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Computer Networking Notes

The document provides an overview of the Network and Transport layers of the OSI model. The Network layer is responsible for delivering data packets from the source to the destination using logical addressing and routing, while the Transport layer manages process-to-process communication and reliable data transfer. Key functionalities include host-to-host delivery, logical addressing, segmentation, and flow control, with protocols like TCP and UDP serving different purposes in data transmission.

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6 views3 pages

Computer Networking Notes

The document provides an overview of the Network and Transport layers of the OSI model. The Network layer is responsible for delivering data packets from the source to the destination using logical addressing and routing, while the Transport layer manages process-to-process communication and reliable data transfer. Key functionalities include host-to-host delivery, logical addressing, segmentation, and flow control, with protocols like TCP and UDP serving different purposes in data transmission.

Uploaded by

luckymoon814
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Computer Networking Notes

OSI Model: Network & Transport Layers

1. Network Layer

Network Layer OSI model ki teesri (3rd) layer hai. Yeh layer source host se destination
host tak data packets ki delivery ke liye zimmedar hai. Iska kaam multiple networks ke
darmiyan logical addressing aur routing ke zariye data bhejna hai.

Urdu Context: Yeh ensure karta hai ke data ek device se doosre tak safely pahunch
jaye.

Functionalities of Network Layer:

• Host to Host (End to End) Delivery: Network layer ensure karti hai ke packets
source host se final destination host tak deliver hon.
Matalab data sirf agli device tak nahi balki final destination tak pahunche.

• Example: Agar aap Lahore se Karachi koi message bhejna chahte hain, to yeh layer
uski sahi delivery ensure karegi.

• Logical Addressing: Network layer har device ko ek unique logical address (IP
Address) deti hai taake network mein uski pehchan ho sake.

Address Type Layer Name

Physical Address (MAC) Data Link Layer

Logical Address (IP) Network Layer


Routing & Algorithms:

Routing woh process hai jisme data transmission ke liye behtareen raasta (best path)
chuna jata hai. Agar raste mein multiple options hon, to Router decide karta hai:

• Shortest Path

• Least Congestion (Kam rush wala rasta)

• Fastest Route

Key Operations:

• Switching: Packets ko ek router se doosre tak select kiye gaye path par forward
karna.

• Fragmentation: Bare data packets ko chhote tukron mein taqseem karna taake woh
asani se travel kar saken.

• Congestion Control: Network traffic ko manage karna taake delivery mein koi
rukaawat na aaye.

2. Transport Layer

Transport Layer OSI model ki chothi (4th) layer hai. Yeh process-to-process
communication aur reliable data transfer ko manage karti hai.
Main Idea: Network layer data ko computer tak lati hai, jabke Transport Layer yeh decide
karti hai ke computer ki kis application tak data jana hai.

Functionalities:

• Process to Process: Port numbers ka istemal karte hue sahi application tak data
pahunchana.

• Segmentation: Data ko segments mein divide karna aur destination par unhe
dubara reassemble (jorna) karna.

• Flow & Error Control: Data transmission ki speed ko control karna aur errors ko
detect/correct karna.
Protocols:

Protocol Features

TCP (Transmission Control Connection-oriented, reliable, ordered delivery, error


Protocol) checking. Safe magar slow.

UDP (User Datagram Connection-less, fast magar unreliable. Ismein koi


Protocol) guarantee ya error checking nahi hoti.

Acknowledgment (ACK): Receiver sender ko confirm karta hai ke "Yes, data mil
gaya hai". Agar acknowledgment na mile, to sender dubara data bhejta hai.

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