Design of Special structural walls

Structural Walls
• Generally shear wall can be
defined as structural vertical
member that is able to resist
combination of shear, moment
and axial load induced by lateral
load and gravity load transfer to
the wall from other structural
member.
• Reinforced concrete walls, which
include lift wells or shear walls,
are the usual requirements of
Multi Storey Buildings.
 Structural Walls
• Shear walls usually have a rectangular
cross section.
• When a wall is provided monolithically
between two columns, a barbell shape
results.
• The columns that are present at either
ends of the walls are termed as
“boundary elements”.
• They increase the strength of the wall in
flexure and shear significantly.
• Flanged wall sections result due to
intersecting walls.
 Structural Walls
• Structural walls support i) vertical loads,
ii) moments about axis perpendicular to
the plane of the wall, and iii) shear forces
parallel to the plane of the wall.

• Structural walls need to be continuous

from the foundation to the roof level.
Their behaviour under seismic loading will
depend on the overall height-to-length
(hw/Lw) ratio.

• Walls in medium- to high-rise buildings

usually have hw/Lw≥2.0 and their seismic
behaviour is governed by bending.
 Structural Walls
• Special structural walls are expected to perform in a ductile manner and
dissipate energy during an earthquake; this can be achieved by careful
design and detailing.

• Distributed vertical reinforcement contributes to flexural resistance due to

the combined axial load and bending.

• Boundary elements at the wall ends are provided to enhance flexural

resistance when a wall is subjected to high flexural compression stresses.

• These boundary elements need to have sufficient length over which

confinement is provided.
 Structural Walls
• Plastic hinge region of the wall, usually located at its base, is exposed to
significant seismic deformations and requires special detailing and
confinement of reinforcement.

• Horizontal reinforcement contributes to the wall’s shear resistance -

similar to stirrups in RC beams.

• A ductile structural wall needs to have high shear resistance to prevent the
occurrence of shear failure.

• Structural walls are stiff structural elements, hence lateral displacements

in these walls are less than in similar RC frame structures.
 Structural Walls
• Typical failure mechanism of RC structural walls
 Structural Walls
• Failure mechanism of slender walls:
• Slender walls are governed by
flexural strength.
• They are usually subjected to low
nominal shear stresses.
• They develop a predominantly
horizontal crack pattern in the lower
hanging region after a few cycles of
inelastic deformation.
• After yield of the vertical
reinforcement, shear is resisted by
interface friction across cracks and
dowel action of the vertical
reinforcement.
• The flexural strength of such walls is limited by fracture of main flexural
reinforcement that is provided near the wall edges, concrete crushing in the
compression zone or lateral instability of the compression zone.
 Structural Walls
• Fracture of main flexural reinforcement takes place due to low cycle
fatigue caused by alternate tensile yielding and inelastic compressive
buckling of the bars.
• Bauschinger effect (a decrease in the yield strength of the material in
compression as a result of prior deformation in tension) also makes
the compression steel buckle earlier than in comparable
monolithically loaded specimens.
• The provisions of adequate transverse confining reinforcement to the
main flexural reinforcement near the outer edges of the wall and in
boundary elements can delay the onset of buckling.
 Structural Walls
• Due to concrete crushing occurs when the crushing strain of concrete
is exceeded in the compression zone of the wall.
• This is usually accompanied by buckling of the main flexural
reinforcement.
• Wall sections are usually under-reinforced and so concrete crushing is
not expected.
• However, such failure occurs in systems with large percentage of
flexural reinforcement and carry large axial load. Also, sections with T,
L shapes also stressed heavily in the compression zone and fail by this
mode.
 Structural Walls
• Failure mechanism of squat walls:
• Squat walls are generally governed
by their shear strength.
• They are usually subjected to high
nominal shear stresses.
• They develop inclined cracks in the
web that form a diagonal
compression strut system for each
direction of loading.
• Shear transfer takes place by the
truss action which provides a stiffer
system than that for slender walls.

• The strength of such wall is limited by diagonal tension, sliding shear, or diagonal
compression.
 Structural Walls
• Failure mechanism of squat walls:
• A diagonal tension failure may takes place when there is inadequate
horizontal shear reinforcement to arrest the growth of diagonal tension
cracks that are caused by the shear force.
• Failure due to sliding shear occurs when cracks that develop under reversed
cyclic loading intersect to form predominantly horizontal planes along which
shear transfer is lost after several cycles of inelastic loading.
• The tendency to fail in sliding shear increases with increase in nominal shear
stress and with a reduction in axial compression and height to width ratio of
wall.
• Provision of well confined boundary elements along the wall edges and the
use of diagonal reinforcement in the web will prevent this type of failure.
• These walls may also fail due to diagonal compression failure or web crushing.
As the load reversal increases, a small zone of compressive stress develops in
the web where crushing of concrete takes place.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.2:

• The limit contained in 10.1.2 is a general requirement pertaining to the entire

wall height, but the requirement is more stringent for the plastic hinge
region.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.3:
• The minimum ratio of length of wall (Lw) to its thickness (t) shall be 4.

• Walls with length-to-thickness ratio values ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 shall
also be designed as special structural walls when their hw / Lw < 2.0,
otherwise they shall be treated as RC columns in SMRFs and designed
according to 7.

• Wall length/thickness ratio of 4.0 is excessively low, hence designers tend

to treat columns with elongated sections as special structural walls
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.4:

• Clause 10.1.5:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.6:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.7:
• It is expected that two curtains of
reinforcement will be needed for
most wall designs. The use of two
curtains of reinforcement will
reduce fragmentation and
premature deterioration of the
concrete under inelastic cyclic
deformations.
• It is difficult to provide two
curtains of reinforcement within
thinner walls so 200 mm minimum
thickness has been prescribed.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.8 and 10.1.9:

• The vertical reinforcing bars shall have at least 10 mm diameter, while

horizontal reinforcing bars shall have at least 8 mm diameter.
• The maximum spacing of horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcement
within the plastic hinge region of the wall should not exceed 300 mm.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.1.10:

• When flexural walls are discontinued at

the base they shall be detailed as per
7.6.5
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Proposed Clause 10.1.11:
• Special structural walls with hw/Lw> 2 shall be designed for flexural ductility
resulting from yielding of the vertical reinforcement in plastic hinge regions. A
section where the vertical reinforcement will first yield as a result of lateral
displacements is called critical section. For buildings having foundation below the
ground (grade) level, plastic hinge region shall extend above the critical section.
For buildings having basements below ground (grade) level, plastic hinge region
shall extend above and below the critical section.
• Length of the plastic hinge region shall not be less than the greater of
– a) 0.5Lw + 0.1hw , and
– b) Mu/4Vu
• where Lw is the overall length of the longest shear wall or coupled wall in the
direction under consideration, and hw is the overall wall height. Mu and Vu are
design moment and shear for a load combination including seismic load having
largest Mu/4Vu ratio.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.2.1:
• Shear strength provisions for structural
walls are very similar to those for
beams.
• The vertical reinforcement that is
provided in the wall shall be considered
for calculation of the design shear stress
as per Table 19 of IS 456 : 2000.
• The increase in shear strength due to
axial compression may also be
considered as per clause 40.2.2 of IS
456 : 2000.
• However, for this, only 80% of the
factored axial compressive force should
be considered as effective. This is to
consider possible effect of vertical
acceleration.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.2.2:

• Code suggests 0.8 Lw as effective wall depth,

hence approximately a 0.4 Lw long portion of
the wall can be taken as tension zone, and
reinforcement within that zone may be
considered to calculate τc.
• When a wall is in compression, then
concrete shear capacity can be enhanced by
factor (δ) as per IS 456 : 2000 clause 40.2.2.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.2.3:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.3:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.3.1:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.3.1:
• The equations in Annex A are derived assuming a rectangular wall section of
length Lw and thickness tw that is subjected to combined uniaxial bending and
axial compression.
• The vertical reinforcement is represented by an equivalent steel plate along
the length of the section.
• The stress-strain curve assumed for concrete is as per IS 456 : 2000 whereas
that for steel is assumed to be bi-linear.
• Two equations are given for calculating the flexural strength of the section.
Their use depends on whether the section fails in flexural tension or in flexural
compression.
• Complete derivation of these equations is available in Medhekar and Jain
(1993), “Seismic behaviour, design, and detailing of RC shear walls part 1:
behaviour and strength”, The Indian Concrete Journal. P311-318.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.3.3:
• In structural walls that do not have boundary elements, at least a minimum of
4 bars of 12 mm diameter arranged in 2 layers, shall be concentrated as
vertical reinforcement at the ends of the wall over a length not exceeding
twice the thickness of RC wall.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4.1:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4.1:

• A boundary element may have the same

width (dw) as the wall web, provided that
their reinforcement can be
accommodated within the wall end zones.
However, it is recommended to provide
column-like boundary elements (known as
barbell sections) when boundary
elements resist large seismically induced
bending moments.
• A boundary element shall meet the
following dimensional limits:
• a) In walls with rectangular section the
length of a boundary element (bw) shall
be at least 0.2Lw (unless a more rigorous
procedure is followed), and
• b) In walls with barbell sections, the width
of a barbell section (dw) shall be at least
hst/10 but not less than the wall thickness
(tw).
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4.2:
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4.3:
• At least 4 vertical reinforcement bars arranged in 2 layers shall be provided in
each boundary element. The vertical reinforcement ratio in the a boundary
elements shall not be less than 0.8 percent, and not greater than 6 percent
(relative to its cross-sectional area). ; the practical upper limit would be It is
recommended to limit the reinforcement ratio to not to exceed 4 percent in
order to avoid congestion.
• Bar diameter of vertical reinforcing bars in boundary elements shall be at least
12 mm.
• If the boundary element terminates on a footing, mat, or pile cap, vertical
reinforcement shall extend into these foundation elements by at least the
development length.
 Design of Structural Walls
• IS 13920 (Part 1):2016
• Clause 10.4.4:
 Design of Structural Walls
• Design Procedure:
• Step 1: Calculate the factored shear and bending moment

• Step 2: Check the section type

– Clause 10.2.1 – Effective length (dw)
– Clause 10.1.2 – Wall thickness
– Clause 10.1.3 – Lw/tw
– Clause 10.1.4 – hw/Lw

• Step 3: Check for factored shear stress demand (Clause 10. 1.7)
– τv = Vu/twdw < 0.25 √fck

• Step 4: Calculate maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcements

(Clause 10.1.9)
• Step 5: Design for distributed reinforcement in wall
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 5: Design for distributed reinforcement in wall:
– Calculate τcmax from IS456:2000
– Calculate ρh and ρv from Table 1
– Calculate Ah per ‘m’ run.
– Calculate Sv for one layer for horizontal reinforcement
– Similarly, calculate ρv
– Calculate τc based on ρv from Table 19 in IS456
– Calculate Vc = τc x b x d
– Calculate shear to be resisted by steel = Vu – Vc
– Check required Asv/Sv < provided Asv/Sv (for horizontal bars) clause 10.2.3
– Similarly, calculate area of vertical steel for per ‘m’ run, Av = ρv x tw x 1000
– Calculate the spacing
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 6: Check for boundary element
– Calculate total factored gravity loads – 1.2 (DL+LL)
– Calculate the bending stress at both extreme fibres, P/A ± M/Z
– If the compressive stress at extreme fibre > 0.2 fck – boundary elements required.
Clause 10.4.1
– Assume suitable boundary element size

• Step 7: Calculation of flexural strength of shear wall

– Calculate factored axial compressive force on wall for the load combination of
0.8DL+1.2LL
– Calculate the moment of resistance as per Annex A
– Calculate total vertical reinforcement provided in wall
– Calculate the factors to find the MR
– Check MR less than or equal to Mu
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 8: Calculation of total compressive force due to axial force and moment at
both ends
– Calculate fraction of boundary element area at each end = Area of BE/Area of Wall
– Calculate factored compressive load on compression side for 1.2(DL+LL)
– Calculate factored compressive load on tension side for 0.8(DL+LL)
– Calculate additional axial force due to moment at each end (Mu-MR)/Lc, where
Lc=centre to centre distance between BE. For compression side (positive) and tension
side (negative)
– Calculate total compressive force on compression side and tension side.
• Step 9: Required height of boundary element
– Boundary element shall be extended upto the height where stress at extreme fiber is
less than 0.15fck – Clause 10.4.1.
– Calculate the factored load [1.2(DL+LL)] and factored moment [1.2M] at each storey
and estimate the stress [(P/A)±(M/Z)].
– Provide the boundary element upto the storey level where extreme stress is less than
0.15fck.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 10: Design for concentrated reinforcement
– Calculate axial load carrying capacity of boundary elements, considering short column
action and with minimum reinforcement of 0.8%.
– Calculate using, Pu = 0.4 fck Ac +0.67 fyAsc > Total force at compression end (Refer
step 8)
– Calculate the reinforcement and provide upto boundary element.
– Provide minimum reinforcement 4 nos of 12 mm diameter for two layers for the
remaining portion.

• Step 11: Check for tension

– Calculate the Ast required based on tension, Ast = (T/0.87 fy), where, T = total tensile
force calculated in step 8.
– Check the Ast reqd < Ast provided as per step 10. If not satisfied, revise the
reinforcement.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 12: Confining reinforcement
– Calculate spacing of confining reinforcement as per clause 10.4.4
– Check for maximum spacing (a) 1/3rd of minimum dimension of boundary element,
(b) 6 times of smallest longitudinal bar, and (c) 100 mm.

• Step 13: Detailing of reinforcement

 Example 1
• Design a shear wall for a 9 storey building for the following data. Storey
shear at different levels are as follows.
• 1st – 10 kN; 2nd – 20 kN; 3rd – 46 kN; 4th – 102 kN; 5th – 170 kN; 6th –
225 kN; 7th – 426 kN; 8th – 587 kN; 9th – 752 kN.
• Storey height – 3.2 m; Length of shear wall – 10 m; Axial load on shear
wall – 8.5 MN; building is situated in Mumbai; Use M25 grade concrete
and Fe415 grade steel.
 Example 1
• Step 1: Calculate the factored shear and bending moment
– Factored Shear at the bases,
Vu = 1.2 x ∑(V)
Vu = 1.2 [10 + 20 + 46 + 102 + 170 + 225 + 426 + 587 + 752]
Vu = 2806 kN
– Factored bending moment,
Storey No Shear Moment
9 752 0
8 1339 (752 x 3.2) = 2406
7 1765 2406 + (1339 x 3.2) = 6691
6 1990 6691 + (1765 x 3.2) = 12339
5 2160 12339 + (1990 x 3.2) = 18707
4 2262 18707 + (2160 x 3.2) = 25619
3 2308 25619 + (2262 x 3.2) = 32857
2 2328 32857 + (2308 x 3.2) = 40243
1 2338 40243 + (2328 x 3.2) = 47692
Base 2338 47692 + (2338 x 3.2) = 55174
Mu = 1.2 x 55174 = 66208 kN-m
• Step 2: Check the section type
– Assume wall thickness = 250 mm (>150 mm) clause 10.1.2
– Lw/tw = 10/0.25 = 40 > 4 clause 10.1.3
– Hw/Lw = 28.8/10 = 2.88 > 2. Therefore slender wall. clause 10.1.4
 Example 1
• Step 3: Check for factored shear stress demand (Clause 10. 1.7)
– Reinforcement along vertical and horizontal directions shall be provided when (a) τv
>0.25 √fck or wall thickness is 200 mm or higher.
– τv = Vu/twdw, where, dw (clause 10.2.1) = 0.8 x Lw = 0.8 x 10000 = 8000 mm
– Τv = 2806 x 103/[250 x 8000] = 1.4 MPa > 0.25 x 5 = 1.25 MPa
– Also, wall thickness is 250 mm > 200 mm. Therefore reinforcement should be
provided.

• Step 4: Calculate maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcements

(Clause 10.1.9)
– The maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal bars shall not exceed smaller of,
– 1/5th horizontal length = 10000/5 = 2000 mm.
– 3 times tw= 3 x 250 = 750 mm
– 450 mm.
• Hence, maximum spacing = 450 mm
 Example 1
• Step 5: Design for distributed reinforcement in wall:
– Calculate τcmax from IS456:2000
Τcmax = 3.1 MPa > τv = 1.4 MPa
Therefore, no need of section revision.
– Calculate ρh and ρv from Table 1
(ρℎ)𝑚𝑖𝑛= 0.0025+0.5(ℎ𝑤𝐿𝑤−2)(ρ𝑣,𝑤𝑒𝑏−0.0025)
Assuming ρ𝑣,𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 0.25% = 0.0025
(ρℎ)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0025
Ah = 0.0025 x 250 x 1000 (per ‘m’ run) = 625 mm2 in two layers.
Assume 10 mm diameter bar
Spacing, S = 1000 x 78.3 / 312.5 = 251 mm
Provide 10 mm diameter at 250 mm c/c along horizontal direction
Ast provided = (1000 x 78.3/250) = 313.2 x 2 = 626.4 mm2.
 Example 1
– Calculate ρv
– From Table 1, (ρ𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡)=0.0025+0.01375(𝑡𝑤/𝐿𝑤)
ρ𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0.0025 + 0.01375 [250/10000] = 0.00284 = 0.284%
– Calculate τc based on ρv from Table 19 in IS456
Therefore, τc = 0.36 + (0.49-0.36) x (0.284-0.25) / (0.5-0.25)
= 0.378 MPa
– Calculate Vc = τc x b x d = 0.378 x 250 x 8000 = 755 kN
– Calculate shear to be resisted by steel = Vus = (τv – τc ) x b x d
= ( 1.4 – 0.378) x 250 x 8000 = 2044 kN
– Check required Asv/Sv < provided Asv/Sv (for horizontal bars) clause 10.2.3
Clause 10.2.4,
 Example 1
– Ash/S = Vus / (d x 0.87 fy)
– Ash/S (required) = 2044 x 103 / (8000 x 0.87 x 415) = 0.708
– Ash/S (provided) = 2 x 78.3 / 250 = 0.626 < Ash/V (required) = 0.708
– Therefore revise the spacing of horizontal reinforcement.
– S = Ash/0.708 = 2 x 78.3/0.708 = 221 mm.
– Therefore, provide 10 mm diameter at 200 mm c/c for horizontal direction.

– Similarly, calculate area of vertical steel for per ‘m’ run, Av = ρv x tw x 1000
Av = 0.00284 x 250 x 1000 = 710 mm2.
Assume 10 mm diameter in two layers
Therefore, Spacing, Sv = 1000 x 78.3/355 = 220.56 mm
Provide, 10 mm diameter at 200 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000 x 78.3/200 = 391.5 x 2 layers = 783 mm2.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 6: Check for boundary element
– Calculate total factored gravity loads – 1.2 (DL+LL)
Factored gravity loads = 1.2 x 8500 = 10200 kN
– Calculate the bending stress at both extreme fibres, P/A ± M/Z
Max/Min Stress = [10200 x 1000 / 250 x 10000] ± [ 66208 x 106 x 6 / 250 x 100002]
= 4.08 ± 15.89
Therefore, max compressive stress = 19.97 MPa > 0.2 x 25 = 5 MPa.
– Hence as per clause 10.4.1 of IS 13920:2016, boundary elements shall be provided.
– Assume boundary element of size 250 mm x 1000 mm.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 7: Calculation of flexural strength of shear wall
– Calculate factored axial compressive force on wall for the load combination of
0.8DL+1.2LL
Pu = 0.8 x 8500 = 6800 kN
– Calculate the moment of resistance as per Annex A
ρ = 𝐴𝑣 / 𝑡𝑤 x 𝐿𝑤
Av = 783 x (10– 2) = 6264 mm2.
ρ = 6264 / (250 x 10000) = 0.00251
– 𝜆=𝑃𝑢 /𝑓𝑐𝑘 x 𝑡𝑤 x 𝐿𝑤 = 6800 x 103 / (25 x 250 x 10000) = 0.109
– Ф=0.87 𝑓𝑦ρ/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.87 x 415 x 0.00251 / 25 = 0.0362
– 𝑥𝑢/𝐿𝑤=(Ф+𝜆) / (2Ф+0.36) = (0.0362 + 0.109)/(2x0.0362 + 0.36) = 0.336
– 𝑥𝑢∗/𝐿𝑤=0.0035/0.0035+(0.87𝑓𝑦/𝐸𝑠) = 0.66
– Since, 𝑥𝑢/𝐿𝑤 < 𝑥𝑢∗/𝐿𝑤
– β=0.87𝑓𝑦/0.0035 𝑥 𝐸𝑠 = 0.516
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 7: Calculation of flexural strength of shear wall

Mu/fcktwLw2 = 0.0362 x [(1+(0.109/0.0362) x (0.5 – (0.416 x0.336)) – (0.3362)

(0.168 + 0.5162/3)]
= 0.0362 (1.445 – 0.029) = 0.0513
MR = 0.0513 x 25 x 250 x 100002 = 32037 kN-m < Mu = 66208 kN-m
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 8: Calculation of total compressive force due to axial force and moment at
both ends
– Calculate fraction of boundary element area at each end = Area of BE/Area of Wall
= (250 x 1000) / ( 250 x 10000) = 0.1
– Calculate factored compressive load on compression side for 1.2(DL+LL)
= 1.2 x 8500 = 10200 kN x 0.1 = 1020 kN
– Calculate factored compressive load on tension side for 0.8(DL+LL)
= 0.8 x 8500 = 6800 kN x 0.1 = 680 kN
– Calculate additional axial force due to moment at each end (Mu-MR)/Lc, where
Lc=centre to centre distance between BE. For compression side (positive) and tension
side (negative)
Additional axial force due to moment at each end= (66208 – 32037)/9 = 3797 kN
– Calculate total compressive force on compression side and tension side.
– Total compressive force
– At compression side = 1020 + 3797 = 4817 (compression)
– At tension side = 680 – 3797 = -3117 kN (Tension)
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 9: Required height of boundary element
– Boundary element shall be extended upto the height where stress at extreme fiber is less
than 0.15fck – Clause 10.4.1.
– Calculate the factored load [1.2(DL+LL)] and factored moment [1.2M] at each storey and
estimate the stress [(P/A)±(M/Z)].
Shear and moment along the height:
Axial force per ‘m’ height = 10200 kN/(9 x 3.2) = 354.2 kN/m
Axial stress at 8th floor = 354.2 x 3200 / (250 x 10000) = 0.45
Bending stress at 8th floor = 1.2 x 2406 x 106 x 6 / (250 x 100002) = 0.69
0.15 fck = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 MPa
Storey No Shear Moment P/A M/Z Total
9 752 0 0 0 0
8 1339 2406 0.45 0.69 1.14
7 1765 6691 0.91 1.93 2.84
6 1990 12339 1.35 3.55 4.91
5 2160 18707
4 2262 25619
3 2308 32857
2 2328 40243
1 2338 47692
Therefore, provide boundary element upto 6th storey (6x3.2=19.2 m)
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 10: Design for concentrated reinforcement
– Calculate axial load carrying capacity of boundary elements, considering short column
action and with minimum reinforcement of 0.8%.
– Calculate using, Pu = 0.4 fck Ac +0.67 fyAsc
Pu = (0.4 x 25 x 250 x 1000) + (0.67 x 415 x 0.008 x 250 x 1000)
= 3056 kN < Total force at compression end = 4817 kN
Therefore, revise the boundary element size to 400 mm x 1000 mm
Pu = 4890 kN > 4817 kN. Provide 0.8%
Ast = 0.008 x 400 x 1000 = 3200 mm2.
Clause 10.1.8, maximum diameter = 400/10 = 40 mm
Therefore, provide 20 mm diameter
No of bars = 3200 / (3.14 x 202/4) = 10 Nos.
Provide 10 nos of 20 mm diameter upto the height of 19.2 m

– Provide minimum reinforcement 4 nos of 12 mm diameter for two layers But spacing
is limited to 300 mm. Therefore provide 8 nos of 12 mm diameter in two layers for
the remaining height (19.2 m to 28.8 m)
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 11: Check for tension
– Tensile force developed = 3117 kN
– Ast reqd = 3117 x 1000 / (0.87 x 415) = 8633 mm2.
– Therefore, revise the rft (%) = 8633 x 100/ (400 x 1000) = 2.16%
– So, provide 14 nos of 28 mm diameter upto 19.2 m height.
– Revised Pu = (0.4 x 25 x 400 x 1000) + (0.67 x 415 x 0.0216 x 400 x 1000)
– Pu = 6402 kN.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 12: Confining reinforcement
– Calculate spacing of confining reinforcement as per clause 10.4.4
– 𝐴𝑠ℎ=0.05 𝑆𝑣ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘/𝑓𝑦
– Assume 8 mm diameter links

– h = (400 – 2x40 + 2 x 8)/2= 168 mm

– Or
– h = (1000 – 2x40 + 2 x 8)/5 = 187 mm
– 50.26 = 0.05 x Sv x 25 x 168 / 415
– Sv = 99.3 mm

– Check for maximum spacing

– (a) 1/3rd of minimum dimension of boundary element = 400/3 = 134 mm
– (b) 6 times of smallest longitudinal bar, = 6 x 28 = 168 mm and
– (c) 100 mm.
– Provide 8 mm diameter links at 90 mm c/c.
 Design of Structural Walls
• Step 13: Detailing of reinforcement

– Opening size = 1 m x 1 m
– Area of rft = 0.25% x 1000 x 250 = 625 mm2.