Chapter # 03: Dynamics

Short Questions.
1. Define forces. Give examples?
Ans. Force: A force is a push or a pull that starts, stops or changes the
magnitude and direction of velocity of a body:
Example: (i) When we open a door, we push or pull it by applying force.
ii) When we are sitting in a car, we push against the seat as the car turns round
a corner.
2. Define contact force. Give some examples.
Ans. Contact Forces: A contact force is a force that is exerted by one object on
the other at the point of contact.
Examples: (i) Friction (ii) Drag (iii) Thrust
3. Define friction and drag force.
Ans. Friction: It is the force that resists motion when the surface of one object
comes in contact with the surface of another.
Drag: The drag force is the resistant force caused by the motion of a body
through a fluid. It acts opposite to the relative motion of any object moving
with respect to surrounding fluid.
4. Define thrust and normal force.
Ans. Thrust: It is an upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in
it. When we try to immerse an object in water, we feel an upward force exerted
on the object. A ship can float in the sea due to this force which balances the
weight of the ship.
Normal Force: It is the forcé of reaction exerted by the surface on an object
lying on it. This force acts outward and perpendicular to the surface. It is also
called the support force upon the object, e.g. the force exerted by the table on
the book lying on it, is a normal force.
5. Define air resistance, tension force and elastic force.
Ans. Air Resistance: It is the resistance (opposition) offered by air when an
object falls through it.
Tension Force: It is the force experienced by a rope when a person or load pulls
it.
Elastic Force: It is a force that brings certain materials back to their original
shape after being deformed.
6. What are non-contact forces? Give examples.
Ans. Non-contact force: A non-contact force is defined as the force between
two objects which are not in physical contact: The non-contact forces can work
from a distance. That is why, these are sometimes called as action-at-a-
distance.
Example: (i) Gravitational Force ii) Electrostatic Force (iii) Magnetic Force (iv)
Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces.
7. What do you mean by gravitational force? Write its formula?
Ans. Gravitational Force: The gravitational force is an attractive force that exists
among all bodies which have mass. It is a long-range force given by Newton's
law of gravitation:
Formula:
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑭=𝑮 where 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are two masses distant r apart and G is constant
𝒓𝟐
of gravitation. Its value is 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2
8. What do you mean by electrostatic force and strong and weak nuclear
force.
Ans. Electrostatic Force: An electrostatic force is a force that acts between two
charged objects. The opposite charges attract each other and similar charges
repel each other. Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces: These are non-contact
forces acting between the subatomic particles.
9. What do you mean by magnetic force?
Ans. Magnetic Force: It is a force which a magnet exerts on other magnets and
magnetic materials like iron, nickel and cobalt. Magnetic force between the
poles of two magnets can be either attractive or repulsive. Like poles repel and
unlike poles attract each other.
 [Link] the names of fundamental forces?
Ans. Fundamental Forces: There are four fundamental forces in nature.
i. Gravitational force
ii. Electromagnetic force
iii. Strong nuclear force
iv. Weak nuclear force
[Link] do you mean by gravitational force?
Ans. Gravitational force is an attractive force that exists among all bodies which
have mass.
[Link] do you mean by electromagnetic force?
Ans. Electromagnetic force is the force that causes the interaction between
electrically charged particles. The area in which these forces act are called
electromagnetic field. It binds together atoms, molecules and crystals.
[Link] are strong nuclear forces? Explain.
Ans. Strong nuclear force holds the atomic nuclei together by binding the
protons and neutrons in the nucleus over-coming repulsive electromagnetic
force between positively charged protons. It is also a short-range force with the
order of 10-14m. If the distance between nucleons increases beyond this
range, this force ceases to act.
[Link] are weak nuclear forces? Explain.
Ans. Weak nuclear force is a force responsible for the disintegration of a
nucleus. For example, the weak nuclear force executes the B-decay (beta
decay) of a neutron, in which a neutron transforms into a proton. In the
process, a B-particle (electron) and an uncharged particle called antineutrino
are emitted. Due to weak nuclear force radioactive decay of atoms occurs. It is
a short-range force of the order 10-17 m.
[Link] the unification of weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces?
Ans. A Pakistani scientist Dr. Abdus Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven
Weinberg were awarded in 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions
to unification theory. They explain the behaviour of weak nuclear force and
electromagnetic force is different for everyday phenomena but at very high
energy the theory models these forces as a single force called electroweak
force. This is called unification of nuclear force and electromagnetic force.
 [Link] many external forces act on body? Give examples.
Ans. External forces acting on an object may include:
i. Friction
ii. normal force
iii. gravity
iv. drag
v. tension in a string
vi. a human force due to pushing or pulling
[Link] Newton's first law of motion. Why it is called law of inertia?
Ans. Statement: "A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless acted upon by some external force."
Law of inertia: As Newton's first law of motion deals with the inertial
properties of matter so it is called law of inertia.
[Link] force in term of Newton's first law of motion.
Ans. According to Newton's first law of motion, a force can be defined as:
Force is an agency which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body.
[Link] inertia. On what factors does it depend?
Ans. Inertia: The property of a body to maintain its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line is called inertia.
Factor: It depends on mass. The greater is the mass of an object, the greater is
its inertia.
[Link] the table cloth is pulled abruptly, the objects remain in their
original position on the table. Why?
Ans. When the table cloth is pulled abruptly, the objects remain in their original
position on the table due to inertia which maintains its state of rest.
[Link] Newton's second law of motion?
Ans. Statement: "If a net external force acts upon a body, it accelerates the
body in the direction of force. The magnitude of acceleration is directly
proportional to the magnitude of force and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the body."
 [Link] mathematical form of Newton's second law of motion?
Ans. Mathematical form: The second law can be written mathematically as:
𝑎∝𝐹
1
𝑎∝
𝑚
𝐹
𝑎∝
𝑚
𝐹
𝑎 = (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑚
According to SI units, if m = 1 kg, a = 1ms-2 and F = 1N then the value of
constant will be 1. Therefore, the above equation can be written as:
𝐹
𝑎 =1×
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
[Link] 1 Newton force.
Ans. One newton is the force which produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in a
body of mass 1 kg.
1𝑁 = 1𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −2
[Link] Newton's third law of motion with examples?
Ans. Statement: For every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.
Examples:
Consider a block lying on a table. The block exerts a downward force on the
table equal to its weight w. The table also exerts a reaction force F, on the
block.
When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet moves in the forward direction
with a force F. This is the force of action. The gun recoils in the backward
direction with a reaction force R.
[Link] are the limitations of Newton's laws of motion?
Ans. Newton's laws of motion are not exact for all types of motion, but provide
a good approximation, unless an object is small enough or moving close to the
speed of light. There are limitations of Newton's laws of motion when we deal
with the motion of elementary particles having velocities close to that of light.
For that purpose, relativistic mechanics developed by Albert Einstein is
applicable.
[Link] gravitational field.
Ans. The gravitational field is a space around a mass in which another mass
experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.
[Link] is gravitational field strength? Write its value?
Ans. Gravitational field strength: The gravitational field strength is defined as
the gravitational force acting on unit mass.
Value: Its value is 10 N kg-1.
[Link] does weight of a body varies from place to place?
Ans. The weight of a body depends upon the value of g. As the value of g varies
from place to place, therefore, the value of weight does not remain the same
everywhere.
[Link] down the construction and working of mechanical: balance?
Ans. Construction: A mechanical balance consists of a rigid horizontal beam
that oscillates on a central knife edge as a fulcrum.
Working: It has two end knife edges equidistant from the centre. Two pans are
hung from bearings on the end knife edges. The material to be weighed is put
in one pan. Standard weights are put on the other pan. Add standard weights
until pointer attached to the beam comes in equilibrium. Now, total standard
weight is the weight of the unknown object.
[Link] are balance scales?
Ans. The scales which are used to measure mass or weight of an object by
comparing it with standard weights is called balance scale.
[Link] electronic balance. Write its working.
Ans. Electronic balance: Electronic balance is used in lab to measure- the mass
of different objects.
Working: No standard weights are required to use in an l electronic balance.
Only it has to be connected to a power supply. When an object is placed on it,
its mass is displayed on its screen. Electronic balances also display the total
price of the material if the rate per kg is fed to the balance.
[Link] is a force meter?
Ans. Force meter: A force meter is a scientific instrument that measures force.
It is also called as a newton meter or a spring balance. Now a days digital force
meters are also available. Force meter measures force directly in newtons (N).
[Link] weight of an object is measured with the help of force meter?
Ans. The object to be weighed is hung with the hook. The mass of the object
causes the spring to compress. The pointer indicates the weight of the object.
[Link] friction. Explain with example?
Ans. Friction: Friction is the force that tends to prevent the bodies from sliding
over each other.
Explanation: When a cricket ball is hit by the bat, it moves on the ground with
a reasonably large velocity. According to Newton's first law of motion, it should
continue to move with constant velocity. But, practically, we observe that it
eventually stops after covering some distance. It stops due to friction.
[Link] energy is dissipated during friction?
Ans. Dissipation of energy: Friction is a dissipative force due to which the
energy is wasted in doing work to overcome against friction. The lost energy
appears in the form of heat.
Example: When we rub our hands, heat is produced due to friction and our
hands become warm.
[Link] sliding friction. Write its types?
Ans. Sliding friction: The friction between two solid surfaces is called sliding
friction.
Types: (i) Static friction (i) Kinetic friction
[Link] static friction.
Ans. Static friction is the force of friction arising due to applied external force
before motion of one body over the other.
[Link] dynamic friction.
Ans. Dynamic friction is the force of friction arising due to applied external
force after motion of one body over the other.
[Link] terminal velocity. Give example?
Ans. Terminal Velocity: When upward air resistance balances the downward
force of gravity on a falling object, it falls down with constant (safe) velocity, it
is called terminal velocity.
Example: A paratrooper coming down with terminal velocity.
[Link] is rolling friction? How rolling friction is lesser than sliding
friction?
Ans. Rolling friction: When an object rolls over a surface, the friction produced
is called rolling friction.
Reason: The reason for the rolling friction to be less than the sliding friction is
that there is no relative motion between the wheel and the surface over which
it rolls. Moreover the wheel touches the surface only at one point which
reduces the sliding friction.
[Link] down methods of reducing friction?
Ans. The following methods are used to reduce friction:
The parts which slide against each other are highly polished to reduce friction.
i. Oil or grease is applied between the moving parts of the machinery to
reduce friction.
ii. As rolling friction is much less than the sliding friction, so sliding
friction is converted into rolling friction by the use of ball bearings in
the machines and wheels under the heavy objects.
[Link] bodies of moving vehicles are streamlined?
Ans. If the front of a vehicle is flat, it faces more resistance by air or water.
Therefore, the bodies moving through air or water are streamlined to minimize
air or water friction. In this case, the air passes smoothly over the slanting
surface of vehicle. This type of flow of air is known as streamline flow.
[Link] purpose do the spaces between tread pattern on tyre serve?
Ans. On a wet road, the water does not form wet layer between the tyre
surface and the road surface due to the spaces in the tread pattern on the tyre.
This reduces the chances of skidding of vehicles on wet roads.
 [Link] our bones do not normally wear out after many years?
Ans. Friction in human joints is very low because our bodies contain a natural
lubricating system. Consequently, though our bones rub against each other at
the points as we move, yet bones do not normally wear out, even after many
years of use.
[Link] momentum. On what factors does it depend?
Ans. Momentum: The product of mass and velocity of a moving body is called
momentum.
Formula: p = m x v
Unit: The SI unit of momentum is (kg ms-1). It can also be written as (Ns).
Factors: It depends on mass and velocity of an object. Greater is the mass, the
greater will be the quantity of motion. Similarly, greater is the velocity, the
greater will be quantity of motion.
[Link] between mass and weight.
Ans.
MASS WEIGHT
The amount of matter in substance The weight of a body on the earth is
is called mass. the force with which the earth pulls
the body towards itself.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
The amount of mass does not Weight depends on gravitatiponal
change when a body is moved from acceleration (g) and its magnitude
one place to another. changes with change of position.
Its unit is kg. Its unit is N.
It is measured by physical balance. It is measured by physical balance.

Exercise Questions
Short Questions
1. What kind of changes may be produced by a force?
Ans. The changes produced by a force are:
Rest or motion: Force can change the state of rest of body.
Velocity: Force can change the velocity of body and can produce acceleration of body.
Shape or size: Force can change shape of size of body by applying force.
Direction: Force can also change the direction of a moving body.
Energy: We can transfer energy by applying force.
2. Give 5 examples of contact forces.
i. Friction
ii. Drag
iii. Normal
iv. Force
v. Air Resistance
vi. Thrust
vii. Tension Force
viii. Elastic Force
3. An object moves with constant velocity in free space. How long will the object
continue to move with this velocity?
Ans. An object continues its motion with constant velocity in free space unless acted upon
by some external force according to Newton's first law of motion.
4. Define impulse of force.
Ans. Impulse: It is the product of force acting on a body for a very short interval of time t.
Formula:
Impulse = F x Δt
Unit: Its unit is Ns.
5. Why has not Newton's first law been proved on the Earth?
Ans. Newton's first law of motion has not been proved on earth because it is valid only in the
absence of net force and there are many forces on earth like friction, air resistance and
gravity.
6. When sitting in a car which suddenly accelerates from rest, you are pushed back
into the seat, why?
Ans. When sitting in a car which suddenly accelerates from rest, we are pushed back into the
seat due to inertia as according to law of inertia, a body at rest wants to continue its state of
rest or resists the change in its state of rest.
7. The force expressed in Newton's second law is a net force. Why is it so?
Ans. As net force is the sum of all the forces acting on a body like air resistance, friction,
gravitational force, applied force so it is important to consider net force as it determines the
objects' overall motion.
 8. How can you show that rolling friction is lesser than the sliding friction?
Ans. Reason: The reason for the rolling friction to be lesser than the sliding friction is that
there is no relative motion between the wheel and the surface over which it rolls. Morover
the wheel touches the surface only at one point which reduces the sliding friction but in case
of sliding friction there is a relative motion between surface and sliding body. Moreover the
contact area between sliding body and surface is more which increases the sliding friction.
9. Define terminal velocity of an object.
Ans. Terminal Velocity: When upward air resistance balances the downward force of gravity
on a falling object, it falls down with constant (safe) velocity, it is called terminal velocity.
Example: A paratrooper coming down with terminal velocity.
10. An astronaut walking in space wants to return to his spaceship by firing a hand
rocket. In what direction does he fire the rocket?
Ans. As according to Newton's third law of motion "Action and reaction are always equal but
opposite in direction" so the astronaut will fire the rocket in opposite direction to the
spaceship to return to his spaceship.

Constructed response questions.

1. Two ice skaters weighing 60kg and 80 kg push off against each other on a
frictionless ice track. The 60 kg skater gains a velocity of 4 ms-1. Considering all the
relevant calculations involved, explain how Newton's third law applies to this
situation.
Ans. As Newton's third law of motion states.
"Action and reaction are always equal but opposite in direction".
So, skater with mass 60kg will push the skater of mass 80kg with some force and as a
reaction the skater with mass 80kg will also apply the same force on the skater with mass
60kg and both will move away from each other.
Calculation for velocity:
m1 = 60 kg
v1 = 4ms-1
m2 = 80 kg
v2 = ?
Before collision both skaters are stationary. So, total momentum will be 'zero'.
Apply the law of conservation of momentum.
0= m1 v1 + m2 v2
0 = 6 0 x 4 + 80 x V2
0 = 240 + 80 x V2
-240 = 80 x V2
−240
= 𝑣2
80
V2 = - 3ms!
The velocity of the skater with mass 80kg is 3ms-1. Negative sign indicates, the both skaters
will move opposite to each other.
2. Inflatable air bags are installed in the vehicles as safety equipment. In terms of
momentum, what is the advantage of air bags over seatbelts?
Ans. As we know
∆𝑝
𝐹=
𝑡
According to this equation air bags in cars reduce the chance of injury because they increase
time taken by human inside the car to change its momentum, thus force will decrease and
chance of injury also decreases.
3. A horse refuses to pull a cart. The horse argues, "according to Newton's third law,
whatever force I exert on the cart, the cart will exert an equal and opposite force
on me. Since the net force will be zero, therefore, I have no chance of accelerating
(pulling) the cart." What is wrong with this reasoning?
Ans. A horse pushes the earth in backward direction as an action and in reaction the earth
pushes the horse in forward direction and the cart moves on. The wrong with the horse
reasoning is that her forces are not acting on the same object but acting on two different
objects so, the net force will not be zero therefore these forces will not be cancelled and
acceleration will be produced.
4. When a cricket ball is hit high, a fielder tries to catch it. While holding the ball
he/she draws hands backward. Why?
Ans. As we know
∆𝑝
𝐹=
𝑡
According to this equation when the fielder will draw his hands back, the chance of injury
will reduce. Because time taken by the ball to change its momentum will increase which will
decrease the force and chance of injury. Also by drawing his hands back the time of
absorbing the kinetic energy of the ball will increase and this will decrease the
chance of injury.
5. When someone jumps from a small boat onto the river bank, why does the jumper
often fall into the water? Explain.
Ans: When someone jumps from a small boat onto the river bank, he applies action and by
Newton's third law of motion an equal and opposite reaction on him may cause him to fall
into the water.
6. Imagine that if friction vanishes suddenly from everything, then what could be the
scenario of daily life activities?
Ans. If the friction vanishes suddenly then we can do nothing. We cannot walk or write. We
cannot hold anything. Daily life will collapse.

Comprehensive questions
1. Explain the concept of force by practical examples?
Ans. Force: A force is a push or a pull that starts, stops or changes the magnitude and
direction of velocity of a body.
Practical examples:
i. When we open a door, we push or pull it by applying force.
ii. When we are sitting in a car we push against the seat as the car turns round a
corner.
iii. To move a wheelbarrow with its load, we apply force each handle when turning
the wheelbarrow around the corner in order to keep it from tipping over.
iv. The example of force acting on us is the force of gravity acting downward
v. The force of friction helps us to walk on the ground and to write something on
paper with pencil.
vi. While kicking a ball we apply force on the ball.
vii. To raise the hammer we apply force to do some task.
viii. To open the cap of a bottle we apply force.

2. Describe Newton's laws of motion.

Ans. First law of motion:
Statement: "A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
acted upon by some external force."
Explanation: A book placed on a table remains there unless a force is applied to move it. A
ball rolling on floor should continue to move with the same velocity in the absence of an
applied force. But practically, we see that it is not true. The ball stops after covering some
distance. In fact, an opposing force (friction) causes the ball to stop.
Law of inertia: Since Newton's first law of motion deals with inertial properties of matter so
it is called law of inertia
Second law of motion:
Statement: "If a net external force acts upon a body, it accelerates the body in the direction
of force. The magnitude of acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of force
and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body."
Explanation: If a net force of magnitude "F" acts on a body of mass m and produces an
acceleration of magnitude a.
Mathematical form: The second law can be written mathematically as:
𝑎∝𝐹
1
𝑎∝
𝑚
𝐹
𝑎∝
𝑚
𝐹
𝑎 = (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑚
According to SI units, if m = 1 kg, a = 1ms-2 and F = 1N then the value of
constant will be 1. Therefore, the above equation can be written as:
𝐹
𝑎 =1×
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Third law of motion:
Statement: For every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
Examples:
(i) Consider a block lying on a table. The block exerts a downward force on the table equal to
its weight w. The table also exerts a reaction force F, on the block in upward direction.
(ii) When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet moves in the forward direction with a force F.
This is the force of action. The gun recoils in the backward direction with a reaction force R.
3. Define momentum and express Newton's 2nd law of motion in terms of change in
momentum.
Ans. Momentum: The momentum of a moving body is the product of its mass and velocity.
p=mxv
Momentum and Newtons second law of motion:
Let a body of mass 'm' is moving with initial velocity Vi then its initial momentum is mVi.
When a force acts on a body for a time ∆t velocity changes to its final velocity 'Vf’ and its
final momentum is mvf. This change in momentum in time ∆t will be equal to the applied
force.
Proof: Change in velocity = Final Velocity - Initial Velocity
∆𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖
As 𝑎= ∆𝑡

And 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚(𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖 )
So, 𝐹= ∆𝑡

𝑚𝑉𝑓 − 𝑚𝑉𝑖
𝐹=
∆𝑡
∆𝑝
𝐹=
∆𝑡
This is the final expression of newton's second law of motion in term of
change in momentum.
4. State and explain the principle of conservation of momentum.
Ans. Law of conservation of momentum
"If no net force acts on an isolated system, the total final momentum of the system is equal
to the total initial momentum."
Explanation: Case-I When both bodies are moving:-
Consider a system of two balls of masses m1 and m2 moving along a straight line in same
direction with velocities V1 and V2 and V1 > V2.
Their velocities changes to V1’ and V2’ after collision.
Total momentum of the system before collision = m1 V1 + m2 V2
Total momentum of the system after collision = m1 V1’ + m2 V2’
According to law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum of the system before collision = Total momentum of the system
after collision
m 1 V 1 + m 2 V 2 = m 1 V 1’ + m 2 V 2’
Case-Il: When one ball is moving and one is at rest.
Consider a system of two identical balls where one ball is moving and the other is at rest.
The velocity of first ball is V1 and of second ball is V2 = 0 before collision. After collision the
first ball comes to rest i.e its velocity V1 = 0 and second ball moves with a velocity of V2’. In
this collision the first ball transfers its momentum to the second ball.
According to law of conservation of momentum.
Total momentum of the system before collision = Total momentum of the system
after collision
m 1 V 1 + m 2 V 2 = m 1 V 1’ + m 2 V 2’
m1 V1 + 0= 0 + m2 V2’
m1 V 1 = m2 V 2 ’
5. Describe the motion of a block on a table taking into account the friction between
the two surfaces. What is the static friction and kinetic friction?
Ans. The friction between two solid surfaces is called sliding friction which can be divided
into two categories.
1. Static friction 2. Kinetic friction
Static Friction: The resisting force between the two surfaces before the motion starts is
called the static friction.
Explanation: Consider the motion of a block on a horizontal surface. When a weight is put in
the pan, a force F = T equal to the sum of this weight and weight of the pan acts on the
block. This force tends to pull the block. At the same time an opposing force appears that
does not let the block move. This opposing force is the static friction Fs.
Kinetic Friction: The force of friction arising due to applied external force after motion of
one body over the other is called kinetic friction.
Explanation: If we go on adding more weights in the pan one by one in small steps, a stage
will come when the block starts sliding on the horizontal surface. This is the limit of statie
friction that is equal to the total weights including pan. When the block sliding, friction still
exists. It is known as kinetic friction.
6. Explain the effect of friction on the motion of vehicles in context of tyre surface and
braking force.
Ans. Tyre surface: To move a vehicle on the road as well as to stop a moving vehicle requires
friction between its tyres and the road. For example, if the road is slippery or the tyres are
worn out then the tyres instead of rolling, slip over the road due to lack of friction. If road is
dry and tyres are not worn out then vehicle will not slip and moves smoothly on the road
and also can be stopped easily due to friction between tyre surface and road.
Braking: When we apply the brakes the brake pad presses with the brake drums. The force
of friction between the brake pads and the brake drums stops the wheels. This braking force
stops the vehicle.