LINE

Overview: trend tăng,Malaysia max

Body 1
- 1970: both 30
- 1990: Philippines surpass M, 47 -45
- P: decrease; M: increase
Body 2
- 1970: T-19; I-14
- 2000: same
- Both increase
The line graph illustrates the proportion of individuals inhabiting in urban areas of
Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia between 1970 and 2020, with projections for 2030
and 2040.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for all countries
witnessed an upward trend over a 70-year period. Furthermore, Malaysia consistently had the
highest urban population rate from around 2000 onward.
Initially, the percentage of both people living in cities of Malaysia and the Philippines
stood at approximately 30% in 1970. In the following 20 years, the figure for the Philippines
briefly surpassed that of Malaysia, with roughly 47% of the Philippines compared to about
44% of Malaysia. However, after 1990, the data of Malaysia experienced a significant
increase to 75% in 2020, and it is predicted to continue to grow by 10% in 2040, while that of
the Philippines slightly decreased to around 45% in 2020, but this country is anticipated to
rise again to 55% in 2040
In 1970, the data of Thailand and Indonesia accounted for almost 19% and 14%,
respectively. In the first 30 years, these figures all rose to 30%. Afterwards, there was a
dramatic growth of 25% in the statistics of Philippines in 2020, and it is expected to continue,
reaching 60% in 2040 to claim the second position. In contrast, Thailand’s urbanization rate
remained unchanged until 2020, but it is forecasted to surge to 50% in 2040.

Overview
Total: down
I $ H down, T opposite.
Transport highest in 2005.
Body 1
1990-1999
1990: T & H= 1, I under 6, Total under 8
1999: T & H remained unchanged; I decrease; total decrease
After 1990.
2005, H=0
2002, I& T same, then 2005
 The line graph illustrates how many pollutants released into the air are categorized by
3 sectors, namely industry, transport, and households in the United Kingdom from 1990 to
2005.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the total number of air
pollutants in the UK witnessed a downward trend over a 15-year period. On the other hand,
the figure for both industrial and household areas decreased throughout the survey period,
while the opposite was true for that of the transportation field.
Initially, the number of total pollutants released in the environment stood at nearly 8
million tonnes. The industrial sector accounted for the highest emitted emissions, which was
roughly 5.8 million tonnes, whereas household and transportation areas emitted around 1
million tonnes.
In the following 9 years, there was a significant fall to 4 million tonnes in the figure
for industry, while the data of households and transport almost remained unchanged until
1999. All of these contributed to a general decrease in the total emissions during that period.
Afterward, the number of emissions from the transportation field experienced a
dramatic growth to 3 million tonnes in 2005. In contrast, the statistics of industry and
household decreased by 2 and 1 million tonnes, respectively. As a result, the overall air
pollutant levels in the UK dropped to 5 million tonnes in 2005.

Outine
Overview: 2 tăng, 1 giảm
Sao Paulo highest
Actual higer than pridiction
Body 1: 1990 SP=2Jakarta
Both increase to , but actual more than that
Body 2: 1990 Sh=12
Decease by 1 but actual incease to 15 The bar chart illustrates the number of individuals
inhabiting in Jakarta, Shanghai and Sao Paulo in 1990, with the projected and actual figures
for these cities in 2000.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious the actual figures for all these cities
witnessed an upward trend over a 10-year period. Furthermore, Sao Paulo consistently had
the highest population size throughout the survey period.
Initially, the number of citizens dwelling in Sao Paulo stood at approximately 17
million people, two times higher than that of their counterparts in Jakarta. In the following 10
years, the former experience an increase of about 3 million individuals, while the latter grew
by almost 5 million people. However, the actual population of Sao Paulo was 24 million,
compared to 13 million people of Jakarta.
Regarding the remaining city, the population size of Shanghai started at 12 million
individuals in 1990. Although, the statistics of this city was anticipated to decrease by 1
million people in 2000, there was a rise to 15 million dwellers in the actual figure.
The bar graph illustrates the export revenue of three different fields, namely meat products,
Dairy products and international tourism in Someland between 2005 and 2015, with
predictions for 2025.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for meat products
and international tourism witnessed an upward trend over a 20-year period, while the
opposite was true for that of dairy products during that period. Furthermore, the meat industry
consistently had the lowest export earnings throughout the survey period.
Initially, Someland’s export income in the meat and external tourism sectors started at
approximately 4 billion and 6 billion dollars, respectively. In the following 10 years, the
former slightly decreased to 3.5 billion dollars, and it is anticipated to continue to fall by
roughly 0.5 billion dollars. In contrast, the latter experienced a growth of about 1 billion
dollars in 2025, and it is projected to surge to 8 billion dollars in 2025.
Regarding the remaining area, the statistics of dairy products stood at almost 5 billion
dollars in 2005, and it was followed by a significant rise to roughly 8 billion dollars in 2015.
However, this figure was anticipated to drop slightly by around 0.8 billion dollars in 2025 to
claim the second position.

The table illustrates how many tourists visited six different World Heritage sites in Australia
between 1996 and 2000.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for Great Barrier
Reef, Blue Mountains, Tasmania Wilderness and Shark Bay witnessed an upward trend over a
4-year period, while the opposite was true for that of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve
and Macquarie Island during that time. The Great Barrier Reef consistently had the highest
traveler statistics throughout the survey period.
Initially, the number of visitors traveling the Great Barrier Reef started at 1,670,000
people, twice time higher than that of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve, about 810,000
people. In the following 2 years, there was a significant increase in the data of the Great
Barrier Reef to 2,950,000 people, and this figure continued to rise to 3,2 million people in
2000. In contrast, the statistics of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve experienced a stable
decrease of 20,000 people every 2 years, ending at 770,000 in 2000
Regarding the remaining places, the number of tourists visiting the Blue Mountains,
Tasmania Wilderness and Shark Bay stood at 545,000, 450,000 and 840,000 people,
respectively in 1996. After 4 years, these figures grew slightly to 581,000, 483,000 and
89,000, respectively. On the other hand, the statistics of Macquarie Island was 350 people in
1996, this was followed by a steady drop by 40 people in 1998, before slightly increasing to
330 people in 2000.

The tables illustrate the number of external learners from different regions studying in
Canada and the USA between 2002 and 2003, and its changes.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figure for most
countries witnessed an upward trend over a one-year period, except for Indian students in the
USA. Furthermore, there were significantly more foreign students in the United States during
that time, while the growth rate was higher in Canada.
Initially, the number of chinses students studying in the USA started at
110,000, twenty times higher than that of their counterparts in Canada. After a year, the
former increased slightly by 6%, growing to 116,600, while the latter experienced a
significant rise of 45% from 5,400 in 2002 to 7,850 in 2003. On the other hand, the figure for
Indian learners in the USA and in Canada stood at 200,000 and 2,100, respectively in 2002.
In 2003, the former fell steadily by 9%, reaching 182,000, in contrast, the latter saw a surge
of 35% to 2,835
In 2002, Canadian students in the USA were 31,000, six times higher than
Americans studying in Canada. In the following year, the statistics of Canadian students in
the USA grew slightly by 7% to 33,170, while there was an increase of 9% from 5,000 to
5,450 in American students in Canada. Overall, the total number of people studying in
Canada was a dramatic rise of 17% from 58,870 in 2002 to 70,004 in 2004, whereas that of
the USA increased insignificantly by 2% from 581,600 to 592,230.

The pie charts illustrate the proportion of fossil fuels, hydro power and nuclear
power used to generate electricity in India, Sweden, Morocco and Vietnam from 2003
to 2008.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that neither Vietnam nor
Morocco used nuclear power to produce electricity throughout the survey period.
Furthermore, the majority of electricity produced in India and Vietnam comes from
fossil fuels, while that of Sweden and Morocco derives from nuclear power.
In Sweden, hydro power was the highest source consumed to manufacture
electricity, which was 52% compared to India’s 14%. In contrast, the percentage of
fossil fuels used to produce electricity in India accounted for 82%, while that of
Sweden was merely 4%. Additionally, the figure for nuclear power in Sweden was ten
times higher than that of India, at 44% compared to 4%.
Regarding the remaining countries, fossil fuels comprised 56% of electricity
production in Vietnam, which was approximately ten times higher than that of
Morocco, where the figure stood at 5%. In addition, the proportion of hydro power
consumed to generate electricity in Vietnam accounted for 44%, while that of
Morocco was 95%.

The pie graphs illustrate the proportion of money spent on books, computers,
furniture, restaurants, petrol, cars and food by individuals living in the United Kingdom from
1971 to 2001.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for books,
furniture, petrol and food witnessed a downward trend over a 30-year period, while the
opposite was true for that of computers, restaurants and cars during that time. Furthermore,
cars comprised the highest percentage of expenditure in the UK in 2001.
Initially, the proportion of spending on food was the highest, at 44%, twice times
higher than that of cars. In the following 30 years, the former experienced a considerable
decrease of 30%, while the latter nearly doubled to 43% in 2001. In addition, the data of
restaurants stood at 7% in 1971, and it was followed by a rise to 14% in 2001.
In 1971, spending books accounted for 6% of total expenditure in the UK, three times
higher than that of computers. After 30 years, the former fell significantly to 1%, whereas
there was a dramatic growth from 2% to 12% in 2001. Additionally, the statistics of furniture
and petrol started at 9% and 10%, respectively, in 1971, and both figures saw a slight drop to
8% in 2001.

The bar chart illustrates how much money earned from five different occupations in
the UK over a three-year period, while the table provides a comparison of the number of
hours worked weekly for each job.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for all professions’
income witnessed an upward trend throughout the survey period. Furthermore, underground
drivers consistently had the highest salaries, despite working the fewest hours per week on
average.
Initially, teachers and firefighters had the same average working hours, at 55 hours
per week. However, firefighters earned almost 8,000 pounds higher more than teachers. In the
following 3 years, the figure for the earnings of firefighters and teachers experienced a slight
growth to about 42,000 pounds and 35,000 pounds, respectively.
Regarding the remaining occupations, underground drivers had the shortest working
hours, at 36 hours per week, while police officers and nurses worked slightly longer, at 40
and 38, respectively. However, the statistics of income earned by underground drivers started
at nearly 50,000 pounds, and this was followed by a rise to about 52,000 pounds after 3 years,
while police officers' earnings increased from 22,000 to roughly 23,000 pounds, and nurses'
salaries saw a growth from 16,000 to 18,000 pounds over the same period.
 The table illustrates that how many native and non-native students participating
in research fields in Australian universities between 2001 and 2010, whereas the pie
charts show the proportion of domestic and foreign students for each gender.
Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the figures for both
local and international students witnessed an upward trend over a 9-year period.
Furthermore, native people consistently had the highest percentage of research
students during that time.
 Initially, Australian colleges had 33,657 domestic and 5,192 international
students participating in research, totaling 38,849. In the following 9 years, the
number of local students experienced an increase to 39,488, while that of foreign
students had almost tripled to 14,591, bringing the total number to 54,081.
Regarding the pie chart, in 2001, the statistics of international students stood at
13% of total, with the figure for males roughly doubled that of females, while the
native students accounted for 87%, with the data of both genders being the same, at
around 44%. After 9 years, there was a twofold growth to 27% in the proportion of
international students, including boys' 12% and girls' 15%. In contrast, the percentage
of native students decreased to 73% in 2010, with male and female figures at 38% and
35%, respectively.

IN + CORNER → in the BOTTOM/TOP + LEFT/RIGHT + CORNER OF …..

TO/ON THE LEFT/RIGHT
TO THE LEFT/RIGHT SIDE OF……

The map illustrates the layout of a public library 20 years ago compared to its current design.

Overall, it is obvious that the library witnessed dramatic changes in its layout over a 20-year
period. Most noticeably, a coffee shop has been added in the current design.

Upon passing the entrance, one can immediately see a computer room to the left, which
replaced the reading room where visitors used to find newspapers and magazines. Adjacent to
this room was a sector containing adult fiction books, which is converted to all reference
books sector. 20 years ago, as one went straight ahead to the far left corner of the library, one
could find a room displaying CDs, videos and computer games, which is now enlarged to add
two sofas, a children’s fiction books sector and hold storytelling events.
In the bottom right corner, one can see a coffee shop, which used to be an enquiry desk
supplying clients with tickets, book returns, etc. 20 years ago, alongside this room was an
area displaying adult non-fiction books, which is now redesigned to contain adult fiction
books, an information desk and self-service machines. Beyond this section, one no longer
sees a set of tables and chairs, which used to be positioned in the middle of the library. In the
northeastern corner, one can see a lecture room, which used to store children’s books.

OVERVIEW:
 JP - one large room >< US - separated rooms
 US - individual workstations
→ difference/distinction in workplace dynamics/interaction

window position:
 JP: only 1 large window situated in the front side of the office, behind the
seat of department manager
 US: two large window positioned opposite to each other (to the left and
right side/wall of the office, respectively)

equipment/amenities/facilities:

 US: printer + storage + 2 conference room (located in the left side of the
office)
 JP: absent

office’s disposition/composition:

 JP:
 workstation row was closely placed next to each other/into 2 rows facing
each other→ promote teamwork
  department manager table was in the head position
 2 section manager in the front of 2 workstation rows
 US:
 the whole manager department was located in the right side of the office
 individual workstation was in the center of the office, with enclosed work
spaces

The diagrams illustrate the difference between a typical Japanese workplace and an American
one.

Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that both offices have very similar
facilities. However, the office layout in Japan is arranged in one large room, while that of the
USA includes separate rooms and individual workstations.

In a typical Japanese office, there is only a large window situated in front of the office behind
the seat of the department manager, while there are two windows positioned both sides of the
American office. Furthermore, the American office has a printer, a storage and two
conference rooms located in the left side of the office, while these facilities are absent in the
Japanese office.

Regarding the office’s disposition, in Japanese offices, workstations are arranged into two
rows facing each other, which encourages teamwork spirit. The department manager table is
in the head position, and two section manager tables are situated in front of two workstation
rows. In contrast, the whole American manager table is located on the right side of the office,
whereas individual workstations are placed in the center, with closed workspaces.
 The graph illustrates stages relating to how perfume is produced.

Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the procedure included

several steps, beginning with boiling water to produce steam and ending with
obtaining hydrolat.

Firstly, water stored in a specialized container is boiled to generate steam,

which is then directed into the second chamber where it goes through the layer of
aromatic plants. As a result, a mixture of steam and oil vapor is produced.

The process continues with the compound being oriented into another chamber
where it goes through a condensing process. This chamber has an inlet and outlet tube,
the former allows cold water to enter the chamber from the bottom, this water is
heated by the steam and then exits the chamber through the outlet tube near the top.
After stream and oil vapor are condensed into water mixed with essential oil, it will be
directed into a separator that filters the essential oil, allowing hydrolat known as
aromatic water to be obtained through an outlet pipe at the bottom.
 The graph illustrates the stages relating to how compost is generated.

Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the procedure included

several steps, beginning with preparing a plastic container and ending with obtaining
fertilizer used in the garden.

Firstly, a plastic container with a capacity of 2m3 is required that has 3 punched
holes at each side for air circulation. Secondly, the waste of various kinds is put into
the container forming 3 layers, each layer 15 cm, with food at the bottom, grass in the
middle and newspaper at the top.

The process continues with nitrogen and heated water being added into the
container to combine with waste. In the next step, the container is sealed with a lid,
and then heat is emitted via the air holes on the sides of the container. After being left
for 6 months, the compost is produced and then obtained for gardening purposes.
The diagram illustrates stages relating to how ethanol is produced.

Looking from an overall observation, it is obvious that the procedure is a mixture of

natural and man-made and includes several steps, beginning with the energy
consisting of sunlight and carbon dioxide being absorbed by plants and trees and
ending with the distribution of ethanol for various purposes, thereby gathering CO2 to
restart the process.

At the beginning of the process, plants and trees absorb energy including sunlight and carbon
dioxide to grow, and then these mature trees are harvested and transported into a pre-
processing stage which crushes large trunks into cellulose. Afterward, cellulose is processed
chemically to produce sugars.
The process continues with the microbes being added to the sugar to produce ethanol. In the
next step, this final product is used by cars, planes or trucks. These transports themselves
create carbon dioxide and contribute to the cyclic production system.