Chapter 3: Control

Structures
Object Oriented Programming
  Learn about control structures
 Examine relational and logical operators
 Explore how to form and evaluate logical (Boolean)
expressions
 Learn how to use the selection control structures if, if…else,
Learning and switch in a program
Objectives  Learn about repetition (looping) control structures
 Explore how to construct and use count-controlled, sentinel-
controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition
structures
 Examine break and continue statements
 Discover how to form and use nested control structures

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 2

Control Structures I:
Selection
  Three methods of processing a program
− In sequence
− Branching
Control − Looping

Structures  Branch: altering the flow of program execution by making a

selection or choice
 Loop: altering the flow of program execution by repetition of
statement(s)

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 Flow of
Execution

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  Relational Operator
− Allows you to make comparisons in a program
Relational − Binary operator

Operators  Condition is represented by a logical expression in Java

 Logical expression: expression that has a value of either true
or false

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 Relational
Operators in
Java

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 Relational  Can be used with integral and floating-point data types
Operators and  Can be used with the char data type
Primitive Data  Unicode Collating Sequence
Types

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 8

 Relational
Operators and
the Unicode
Collating
Sequence

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 9

  class String
− Method compareTo
− Method equals
 Given string str1 and str2
Comparing
Strings an integer  0 if string str1  str2

[Link](str2)= 0 if string str1 is equal to string str2
an integer  0 if string str1  str2


Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 10

 Comparing
Strings
 String str1 = "Hello";
 String str2 = "Hi";
 String str3 = "Air";
 String str4 = "Bill";
 String str5 = "Bigger";

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 Comparing
Strings

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 Comparing
Strings

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 Logical
(Boolean)
Operators

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 Logical
(Boolean)
Operators

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 Logical
(Boolean)
Operators

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 Logical
(Boolean)
Operators

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 Precedence of
Operators

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 Short-Circuit  Definition: a process in which the computer evaluates a
logical expression from left to right and stops as soon as the
Evaluation value of the expression is known

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 19

  One-Way Selection
 Two-Way Selection
 Compound (Block of) Statements
Selection  Multiple Selections (Nested if)
 Conditional Operator
 switch Structures

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 20

  Syntax:
− if (expression)
statement
One-Way
 Expression referred to as decision
Selection maker
 Statement referred to as action
statement

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 //Program to determine the absolute value of an integer
import [Link];
public class AbsoluteValue
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
One-Way int number;

Selection int temp;

String numString;
numString =
[Link]
("Enter an integer:"); //Line 1
number = [Link](numString); //Line 2
temp = number; //Line 3

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 22

 if (number < 0) //Line 4
number = -number; //Line 5

[Link](null,

One-Way "The absolute value of " + temp

+ " is " + number,
Selection "Absolute Value",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); //Line 6
[Link](0);
}

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 23

  Syntax:
− if (expression)

Two-Way else
statement1

Selection statement2

 else statement must be paired

with an if

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 24

 if (hours > 40.0); //Line 1
wages = 40.0 * rate +
1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); //Line 2
else //Line 3
wages = hours * rate; //Line 4

Two-Way  Because a semicolon follows the closing parenthesis of the

Selection if statement (Line 1), the else statement stands alone
 The semicolon at the end of the if statement (see Line 1)
ends the if statement, so the statement at Line 2 separates
the else clause from the if statement; that is, else is by itself
 Since there is no separate else statement in Java, this code
generates a syntax error

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  Syntax

Compound
(Block of)
Statements

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 if (age > 18)
{
[Link]("Eligible to vote.");

Compound }
[Link]("No longer a minor.");

(Block of) else

Statements {
[Link]("Not eligible to vote.");
[Link]("Still a minor.");
}

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  Syntax  Else associated with most recent
− if (expression1)
Multiple statement1
incomplete if
 Multiple if statements can be
Selection: else if (expression2)
used in place of if…else
statement2
Nested if else
statements

statement3
 May take longer to evaluate

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 28

  Ternary operator
 Syntax
Conditional (? :) − expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
Operator  If expression1 = true, then the result of the condition is
expression 2; otherwise, the result of the condition is
expression3

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 Switch
Structures

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 30

  In Java, switch, case, break, and default are reserved words
 In a switch structure, the expression is evaluated first
 The value of the expression is then used to perform the
Switch actions specified in the statements that follow the reserved
Structures word case
 The expression is usually an identifier
 The value of the identifier or the expression can be only
integral, that is, an integer

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  Integral values also include values of type char
 The expression is sometimes called the selector; its value
determines which statements are selected for execution
Switch
 A particular case value must appear only once
Structures
 One or more statements may follow a case label, so you do
not need to use braces to turn multiple statements into a
single compound statement

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  The break statement may or may
not appear after each
Switch statements1, statements2, ...,
statementsn
Structures  A switch structure may or may not
have the default label

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 Switch
Structures

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 switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
[Link]("The grade is A.");
break;

Switch case 'B':

Structures [Link]("The grade is B.");
break;

case 'C':
[Link]("The grade is C.");
break;

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 case 'D':
[Link]("The grade is D.");
break;

Switch case 'F':

[Link]("The grade is F.");
Structures break;

default:
[Link]("The grade is invalid.");
}

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 36

 Programming  Input: customer’s account number, customer code, number
Example: of premium channels to which customer subscribes, number
of basic service connections (in case of business customers)
Cable Company
 Output: customer’s account number and the billing amount
Billing

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 37

 Programming  Solution:
Example: − Prompt user for information
− Use switch statements based on customer’s type
Cable Company − Use an if statement nested within switch statement to determine
Billing amount due by each customer

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Control Structures II:
Iteration
 Why Is  There are many situations in which the same statements
need to be executed several times
Repetition  Example
Needed? − Formulas used to find average grades for students in a class

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 40

  Syntax
The while − while (expression)
statement
Looping
 Expression is always true in an
(Repetition) infinite loop
Structure  Statements must change value of
expression to false

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 i = 0; //Line 1
while (i <= 20) //Line 2
{
[Link](i + " "); //Line 3

The while i = i + 5; //Line 4

Looping }

(Repetition) [Link](); //Line 5

Structure
Output:

0 5 10 15 20

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  Typically, while loops are written in the following form:

The while
Looping
(Repetition)
Structure

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  Used when exact number of data or entry pieces is known
 General form:

Counter-
Controlled while
Loop

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  Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown but
last entry (special/sentinel value) is known
 General form:
Sentinel-
Controlled while
Loop

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  Boolean value used to control loop
 General form:

Flag-Controlled
while Loop

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  Used when input is from files
 Sentinel value is not always appropriate
EOF(End of  In an EOF-controlled while loop that uses the Scanner object
File)-Controlled console to input data, console acts at the loop control
variable
while Loop  The method hasNext, of the class Scanner, returns true if
there is an input in the input stream; otherwise it returns
false

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  The expression [Link]() evaluates to true if there
is an input in the input stream; otherwise it returns false
 Expressions such as [Link]() act as the loop
condition
EOF(End of  A general form of the EOF-controlled while loop that uses the
File)-Controlled Scanner object console to input data is of the form:
while Loop

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  Suppose that inFile is a Scanner object initialized to the
input file; in this case, the EOF-controlled while loop takes
EOF(End of the following form:
File)-Controlled
while Loop

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 Programming  Input file: customer’s account number, account balance at
Example: beginning of month, transaction type (withdrawal, deposit,
interest), transaction amount
Checking  Output: account number, beginning balance, ending
Account balance, total interest paid, total amount deposited, number
Balance of deposits, total amount withdrawn, number of withdrawals

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 Programming  Solution
Example: − Read data
− EOF-controlled loop
Checking − switch structure of transaction types
Account − Determine action (add to balance or subtract from balance
depending on transaction type)
Balance

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  Fibonacci formula for any Fibonacci sequence:
− an = an-1 + an-2
Programming  Input: first two Fibonacci numbers in sequence, position in
Example: sequence of desired Fibonacci number (n)
Fibonacci − int previous1 = Fibonacci number 1
− int previous2 = Fibonacci number 2
Number − int nthFibonacci = position of nth Fibonacci number
 Output: nth Fibonacci number

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 if (nthFibonacci == 1)
current = previous1;
else if (nthFibonacci == 2)
current = previous2;
else

Programming {
counter = 3;

Example: while (counter <= nthFibonacci)

Fibonacci {
current = previous2 + previous1;
Number previous1 = previous2;
previous2 = current;
counter++;
}
}
 Final result found in last value of current

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  Specialized form of while loop
The for Looping  Simplifies the writing of count-controlled loops
(Repetition)  Syntax:
Structure − for (initial expression; logical expression; update expression)
statement

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  Execution
− Initial statement executes
The for Looping − The loop condition evaluated
(Repetition) − If loop condition evaluates to
true, execute for loop statement
Structure and execute update statement
− Repeat until loop condition is
false

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  The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative
integers:
The for Looping
(Repetition) for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
Structure [Link](i + " ");
[Link]();

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  The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on
separate lines) five times:
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
[Link]("Hello");
The for Looping }
[Link]("*");

(Repetition)  This loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only
Structure once
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
[Link]("Hello");
[Link]("*");

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  Does not execute if initial condition is false
 Update expression changes value of loop control variable,
eventually making it false
The for Looping  If logical expression is always true, result is an infinite loop
(Repetition)  Infinite loop can be specified by omitting all three control
Structure statements
 If logical expression is omitted, it is assumed to be true
 for statement ending in semicolon is empty

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 Programming  Input: N integers (positive, negative, and zeros)
− int N = 20; //N easily modified
Example:  Output: number of 0s, number of even integers, number of
Classify odd integers
Numbers

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 for (counter = 1; counter <= N; counter++)
{
number = [Link]();
[Link](number + " ");

Programming switch (number % 2)

{

Example: case 0:
evens++;

Classify if (number == 0)
zeros++;
Numbers break;
case 1:
case -1:
odds++;
} //end switch
} //end for loop

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  Syntax:

The do…while
Loop
(Repetition)
Structure  Statements executed first, then logical expression evaluated
 Statement(s) executed at least once then continued if logical
expression is true

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 do…while Loop
(Post-test Loop)

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  Used to exit early from a loop
break  Used to skip remainder of switch structure
Statements  Can be placed within if statement of a loop
 If condition is met, loop exited immediately

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  Used in while, for, and do...while structures
 When executed in a loop, the remaining statements in the
loop are skipped; proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
continue
 When executed in a while/do…while structure, expression
Statements evaluated immediately after continue statement
 In a for structure, the update expression is executed after
the continue statement; then the loop condition executes

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  Provides new power, subtlety, and complexity
Nested Control  if, if…else, and switch structures can be placed within while
Structures loops
 for loops can be found within other for loops

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 65

 for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
[Link](" *");
[Link]();
Nested Control }
 Output:
Structures *
**
***
****
*****

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 66

  Control structures are used to process programs
 Logical expressions and order of precedence of operators
are used in expressions
 Compare strings
Summary  If statements
 if…else statements
 switch structures
 Proper syntax for using control statements

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 67

  Looping Mechanisms
− Counter-controlled while loop
− Sentinel-controlled while loop
− Flag-controlled while loop
− EOF-controlled while loop
Summary − for loop
− do…while loop
 break statements
 continue statements
 Nested control structures

Engr. Kris C. Calpotura, MSME, MIT Chapter 3: Control Structures 68

The End!!!