Detailed Answers on Java Strings, StringBuffer, RMI, Servlets, JDBC, and

Distributed Computing

1. String class methods – split() and regionMatches()

A) split() Method
Definition:
The split() method divides a string into parts based on a delimiter and returns an array of
strings.

Syntax:
String[] arr = [Link]("delimiter");

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String s = "Java,Python,C++";
String arr[] = [Link](",");

for(String x : arr)
[Link](x);
}
}

Output:
Java
Python
C++

Explanation:
The comma acts as a separator and the string is divided into multiple parts.

B) regionMatches() Method
Definition:
The regionMatches() method compares a specified region of two strings.

Syntax:
boolean result = [Link](startIndex, str2, startIndex2, length);

Example:
class Demo {
 public static void main(String args[]) {
String s1 = "Programming";
String s2 = "gram";

boolean b = [Link](3, s2, 0, 4);

Output:
true

Explanation:
The substring “gram” from s1 matches with s2.

2. String class methods – getChars() and replace()

A) getChars() Method
Definition:
Copies characters from a string into a character array.

Syntax:
void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dest[], int destBegin)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String s = "JavaProgramming";
char ch[] = new char[7];

[Link](0, 7, ch, 0);

[Link](ch);
}
}

Output:
JavaPro

B) replace() Method
Definition:
Replaces old characters or strings with new ones.
Syntax:
String replace(oldChar, newChar)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String s = "Java";
[Link]([Link]('a','o'));
}
}

Output:
Jovo

Use:
Used for modifying string content.

3. StringBuffer methods – insert() and deleteCharAt()

A) insert() Method
Definition:
Inserts data into a StringBuffer object at a specified position.

Syntax:
StringBuffer insert(int index, String str)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Jva");
[Link](1,"a");
[Link](sb);
}
}

Output:
Java

B) deleteCharAt() Method
Definition:
Deletes a character at a specified position.

Syntax:
StringBuffer deleteCharAt(int index)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Javaa");
[Link](4);
[Link](sb);
}
}

Output:
Java

4. StringBuffer methods – substring() and lastIndexOf()

A) substring() Method
Definition:
Returns part of a string from a StringBuffer object.

Syntax:
String substring(int start)

OR

String substring(int start, int end)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Programming");
[Link]([Link](3,8));
}
}

Output:
gramm

B) lastIndexOf() Method
Definition:
Returns the last occurrence index of a character or string.

Syntax:
int lastIndexOf(String str)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java Java");
[Link]([Link]("Java"));
}
}

Output:
5

8. Difference between indexOf() and lastIndexOf()

indexOf():
Returns the first occurrence of a character/string.

Syntax:
int indexOf(String str)

Example:
String s = "Java Programming";
[Link]([Link]("a"));

Output:
1

lastIndexOf():
Returns the last occurrence.

Example:
String s = "Java Programming";
[Link]([Link]("a"));

Output:
3

Difference Table:
indexOf() -> First occurrence
lastIndexOf() -> Last occurrence
12. replace() Method

Definition:
The replace() method replaces characters or strings with another character/string.

Syntax:
String replace(oldChar, newChar)

Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String s = "banana";
[Link]([Link]('a','o'));
}
}

Output:
bonono

Uses:
1. Modifying text
2. Updating values
3. Formatting strings

13. Four methods of StringBuffer class

1. append()
Adds text at the end.

Example:
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");
[Link](" Programming");

2. insert()
Inserts text at specified position.

Example:
[Link](5,"Language ");

3. delete()
Deletes characters.
Example:
[Link](5,14);

4. reverse()
Reverses characters.

Example:
[Link]();

Output:
gnimmargorP avaJ

15. Method used by RMI client to connect to remote RMI servers

The RMI client uses the [Link]() method to connect to remote RMI servers.

Syntax:
RemoteInterface ref =
(RemoteInterface) [Link]("rmi://localhost/service");

Working:
1. Client contacts RMI Registry.
2. Registry returns remote object reference.
3. Client invokes remote methods.

Diagram:

Client ----> RMI Registry ----> Remote Object(Server)

Example:
Hello ref = (Hello) [Link]("rmi://localhost/HelloService");
[Link]([Link]());

19. Social Media platform as Distributed Computing System

A social media platform works as a distributed computing system because multiple

Key Components:
1. Client Devices – mobile phones, laptops.
2. Web Servers – handle requests.
3. Database Servers – store data.
4. Load Balancers – distribute traffic.
5. CDN – delivers images/videos.
6. Authentication Servers – login handling.

Diagram:

Users --> Load Balancer --> Web Servers --> Database Servers
|
CDN

Advantages:
1. Scalability
2. High availability
3. Faster performance
4. Fault tolerance

20. Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

Definition:
RPC allows a program to execute methods on another computer as if they were local
methods.

Working Mechanism:
1. Client calls procedure.
2. Client stub converts request.
3. Request sent over network.
4. Server stub receives request.
5. Procedure executed.
6. Response returned.

Five Key Elements:

Diagram:

Client -> Client Stub -> Network -> Server Stub -> Server

Advantages:
1. Transparency
2. Reusability
3. Distributed communication

21. RMI and its key components

Definition:
RMI (Remote Method Invocation) enables Java objects to invoke methods on remote
objects.

Key Components:
1. Remote Interface
2. Remote Object
3. Stub and Skeleton
4. RMI Registry
5. Client
6. Server

Diagram:

Client <----> Stub <----> Remote Object(Server)

Steps:
1. Create remote interface.
2. Implement interface.
3. Register object.
4. Client accesses object remotely.

Advantages:
1. Platform independence
2. Object-oriented communication
3. Distributed application support

22. RMI Registry

Definition:
RMI Registry is a naming service that stores remote object references.

Functions:
1. Register remote objects
2. Locate remote objects
3. Bind names with objects
Commands:
rmiregistry

Methods:
[Link]()
[Link]()

Diagram:

Client --> RMI Registry --> Remote Object

Advantages:
1. Easy object discovery
2. Centralized naming
3. Simplifies client-server communication

Servlet Lifecycle Methods

The servlet lifecycle contains three major methods:

1. init()
Called once when servlet is loaded.

Syntax:
public void init() throws ServletException

2. service()
Handles client requests.

Syntax:
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)

3. destroy()
Called before servlet removal.

Syntax:
public void destroy()

Lifecycle Diagram:

Client Request -> init() -> service() -> destroy()

Example:
public class DemoServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void init() {
[Link]("Initialized");
}

public void service(HttpServletRequest req,

public void destroy() {

9. Cookie handling using Servlet

Definition:
Cookies are small text files stored in browser to maintain session information.

Creating Cookie:
Cookie c = new Cookie("user","Ananya");
[Link](c);

Reading Cookie:
Cookie c[] = [Link]();

Example:
for(Cookie x : c) {
[Link]([Link]());
}

Uses:
1. Session tracking
2. User preferences
3. Login management

Diagram:

Browser <---- Cookie ----> Server

Definition:
JDBC Driver is software that enables Java applications to communicate with databases.

Types of JDBC Drivers:

1. Type 1 – JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

2. Type 2 – Native API Driver

3. Type 3 – Network Protocol Driver

4. Type 4 – Thin Driver

Diagram:

Java Application -> JDBC Driver -> Database

Advantages of Type 4:
1. Fast performance
2. Platform independent
3. Direct database communication