Short Answer Type Questions:

1. When we try to push a very heavy box kept on ground, it does not move at all. The
force of friction is preventing this box to move forward. The force of friction acts in a
direction opposite to the direction in which an object moves. ( draw figure from
book: Figure 1)

2. When an object has already started moving (or sliding), the irregularities on its
surface do not get enough time to lock into the irregularities on the surface of the
other object completely. Since the interlocking of the two surfaces is less when an
object has already started moving, therefore, the sliding friction is smaller than the
static friction.

3. When an object (like a wheel) rolls over the surface of another object, the resistance
to it's motion is called rolling friction.

4. Seema will have to apply a larger force because If the 2 surfaces of objects are
pressed together harder by a greater force than the friction will increase. Hence large
force is required to overcome this friction.

5. (a) We cannot write with a pencil on a glass sheet because the glass surface is very
smooth due to which the friction between the tip of pencil and glass surface is much
less. This friction is not sufficient to rub off black graphite particles from the tip of
pencil.

(b) An oily or greasy pole has much less friction due to which it becomes difficult to
climb up a greasy poll.

(c) Since there is less friction between car tyres and icy roads, the wheels of the car
would spin at the same place but the car would not move forward at all. The car
would stay where it was.

6. When the brakes of a vehicle (like car) are applied, a lot of friction is produced
between the brake pads and moving part of the wheel ( like disc). This friction wears
out the break pads gradually. Due to this, the brake pads of vehicles have to be
replaced quite often.

7. A pencil eraser loses tiny pieces of rubber each time we use it because of friction.
When we rub the eraser against paper, the friction between the eraser and the graphite
(pencil mark) generates heat and physically pulls tiny bits of the eraser.
8. This happens due to friction. When we rub our hands together, their surfaces slide
against each other. Friction is the force that resists this motion. This frictional force
converts kinetic energy (motion) into heat energy. As a result, our hands feel warmer.
9. Friction enables us to walk without slipping by providing the grip needed between our
feet (or shoes) and the ground.
The steps are:
1. Pushing Backward: When we walk, we push our foot backward against the ground.
2. Friction Acts Forward: The ground, in turn, applies a frictional force in the opposite
direction — that is, forward.
3. Forward Motion: This frictional force propels us forward, allowing us to take a step
without slipping.
10. Friction as a friend:
1. friction enables us to walk without slipping.
2. friction enables a car to move on road without skidding.
3. friction enables us to apply brakes and slow down or stop a moving car.
4. friction enables us to write and draw on paper.
5. friction enables us to pick up and hold things in our hands.
6. Nails can be fixed in a wall or wood due to friction.
7. friction enables us to light a matchstick.
8. friction enables us to cut wood with a saw.
Friction as a foe:
1. friction wears away the soles of our shoes.
2. the tyres of vehicles wear out gradually due to friction.
3. friction wears out the rubbing machine parts.
4. friction wears out the brake pads of vehicles gradually.
5. friction wears out steps of staircases in buildings and foot over-
bridges.
6. friction produces heat which may damage machines.
7. friction reduces the efficiency of machines.
8. friction slows down motion.
11. To increase friction, spikes are provided in the soles of shoes worn by players and
athletes. Spikes are the pointed nails which get into the ground and increase friction
between shoe and the ground. This prevents the slipping of player or athlete on
running.
12. Machines are lubricated with oil or grease to reduce friction. In some machines it
may not be advisable to use oil as lubricant. In such machines, an air cushion
between the moving parts is used to reduce friction.
13. Cars aeroplanes and rockets are streamlined to reduce air resistance or drag caused
by air.
14. Those substances which are able to flow easily are called fluids. Liquids and gases
are fluids. Water and Air are the most common fluids.

Long Answer Type Questions:

1. (a) The force which always opposes the motion of one object over another
object in contact with it, is called friction.
The friction between 2 surfaces depends on 2 factors:
(a) the nature of the two surfaces. ( smoothness or roughness of
the two surfaces)
(b) the force with which two surfaces are pressed together.