPENSATION
• Reactive-power control for a line is often called
reactive-power compensation.
• External devices or subsystems that control reactive
power on transmission lines are known as
compensators.
• The objectives of line compensation are:
1. To increase the power-transmission capacity of
the line, and/ or
2. To keep the voltage profile of the line along its
length within acceptable bounds to ensure the
quality of supply as well as to minimize the line-
insulation costs
 PASSIVE COMPENSATION
• Reactive-power controlled compensation can be
used to improve the system stability (by changing
the maximum power-transmission capacity), as
well as to provide it with positive damping
• Like other system components, reactive-power
compensators are dimensioned, and their types
are selected on the basis of both their technical
and cost effectiveness
 Shunt Compensation

Fig. Two sections of a double-circuit high-voltage ac line for long-distance transmission

• Passive reactive-power compensators include series capacitors

and shunt-connected inductors and capacitors
• Shunt devices may be connected permanently or through a
switch
 Shunt Compensation
• Shunt reactors compensate for the line
capacitance, and because they control over
voltages at no loads and light loads, they are
often connected permanently to the line, not to
the bus.
• Many power utilities connect shunt reactors via
breakers, thereby acquiring the flexibility to turn
them off under heavier load conditions
• Shunt reactors are generally gapped-core
reactors and sometimes air-cored.
 Shunt Compensation
• Shunt capacitors are used to increase the power-
transfer capacity and to compensate for the
reactive-voltage drop (IXl) in the line
• The circuit breakers connecting shunt capacitors
should withstand high-charging in-rush currents
and also, upon disconnection, should withstand
more than 2-pu voltages
• Also, the addition of shunt capacitors creates
higher-frequency-resonant circuits and can
therefore lead to harmonic over voltages on
some system buses
 Series Compensation
• Series capacitors are used to partially offset the effects of the
series inductances of lines
• Series compensation results in the improvement of the
maximum power-transmission capacity of the line
• The net effect is a lower load angle for a given power-
transmission level and therefore, a higher-stability margin
• The reactive-power absorption of a line depends on the
transmission current, so when series capacitors are employed,
automatically the resulting reactive-power compensation is
adjusted proportionately
• Also, because the series compensation effectively reduces the
overall line reactance, it is expected that the net line-voltage
drop would become less susceptible to the loading conditions
 Series Compensation
• Series compensation is defined by the degree of compensation
• For example, a 1-pu compensation means that the effective series
reactance of a line will be zero
• A practical upper limit of series compensation, on the other hand,
may be as high as 0.75 pu
• One impact of the passive compensation of lines is that whereas
the shunt-inductive compensation makes the line electrically
resonant at a super synchronous frequency, the series
compensation makes the line resonant at a sub synchronous
frequency.
• The Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) can lead to problematic
situations for steam turbine–driven generators connected to a
series-compensated transmission line
 Series Compensation
• The application of series compensation requires
several other careful considerations.
1. The voltage magnitude across the capacitor
banks (insulation);
2. The fault currents at the terminals of a
capacitor bank;
3. The placement of shunt reactors in relation to
the series capacitors (resonant over voltages);
and
4. The number of capacitor banks and their
location on a long line (voltage profile)
Effect on Power-Transfer Capacity
• A simple system analysis can be performed to develop a
basic understanding of the effect of shunt and series
compensation on power-transmission capacity.

Fig. short, symmetrical transmission line

 Effect on Power-Transfer Capacity
• Consider a short, symmetrical electrical line as shown in Fig.
• For an uncompensated line, and assuming Vs = Vr = V the
power equation (6) becomes

 (12)

From the voltage-phasor equations and the phasor diagram

 (13)
 Series Compensation

Fig. Series compensated short, symmetrical transmission line.

• If the effective reactance of a line is controlled by inserting a

series capacitor, and if the line terminal voltages are held
unchanged, then a Xl change in the line reactance will
result in a Il change in the current
 Series Compensation
 (14)

Therefore, from Eq. (12), the corresponding change in the power

transfer will be
 (15)
Using Eqns. (13) and (14), Eqn. (15) may be written as

As − Xl is the reactance added by series capacitors, =  Qse

represents the incremental var rating of the series capacitor. Therefore
 (16)
 Shunt Compensation

Fig. The midpoint-capacitor compensation of a short, symmetrical line.

• Reconsider the same short, symmetrical line and apply

a shunt capacitor at the midpoint of the line so that a
shunt susceptance is incrementally added (Bc), as
shown in Fig.
 Shunt Compensation
• For the system in this figure, the power transfer in terms of
the midpoint voltage on the line is

 (17)

The differential change in power (P) as a result of a

differential change (Vm) is given as
 (18)

From Fig.
 Shunt Compensation
• The current Ic in the midline shunt capacitor
modifies the line currents in the sending and receiving
ends of the line to the following:

 (19)

Substituting the results of Eqn. (19) in Eqn. (18), we get

 Shunt Compensation

• If the midpoint voltage of the line is approximately equal to

Vcos/2, then the incremental rating of the shunt-capacitor
compensation will be Qsh = Vm2Bc, or

 (20)

By comparing Eqn. (16) and Eqn. (20), we deduce that for an

equivalent power transfer on a short electrical line,

 (21)
 Title

•Need for HVDC Transmission

•Comparison between AC and DC Transmission
•Types of HVDC transmission System.

Presented by
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 HVDC Transmission

3/4/2025 59
 HVDC Transmission

3/4/2025 60
 HVDC Transmission
The component used for this system is listed below.

• Converter Transformer
• Converters
• Filters
• Smoothing Reactor
• Earth Electrodes and Electrode Line
• DC Transmission Lines or Cables
• Reactive Power Source
• AC Switchgear

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 Types of HVDC Transmission Line
• Monopolar System
• Bipolar System
• Homopolar System
• Back-to-Back HVDC System

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 HVDC VS HVAC

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 HVDC VS HVAC

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3/4/2025 65
3/4/2025 66
HVDC Transmission Over HVAC Transmission
2. Technical Performance :
• The use of an HVDC link improves the dynamic and transient
stabilities in the ac networks with which it is connected or associated.

• The power transmitted between the ends of the link can be fully
controlled.
• The voltage profile remains flat which implies that the voltage
remains unchanged with the distance.
• HVDC link proves to be an ideal means by which asynchronous
operating ac networks can be easily interconnected.

• An HVDC transmission line can transmit the power over long

distances.
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HVDC Transmission Over HVAC Transmission

[Link] :
• HVDC link is more reliable than the HVAC link.
• This is because the fault level in HVDC link is less
than an HVAC link.
• The incorporation of light-activated thyristors in
the converter units has proved to increase the
reliability of dc links.

3/4/2025 68
 Disadvantages of DC Transmission
• Electric power cannot be generated at high DC voltage
because of commutation problems.
• DC switchgears have their own limitations and they are
also expensive than the AC one.
• DC voltage cannot be directly step-up or step-down for
transmitting the power at high voltages and for
distributing it at low voltages.
• It requires extra equipment such rectifier and inverter,
etc. which increases the cost of transmission.

3/4/2025 69
 Application of HVDC
• Long distance bulk power transmission.
• Underground or underwater transmission;.
• Asynchronous interconnection of AC systems
with different frequencies.
• Control and stabilize the power system with
power flow control.

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 HVDC systems in INDIA

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 HVDC systems in INDIA

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 AC Transmission

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 HVAC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

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 A visit to the World’s first multi-terminal ±800 kV 6000 MW
HVDC station at Agra

• [Link]
FQOqw

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