MATHEMATICS 9

MATH CLUB || 1ST QUARTER NOTES

11.1.1 Illustrating Quadratic Equations

A Quadratic Equation in one variable, a second-degree equation that

may be written in the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are all real
numbers, but a should not be equal to zero.
Examples:
4x²-6x+9=0
❖​4x² - quadratic term a=4
❖​-6x - linear term b = -6
❖​9 - constant c=9

3x²-x=-5
❖​3x² - quadratic term a=3
❖​-x - linear term b = -1
❖​5 - constant terms c=5

6m²=9
❖​6m² - quadratic term a=6
❖​0 - linear term b=0
❖​-9 - constant term c = -9

YouTube Link - ILLUSTRATING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS || GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS Q1

1.1.2 Solving Quadratic Equations By Extracting Square Roots

Square Root Property

If x² = c
then x = √c or x = - √c for all non-negative real numbers c

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 Examples:
x² = 144 Checking:
√x² = √144 12² = 144 (-12)² = 144
x = +/- 12 144 = 144 144 = 144
{12, -12}

2(x-5)² = 32 (x-5) = 4 (x-5) = -4

2 (𝑥−5)² = 32
x=4+5 x = -4 + 5
2
√(x-5)² = √16 x=9 x=1
(x-5) = +/- 4 {9, 1}

YouTube Link - SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOTS || GRADE 9 MA…

1.1.3 Solving Quadratic Equations By Factoring

Principle of Zero Products

For any real numbers x and y,
If xy = 0 then x = 0 or y = 0; and
If either x = 0 or y = 0, then xy = 0

​ Quadratic equations of the form ax² + bx = 0 can be solved by

factoring, that is:
ax² +bx = 0
x (ax + b) = 0
x = 0 or ax+b = 0
ax = -b
x = -b/a

The roots of the quadratic equation of the ax² + bx = 0 are

X = 0 and x = -b/a
{0, -b/a)

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Factoring may also be used to solve quadratic equations when none of the
constants a, b, or c is 0

Factoring Method
❖​Write the equations in the form ax² + bx + c = 0
❖​Factor the left-hand side of the equation
❖​Set each factor equal to zero using the Principle of Zero Products
❖​Solve each resulting linear equation
❖​Check the results in the original example

Example:
X² + 10x + 24 = 0
(x + 4)(x + 6) = 0
x+4=0 x+6=0
x = -4 x = -6

YouTube Link - SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY FACTORING || GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS Q1

1.1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations By Completing the Square

The expression ax² + bx + c is a perfect square trinomial if a and c are

both perfect squares, and b is twice the product of the square root of a and
c.
Examples:
x² + 6x + 9 a = 1 and c = 9, which are both perfect square
b = 6, which is equal to 2 (√1)(√9)

4x² - 20x + 25 a = 4 and c = 25, which are both perfect square

b = 20, which is equal to 2 (√4)(√25)

Procedure:
❖​If a is not equal to 1, divide the equation by a
❖​Write the equations in the form ax² + bx + c

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 ❖​Add (b/2)² to both sides of the equation
❖​Express the left side as a square of a binomial and simplify the right
side
❖​Extract the square root of each side and solve for x

Steps in Solving a Quadratic Equation in x By Completing the Square

❖​Write the terms with variables in one of the equations
❖​Arrange the terms in descending order
❖​If the coefficient of x² is not 1, divide both sides by the coefficient of
x². Otherwise, proceed to the next step
❖​Take half of the coefficient of x and add its square to both sides of
the equation to complete the square.
❖​Factor the perfect square trinomial on one side. Simplify the
expression on the other side.
❖​Use the principle of the positive and negative roots
❖​Solve for x in each case.

YouTube Link - SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE || GRADE 9 MATH…

1.1.5 Solving Quadratic Equations By Using the Quadratic Formula

−𝑏 +/− 𝑏²−4𝑎𝑐
If ax² + bx + c = 0 and a is not equal to 0, then 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Example:
x² +10x + 24 = 0
a = 1 b = 10 c = 24
−10 +/− (10)²−4(1)(24) −10 + 2
2(1) 2
= -4
−10 +/− 100 − 96 −10 − 2
2 2
= -6
−10 +/− 4
2
{-4, -6}
−10 +/− 2
2
YouTube Link - SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS USING QUADRATIC FORMULA || GRADE 9 MATH…

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 1.2 The Discriminant

−𝑏 +/− 𝑏²−4𝑎𝑐
In the quadratic formula, 𝑥 = 2𝑎
, the radicand b² - 4ac is called
the discriminant. By knowing the value of b² - 4ac, we can discriminate
among the possible numbers and types of solutions of a quadratic
equation.

The table shows the possible values of the discriminant and the number
and types of solutions of the equations
b² - 4ac Number and Types of Solution
Positive Two Real Solutions

Zero One Real Solution

Negative Two Complex but not Real Solutions

Example:
Discriminant Nature of Roots
x² - 8x + 16 = 0 0 Real, rational, and equal

X² - 4x - 1 = 0 20 Real, irrational, and

unequal

8x² + 5 = 0 -160 No real roots, imaginary

YouTube Link - THE NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION USING THE DISCRIMINA…

1.3 Relationship Between the Coefficient and Roots of a

Quadratic Equation

Sum of the roots = -b/a

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Product of the roots = c/a

Examples:
x² +2x - 3 =0 Sum = -2 Product = -3

2x² + 2x -12 =0 Sum = -1 Product = -6

2x² + 5x - 7 = 0 Sum = -5/2 Product = -7/2

x² - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0

x² - 6x - 7 = 0
9x² - 15x - 14

YouTube Link - THE SUM AND THE PRODUCT OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS || GRADE 9 M…

1.4.1 Illustrating Quadratic Inequalities

A Quadratic Inequality is a second-degree equation, where a, b, and c

are all real numbers, but a should not be equal to zero. This may be written
in any of the following forms:

ax² + bx + c > 0 ax² + bx + c ≥ 0

ax² + bx + c < 0 ax² + bx + c ≤ 0

> → is greater than​

< → is less than
≥ → is greater than or equal to, at least, no fewer than, no less than
≤ → is less than or equal to, at most, no more than
(Equal sign “=” isn’t an inequality symbol but rather an equation symbol.)
(Terms like quadratic “ax²”, linear “bx” and constant “c” terms are the same as
quadratic equations, it’s just the symbols that differ.)

QUADRATIC INEQUALITY: NOT A QUADRATIC INEQUALITY:

x² ≤ 144 x = 144

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 4m² - 4m + 6 > 2 4m² - 4m + 6 = 2
(x+2)(x+8) < 20 (x² + 2)(x + 2) < 4

YouTube Link: ILLUSTRATING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES || GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS Q1

1.4.2 Solving Quadratic Inequalities

Steps in Solving a Quadratic Inequality

1.​ Express the quadratic inequality as a quadratic equation in the form
of ax² + bx + c = 0 and then solve for x.
2.​ Locate the numbers found in Step 1 on the number line:
3.​ Write the solution set in interval notation, set notation, or graph it.

Hollow (unshaded) circles and parentheses mean the critical points

are not included in the solution set. Shaded circles and brackets indicate
that the critical points are included in the solution set.

Example: x² + 9x - 22 < 0 x² + 9x - 22 = 0
x + 11 = 0 and x - 2 = 0 → x = - 11 x=2
{ x I -11 < x < 2 }
(-11, 2)

1.4.3 Solving Problems Involving Quadratic Inequalities

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The length of a rectangular garden is 3 meters longer than its width. The
area of the garden is less than 40 square meters.

a.​ How would you represent the width of the garden? How about its
length?
Let x - width of the rectangle
x+3 - the length of the rectangle

b.​ What mathematical sentence would represent the given situation?

(x)(x + 3) < 40 or x² + 3x < 40

c.​ What is the smallest possible whole-number length of the garden?

Solve the inequality:

x² + 3x < 40 We disregard -8 because width cannot be nega-
x² + 3x = 40 tive. Hence, the possible values of the width of
(x + 8)(x - 5) = 0 the width of the rectangle are all positive numbers
x = -8 or x = 5 less than 5.

So, we consider those positive numbers less than 5 as the width and add 3
to that number to represent the length. Since it is stated, “the length is 3
meters longer than the width” Here are the possible dimensions:
Possible dimensions: if width = 1m, then length = 4m
If width = 2m, then length = 5m
If width = 3m, then length = 6m
If width = 4m, then length = 7m
Therefore, the smallest possible length of the garden is 4 meters. (for c.)

d.​ What is the greatest possible area of the garden if each dimension is
a whole number?
w = 1m and l = 4m → 4m²
w = 2m and l = 5m → 10m²
w = 3m and l = 6m → 18m²

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 w = 4m and l = 7m → 28m²
Therefore, the greatest possible area of the garden is 28 square meters.

1.5.1 Models of Quadratic Functions

A function is a correspondence between two sets: the domain and the

range. Each domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.

A Quadratic Function can be written in the form of f(x) = ax² + bx + c where

a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. It can also be written in the form
y = ax² + bx + c. It is a second-degree function.

Its graph is a parabola and it varies in “width” and “steepness”, but all in “U”
shape.

Examples of important applications:

-​ hitting a gold ball - the design of ballistic missiles
-​ parabolic microphone - parabolic antenna
-​ automobile headlight reflectors

YouTube Link: MODELS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS || GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS Q1

1.5.2 Representing a Quadratic Function Through Table of Values,

by Graphing, and by Using an Equation

1.​ TABLE OF VALUES

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 -​ A table of values represents a quadratic function if the first
equal differences in x produce second equal differences in y.​

2.​ BY GRAPHING
-​ by point-plotting in the coordinate plane (x, y)

The smooth curve is called a parabola. It opens downward or upward

3.​ BY USING THE EQUATION

-​ Second-degree function is called a quadratic function defined
by f(x) = ax² + bx + c or y = ax² + bx + c, where a, b, and c are
real numbers and a ≠ 0.

YouTube Links: REPRESENTING QUADRATIC FUNCTION THROUGH TABLE OF VALUES AND GRAPH…
REPRESENTING QUADRATIC FUNCTION USING EQUATION || GRADE 9 MATHEM…

1.51.. Transforming Quadratic Functions from General Form to

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 1.5.3 Standard/Vertex Form and Vice Versa

General Form of Quadratic Equation: y = ax² + bx + c

Standard/Vertex Form of Quadratic Equation: y = a(x - h)² + k

Procedures:​
1. Group the terms containing x.
2. Factor out a.
3. Complete the expression in the parentheses to make it a perfect square
trinomial by adding (b/2)² and subtracting a(b/2)² to the constant term.
4. Express the perfect square trinomial as a square of a binomial

1. Rewrite y = x² - 6x + 14 in the standard form. Identify the constants a, h, and k.

y = ax² + bx + c → y = a(x - h)² + k

y = x² - 6x + 14
y = (x² - 6x + __) + 14 (b/2)² = (-6/2)² = (-3)² = 9
y = (x² - 6x + 9) + 14 - 9 a(b/2)² = 1(9) = 9

y = (x - 3)² + 5 —> a = 1, h = 3, k = 5

2. Express 2x² + y = 6x - 5 in the form of y = a(x-h)² + k and give the constants a,

h, and k.
y = ax² + bx + c → y = a(x - h)² + k

y = -2x² + 6x - 5
y = (-2x² + 6x + __) - 5 (b/2)² = (-3/2)² = 9/4
y = -2(x² - 3x) - 5 a(b/2)² = -2(9/4) = -18/4 = -9/2
y = -2(x² - 3x + 9/4) - 5 - (-9/2)
y = -2(x-3/2)² - ½ → a = -2. h = 3/2, k = ½

3. Write y = (x - 1)² - 4 in general form, then identify the values of a, b, and c

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 = (x - 1)(x - 1) y = x² - 2x + 1 - 4
= x² - x - x + 1 y = x² - 2x -3
= x² - 2x + 1 a = 1, b = -2, c = -3

YouTube Link: TRANSFORMING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS FROM GENERAL FORM TO STANDARD/V…

1.5.4 Graphs of a Quadratic Function

- The graph of a quadratic function y = ax² + bx + c is called parabola.

- If a > 0, the parabola opens upward and has a minimum point.
- if a < 0, the parabola opens downward and has a maximum point.
- If a quadratic function is expressed in the form y = a(x-h)² + k, the vertex
is the point (h,k). The line x = h is the axis of symmetry, and k is the
minimum and maximum value of the function.

a < 0, opens downward, maximum point a > 0, opens upward, minimum point

Procedures:
a. Find the vertex and the line of symmetry by expressing the function in
the form of y = a(x-h)² + k (if it’s in general form, convert it into vertex form first).
b. Construct a table of values
c. Plot the points
d. Connect the plotting points by a smooth curve.

Example: y = (x - 1)² - 4
Vertex (h, k): (1, -4) Axis of Symmetry (x = h): x = 1

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 y = (x - 1)² - 4 y = (2 - 1)² - 4
y = (-2 - 1)² - 4 y=1-4
y=9-4 y = -3 (for x = 2)
y = 5 (for x = -2)
Substitute other x values until you get all the needed values.

Plot the points and connect by a smooth curve.

—>

YouTube Link: GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION || GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS Q1

1.5.5 Characteristics of the Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Vertex - the minimum or the maximum point on the quadratic function. If the quadratic
function is expressed in the form of y = a(x-h)² + k, the vertex is the point (h, k). If it is in
the form of y = ax² + bx + c, use the formula h = -b/2a and k = f(h).
Example: General to Vertex Form Example: Finding h and k
y = x² - 4x + 1 h = -b/2a = -(-4)/2(1) = 4/2 = 2
y = (x² - 4x) + 1 k = f(h) k = (2)² -4(2) + 1
y = (x² - 4x + 4) + 1 - 4 k = (2)² -4(2) + 1

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 y = (x - 2)² - 3 = 4 - 8 + 1 = -3

Vertex (h, k): (2, 3)

Domain - The domain of a quadratic function is the set of real numbers.

Range - The range depends on whether the parabola opens upward or downward. If it
opens upward, then the range is the set {y: y ≥ k}; if it opens downward, then the range is
the set {y: y ≤ k}.

Axis of symmetry - divides the graph into two parts such that one half of the graph
reflects the other half. The equation of the line is x = h.

Example : y = x² - 4x + 1 Domain: {x | x ∈ ℝ}
y = (x² - 4x + ___ ) + 1 Range: {y | y ≥ - 3} because a > 0
y = (x² - 4x + 4) + 1 - 4 Axis of Symmetry: x = 2
y = (x - 2)² - 3
h = 2 k = -3

Direction of the opening of the parabola - If the value of a > 0, then the parabola
opens upward and has a minimum point. If a < 0, then the parabola opens downward
and has a maximum point.

Intercepts: x - x-intercept (let y be zero, then solve for x)

y - intercept (y = c)

Example: y = x² - 4x + 4 x - intercept: Let y = 0

a=1 x² - 4x + 4 = 0
Opening of the parabola: Upward (x - 2) = 0
A vertex is a minimum point. x=2
(2, 0)

y - intercept: y = c
(0, c)

1.5.6 Effects of Changing the Values of a, h, and k

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YouTube Link: Effects of changing the values of a, h and k in the Graphs of Quadratic Functions

1.5.7 Determine the Equation of a Function Given the Table of

Values

Take any three ordered pairs from the table

P₁ (-1, 4)
P₂ (0, 3)
P₃ (1, 4) Substitute in the function: y = ax² + bx + c

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 →
Find ways to get the value of a or b.

(The 3 came from the c value which is in the equation 2)

Find the last value.

→ Substitute the function.

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YouTube Link: [Tagalog] How to Determine the Equation of a Function Given the Table of Values #M…

1.5.8 Determine the Equation of a Function Given Its Graph and

Zeros

Remember:
❖​If the graphs representing the quadratic function y = ax² + bx + c are
given, the equation representing the graph can be determined, given
any of the following conditions:
➢​Three points on the parabola, not x-intercepts nor the vertex
➢​The x-intercepts and a point on the parabola, if the coordinates
of a vertex are not integral
➢​A vertex and a point of the parabola
❖​The zeros x₁ and x₂ of the function are the roots of the equivalent
quadratic equation. That is y = (x - x₁) (x - x₂) 0 = (x - x₁)(x - x₂).

Example:
Determine the quadratic function y = ax² + bx + c that is represented by the
given graph.

Vertex - (-2, 2) y-intercept - (0, 6)

y = a(x - h)² + k
y = a(x + 2)² + 2
Solve for a
y = a(x +2)² + 2 4 = 4a a=1
6 = a(0 +2)² + 2 y = 1(x + 2)² + 2
6 = a(2)² + 2 y = x² + 4x + 4 + 2
6 = 4a + 2 y = x² + 4x + 6
6 - 2 = 4a

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Determine the quadratic function given the following zeroes.

2, -3 5, -1/3
y = (x - x₁)(x - x₂) y = (x - x₁)(x - x₂) y = 3x² - 14x - 5
y = (x - 2)(x + 3) y = (x - 5)(x + ⅓)
y = x² + 3x - 2x - 6 y = (x - 5)(3x + 1)
y = x² + x - 6 y = 3x² + x -15x - 5

YouTube Link - EQUATION OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION GIVEN GRAPHS AND ZEROS || GRADE 9 MAT…

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