Types of tools and equipment
After studying the use of measuring instrument you will be able
to identify the measuring tools. In addition, you will be able to use lay
out tools correctly when laying out.
The following are common tools and equipment and their
functions.
Rules.
A rule is a general term used to describe a linear measuring device.
Types of Rules
Tape Measure is a commonly used for measuring longer lengths of stock available in various lengths.
This tools is handy, because when its closed it will cup unto a belt. When using a tape measure, be sure that frit,
such as sand, does not get inside housing. It will wear off the finish and number on the tape and may cause the
tape measure to jam.
Folding Rules are commonly used by workers for measuring long distance. There are easy to fold.
ZIGZAG RULE OR FOLDING RULE
Steel Rule or Carpenter Square has many useful scale engraved in its tongue and blade, in addition to an
accurate. The proper use of this square will allow you to perform complex operation such as laying
out rafters and stairs steps.
Try Square is used to lay out and square smaller pieces of stock. A try square has a 45-degree miter formed in
the handle for accurate layout miter cuts.
Combination Square can do a number of operations very accurately. It has a blade that slides in a 900 degree
angle lay-out. Many combinations square have a small level in the handle. This allows you to level table tops
and other items, that should be parallel to the floor.
Sliding t-bevel. This tool, like the try square, can be set at any angle. Its blade is slotted and held in the stack
by a screw. If loosened, the screw is tightened. The bevel is used for testing slopes of a bevel edge for making
straight lines that are not at right angles with the edge of the wood.
Divider, Compass and Trammel Points are commonly used to describe arcs and circles. In addition, they are
also used to lay out distances.
Marking Gauge. This tools is used for marking lines along the grain of wood or to indicate the desired width
and thickness of wood. The wood is held at an angle while the gauge stock is pressed and tightened to adjust the
spur tail. the gauge is then moved along the length of the wood so the spur point will cut a line as it goes along.
Marking Knife. This knife has a steel blade to a cutting edge, haled firmly in place by a wooden handle. It is
used for marking off lines, usually across the grain wood to be cut.
Mallet. This tool similar to a hammer but its head and handle are made of hardwood. It is used when hitting
wooden handled tools such as a chisel. It also used when assembling woodwork.
Hammer. There are two kinds of hammer;the ballpeen and the claw hammer. The ballpeen hammer is used for
starting small nails held between the fingers thumb. Afterwards the face of the hammer is used to drive.
Wood File & Rasp. The teeth of both file and grasp are cut on the principle of cutting wedges. the file is used
for smoother cutting while the rasp for roughing off surfaces. they are described by length, shape
and cut which refers to the coarseness and shape of the teeth.
Spokeshaves. These are used for planning curved edges. There are two types: The Flat-faced for working on
convex curve and the round faced working on concave curves grip tool.
Bench. A bench may either be single or double depending on the number of persons using it. A single bench
consists of a plank and a tray and is intended for one person only. A double bench is usually three wide-the two
planks on top and a tray in between. It can be used by two persons and usually has two vises.
Bench Hook. This is used to hold small pieces of wood while sawing or chiseling. It is made of a piece of
wood usually eight inches wide and nine inches long. It has two square stoppers screwed on opposite ends.
Bench Stop. This is a fixture on top of the work bench to hold large piece of wood in a place. It can be flushed
or raised by a screw and spring regulator.
Bench Vise. The woodworkers bench vise holds lumber for easy working. The vise is attached to the bench so
as to show top edges are flushed with the top of the bench. The movable jaws maybe fully adjusted turning the
handle.
Saws. There are two kinds of saws. Power saw are those which are run by electricity and those manually
operated are called handsaws.
Handsaws are of various types.
The ripsaw is used for cutting wood along the grain. Its teeth are sharpened at an angle to form points with
sharp cutting edges like a chisel.
The cross cut saw is used for cutting across the grain of the wood. The teeth of this type are set alternately to
the right and left so that the cut is wider than the
thickness of the saw blade. It cuts both as a knife and a chisel.
The back saw is a heavy metal band across the back to hold the thin blade firmly in place.
Coping Saw. Is used for sawing out of thin wood. The narrow blades are so designed to cut curve shapes.
Hand Drill. This is used for drilling holes up to ¼ inch deep.
The auger bit that comes in different sizes are used with the brace for boring holes in wood.
Brace. This is used for holding bits when boring and counter sinking.
Wooden Smooth Plane. This tool is used for planning a piece of timber almost to size. It is also used for
removing the bulk of waste from a piece of sawn timber.
Iron smooth Plane. This tool is used for smoothing wood after the jack or fry pane has been used. It is smaller
then the jack plane but its cutting edge is ground and sharpened, straight like the try plane. The smoothing plane
should never be used for general planing because its fine set is intended only for smoothing work.
Tang Firmer Chisel. This is used for cutting and shaping wood. It has a blade of hardened stele set on a steel
shoulder that has a steel tang and is held by a wooden or metal ring called a ferrule.
Socket Firm Chisel. This tool functions similarly as a tang firmer chisel except that the upper of the socket
chisel blade is shaped like a hollow cone which the handle is set.
Gouges. These are used for hollowing wood and cutting chiselcurved shapes. They are like chisels but have a
curve blade. Their curves vary in shapes from almost straight to firmer or carving gouge. The scribing gouge
has the bevel ground on the inside for cutting inside curves while the firmer or carving gouge has the bevel
ground on the outside so that it can be used for removing waste wood when marking hole. A mallet is used for
greater control when gouging.
Screw Drivers. These are used to drive screw into wooden [Link] blade end of the screw driver should
fit into the slot of the screw; otherwise, it may slip and damage the screw head as well as the surrounding wood.
This makes it difficult to remove the screw.
USES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Under a regulation of the occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) an employer must meet
specific requirements concerning Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, hard hats, face
shield and ear muffs. Below you will find basic information about the types of Personal Protective Equipment.
A. Eye and Face Protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when workers are at risk from flying particles, liquid chemicals, acids
or caustic liquids, chemical gasses or vapors. Workers must also be protected from radiation during welding
torching, soldering and braling or other operations that emit light. Goggles and face protection must meet
designs for safety.
B. Head Protection
Safety must be worn where there is a danger of falling object. Specialized hard hats are required to reduced
electrical shock hazard.
C. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are required in work areas where heavy objects or tools could be
accidentally dropped on the feet. Safety shoes with compression protection must be worn where objects could
roll over workers feet an din operations involving skid trucks, hand trucks, dollies, etc., safety shoes with
puncture protection are required when working around nails, wire, tacks, scrap metals and other objects that
could pierce the feet.
D. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect workers from cuts, scrapes, burns, chemical absorption, or temperature extremes.
It is crucial that the type of glove being used if the right one for the job since incorrect gloves may provide no
protection. This is a particular problem with chemical absorption where incorrect gloves may allow certain
chemical to reach skin and you may be unaware that is it happening.
E. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a last resort if it is not possible to make the
workplace less noisy.
F. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort, it if it not possible to ventilate the work area properly.
This regulations requires that employers to develop a written comprehensive respiratory protection program for
all workers who are required to use respirators on the job.
Types and Uses of Lubricants
A lubricant is a substance (often liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce friction and wear
between them. A lubricant provides a protective film which allows for two toughing surfaces to be separated
and “smoothed”, thus, lessening the friction between the surfaces. Lubricant chemically interact with all
surfaces so that contact only occurs with the smooth and free lubricant. By this process, abrasive particles are
dissolved into the lubricant, thus making them also very good solvents and cleaners.
TYPES OF LUBRICANTS
1. Liquid including emulsions and suspensions
2. Solid
3. Greases
4. Pastes
Liquid Lubricants
Lanolin is a natural water repellent. It is derived from wool grease and is a safe alternative to the more common
petro-chemical based lubricants. These lubricants are also corrosion inhibitors protecting against rust, salt and
acids.
Water
Water can also be used on its own or as a major component with one of the other base oils.
Mineral Oil
This is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil.
Vegetable Oil
These are primarily triglyceride oil derived from plants and animals.
PURPOSE OF LUBRICATING
Lubricating performs the following functions:
-Keep moving part apart
- Reduce friction
- Transfer heat
- Carry Away contaminant and debris
- Transmit power
- Protect against wear
- Prevent corrosion