TOUR REPORT

2022

IMPACT OF FOREIGN TOURISM ON CULTURE OF GOA

A Project Report Submitted to the Department of Geography

UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU
In the Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the
Degree of Master Programme in Geography

SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY
Dr. SARFARAZ ASGHER SAKSHI DEVI
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the
successful completion of this Tour Report, titled “Impact of Foreign Tourism on Culture of
Goa.” This Tour report aimed to comprehensively understand the cultural diversity Goa
and impact of tourism on the culture of Goa.

First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt appreciation to the visionary and dedicated
guidance of. Senior Scientist Dr. Rajinder Singh Charak. Your insightful mentorship,
unwavering support, and valuable feedback have been pivotal in shaping this Tour Report.
Your passion for the subject has been infectious, and I am fortunate to have had the
opportunity to learn from you.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. Sarfaraz Asgher, whose expertise and guidance have been
instrumental in the success of this Report. Your keen insights and invaluable suggestions
have elevated the quality of this work. Your commitment to academic excellence is truly
inspiring.

My gratitude extends to my parents, whose unwavering support and encouragement have

been a constant source of motivation. Your belief in my aspirations and me has been the
driving force behind my dedication to this tour report. Your sacrifices and encouragement
mean the world to me. I would also like to acknowledge the Department of Geography for
offering this one time opportunity as in form of course during our academic session. The
knowledge and skills I gained from this Tour have been indispensable in conducting this
research. It is through your dedication to education that we have been equipped to tackle
real-world challenges.

Finally yet importantly, I extend my appreciation to all those who may not be explicitly
mentioned but have contributed in various ways, directly or indirectly, to the realization of
this report. Your collective efforts have not gone unnoticed.

This Report is a testament to the power of collaboration, guidance, and support. It is my

hope that the findings of this Report will contribute to a better understanding of of the
impacts of Tourism on Culture of Goa.
Thank you all for being an integral part of this journey.
sincerely

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SAKSHI DEVI
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
UNIVERSITY OFJAMMU

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAKSHI DEVI, student of M.A/[Link] Geography has completed her Tour
report entitled “IMPACT OF FOREIGN TOURISM ON CULTURE OF GOA” under my
supervision and guidance.
The project report is ready and fit for the submission in partial fulfilment of the requirement of
Master Degree Programme in Geography. The candidate has worked under me for the period
required under statues. He has put in the required attendance in the department during the period
of course. The conduct of the candidate remained satisfactory during the period.

Supervisor
Dr. Sarfaraz Asgher

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OBJECTIVES OF GEOGRAPHICAL TOUR
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) t defines tourism as follows:
“Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to
countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These
people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and
tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (United Nations World
Tourism Organization, 2008).”
A geographical tour typically involves traveling to different locations to explore and experience their
natural landscapes, cultural attractions, and historical sites. It is a journey that focuses on understanding
the geography of an area, including its physical features, climate, and topography, while also enjoying its
unique offerings. Geographical tours can be guided or self-directed and may cover a variety of
destinations such as cities, national parks, mountains, beaches, and more. These help in promoting
understanding of environments, culture and society beside developing geographers inquisitive minds by
encouraging interest in people, places, and the natural world. The variety of landscapes and unique
biodiversity create an abundance of field work opportunities. Students can explore changing glaciers,
mysterious fiords, dramatic mountains , volcanic regions as well as discovering spectacular coastlines
and beautiful sceneries of the world. These tours allow student to be able to improve their current skills,
be expose to other heritage, culture, language, destinations, and foreign people, develop confidence and
self-esteem, gain experience, and have opportunities in their career path, be adaptable to changes and
when returning home what they had learned or experienced can be used for their future and in the society.
In general, the main motive behind a geographical tour is
 To provide an opportunity to the students to experience group dynamics and understand the
importance of social relationships.
 To be aware of various socio-cultural patterns, value systems and social practices in different
parts of the world.
 To visit various reputed organizations related to their field of specialization and understand and
functioning of such successful organizations.
 To build in competencies related to planning, implementation and execution of tasks related to
the organizing group travel and accommodation and visit etc.

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  To impart training in social work education through purposeful recreation, sight-seeing and
discussion in different places and atmosphere.

OUTCOMES OF GEOGRAPHICAL TOUR

A geographical tour is not merely a physical journey from one location to another; it’s a voyage that
encompasses exploration, discovery, learning, and personal growth. When embarking on a geographical
tour, whether it’s to a single region or multiple destinations like Goa and Mysore, the outcomes are
multifaceted and encompass a wide range of experiences that enrich the traveller’s perspective. Such a
tour is a gateway to the world, offering a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in the culture, history,
landscapes, and people of the visited places. The outcomes of such a tour can be summarized as follows:
Cultural Enrichment: One of the most significant outcomes of a geographical tour is the exposure to
diverse cultures. Goa, with its blend of Portuguese heritage and Indian traditions, and Mysore, steeped in
royal history and art, offer a kaleidoscope of cultural experiences.
Historical Exploration: A geographical tour often involves visiting historical landmarks and sites like
the awe-inspiring Mysore Palace. Exploring centuries-old architecture, artifacts, and monuments
transports travellers to bygone eras, fostering a deeper appreciation for heritage.
Culinary Exploration: Food is an integral part of any culture, and a geographical tour offers the chance
to savour local flavours and delicacies. Goa’s seafood-rich cuisine and Mysore’s aromatic spices provide
a delightful culinary journey. Trying new dishes and experiencing different dining customs can be both a
sensory delight and an educational experience.
Natural Beauty and Biodiversity: Geographical tours often expose travellers to diverse landscapes and
ecosystems. In Goa, the serene beaches and lush forests showcase the region’s natural beauty, while
Mysore’s surroundings offer a glimpse of the Indian countryside. Observing different flora and fauna and
understanding their significance in local ecosystems can foster an appreciation for biodiversity and
environmental conservation.
Social Interaction and Connections: Meeting new people and forging connections with fellow travellers
and locals alike is an enriching outcome of any tour. Interactions with locals provide insights into their
daily lives, beliefs, and perspectives. Sharing experiences, stories with other tourists can lead to lifelong
friendships and an expanded social network. The memories formed during a geographical tour are lasting
souvenirs. Thus , the outcome of a geographical tour, such as the one to Goa and Mysore, transcends the

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physical movement from place to place. It encapsulates the essence of exploration, learning, and personal
transformation. Through cultural immersion, historical exploration, personal growth, culinary adventures,
encounters with natural beauty, and a broadened perspective, travellers return with a treasure trove of
experiences that shape their understanding of the world and their place within it.

IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL TOUR

Geographical tours are a specific type of tourism that focuses on exploring and experiencing the
geographical features, natural landscapes, and cultural aspects of a destination. These features can include
mountains, rivers, deserts, coastlines, and other natural landscapes. Tourists engage in activities such as
hiking, trekking, or taking guided tours to observe and appreciate these geographic attractions.
Geographical tours often incorporate cultural and historical elements while contributing to the local
economy by generating revenue from accommodations, transportation, guided tours, and other tourism-
related services. This economic support often encourages communities to value and protect their
geographical and cultural assets. These also promote and highlight destinations that possess unique
geographic features, attracting tourists who have a specific interest in exploring these natural landscapes.
The importance of geographical tours cannot be overstated, as they contribute to education, cultural
enrichment, personal growth, and a broader global perspective. One of the foremost benefits of
geographical tours lies in their capacity to enhance education. Traditional classroom learning is
undoubtedly valuable, but nothing compares to the knowledge gained through first-hand experiences.
Geographical tours take students out of the confines of textbooks and classrooms, allowing them to
explore geographical phenomena, ecosystems, and geological wonders in their natural habitat.
Cultural exposure is another pivotal aspect of geographical tours. As individuals immerse themselves in
unfamiliar surroundings, they are exposed to a plethora of diverse cultures, traditions, languages, and
ways of life. This exposure fosters cultural sensitivity, empathy, and cross-cultural understanding,
breaking down stereotypes and prejudices that often arise from ignorance. Conversations with locals,
tasting authentic cuisine, and participating in traditional rituals offer profound insights into the uniqueness
of various societies, reinforcing the idea that diversity is a strength to be celebrated.
Geographical tours play a pivotal role in environmental awareness and sustainability. Visiting delicate
ecosystems, witnessing the impact of climate change, and observing conservation efforts first-hand instill
a sense of responsibility toward the environment. Travelers often return from such tours with a
heightened appreciation for the Earth’s natural beauty and a renewed commitment to preserving it for
future generations.

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Geographical tours hold significant historical importance as they have played a pivotal role in shaping our
understanding of the world, influencing exploration, trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange throughout
history. These tours have contributed to the expansion of empires, the spread of knowledge, and the
exchange of ideas across diverse societies. These also led to the discovery of new lands, trade routes, and
interactions with previously unknown civilization . Geographical tours have played a crucial role in
uncovering and preserving archaeological and anthropological treasures.
Geographical tours have been instrumental in the process of colonization and the spread of cultural
influence. These have contributed significantly to scientific discovery and the expansion of knowledge.
Naturalists, geographers, and scientists embarked on expeditions to study and document various aspects
of the natural world, from flora and fauna to geological formations. Their findings laid the groundwork
for advancements in fields such as botany, zoology, and geology. In more recent history, geographical
tours have contributed to the rise of tourism and popular culture. Travel experiences have been depicted
in literature, art, music, and film, shaping public perceptions and influencing trends in travel destinations.
The significance of geographical tours in today's world remains highly relevant and multifaceted,
encompassing various educational, cultural, environmental, and personal aspects. Geographical tours play
a crucial role in raising awareness about environmental issues and conservation efforts. Travelers can
witness the impact of climate change, habitat degradation, and conservation initiatives first-hand,
fostering a sense of responsibility and encouraging sustainable practices. The modern emphasis on
sustainability has led to the growth of eco-friendly and responsible tourism practices. Geographical tours
that prioritize conservation, minimize environmental impact, and support local communities align with
these values.
Navigating unfamiliar environments during geographical tours requires students to think critically and
solve problems in real time. This cultivates skills such as adaptability, decision-making, and
resourcefulness and also helps in raising awareness about environmental issues, including climate change,
habitat degradation, and conservation efforts. Geographical tours contribute to student’s development as
informed and responsible global citizens. They gain insights into global issues, cultural diversity, and
interconnectedness, motivating them to contribute positively to society.
In conclusion, geographical tours offer a multifaceted experience that extends beyond leisure travel. They
empower individuals to become informed global citizens, fostering a deeper appreciation for the planet’s
natural wonders, cultural diversity, and interconnectedness. By promoting education, cultural exchange,
personal growth, and environmental consciousness, geographical tours play a vital role in shaping well-
rounded and socially responsible individuals who contribute positively to a more harmonious and
sustainable world.

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 CONTENTS
S. No. CHAPTER-1 PAGE No.
1.1 Tourism and Culture 9
1.2 Tourism in India 10-12
1.3 Culture of goa – exploring the traditions, art, music and 12-17
festivals

1.4 Development of tourism in goa

1.5 Progress of Tourism industry in Goa
1.6 Impact of Foreign tourism on Culture of Goa
1.6.1 Portuguese influence on culture of Goa
1.6.2 Impact on Language and communication
1.6.3 Impact on cuisine
1.6.4 Impact on festivals and celebrations
1.6.5 Impact on art and crafts
1.6.6 Changing social norms and value
1.6.7 Impact on architecture and infrastructure
1.6.8 Impact on social structure, family dynamics and
community identity
1.7 Positive impact
1.8 Negative impact
CHAPTER-2 TOUR AT GLANCE
2.1 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
2.2 Goa
2.3 Delhi
2.5 Observation
LIST OF MAPS
2.1 Tour route map
2.2 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu tour map
2.3 Goa tour map

2.4 Delhi tour map

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1.1 TOURISM AND CULTURE
Tourism is concerned with pleasure, holidays, travel and going or arriving somewhere. Well, the term
tourism comprises several social practices. All these have the minimal common characteristic – that they
are different and they are a ‘departure’ from normal life. These minimal characteristics help us to define
tourism, which according to the W.T.O. is the movement of people away from their normal place of
residence and work for a period of not less than 24 hours and not more than 1 year.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific, And Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2002) defined it as
“the collection of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional characteristics of a society or
a social group, and that it includes, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together,
value systems, traditions, and beliefs. Culture can also be defined as the accumulation of knowledge,
experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, time, roles, geographic
relationships, and cosmic notions. Culture is the process of becoming acquainted with the greatest that has
ever been known or said in the world. ’
Tourism is a cultural phenomenon. It both impacts cultures and society, and is shaped by cultures and
society. It is often difficult to distinguish cause and effect in the relationship between tourism and society.
This is further complicated by the fact that cultures change through time, and despite efforts by
preservationists and conservationists to museumize sites and landscape to maintain their authenticity, this
is never really possible . In what ways does tourism change the host community? There is a deep
influence of tourists and tourism on host country. Tourism is genuinely powerful and unique force for
change in the community. The most profound impact that tourism can have in the personal arenas of the
private household, the domestic lives, emotional experiences, deeply held beliefs and the moral fabric of
the group of people who form the community. It is more apparent that social and cultural ideas influence
the younger generation who have had direct contact with foreign tourists .
Culture and tourism have a mutually beneficial relationship which can strengthen the attractiveness and
competitiveness of places, regions and countries. Culture is an increasingly important element of the
tourism product as it creates distinctiveness in a crowded global marketplace. At the same time, tourism
provides an important means of enhancing culture and creating income which can support and strengthen
cultural heritage, cultural production and creativity (OECD, 2009). Culture and tourism are linked
because of their obvious synergies and their growth potential. The presence of tourists can impact local
cultural practices, creating opportunities for cultural exchange, economic growth, and preservation of
traditions. However, it can also lead to the commodification or distortion of culture for commercial
purposes. Therefore, finding a balance between promoting tourism and respecting and preserving local
culture is crucial for sustainable and responsible tourism development.

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1.2 TOURISM IN INDIA

The first conscious and organized efforts to promote tourism in India were made in 1945 when a
committee was set up by the Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Sargent, the then
Educational Adviser to the Government of India (Krishna, A.G., 1993). Thereafter, the development of
tourism was taken up in a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan. The
approach has evolved from isolated planning of single unit facilities in the Second and Third Five Year
Plans. The Sixth Plan marked the beginning of a new era when tourism began to be considered a major
instrument for social integration and economic development.
But it was only after the 80’s that tourism activity gained momentum. The Government took several
significant steps. A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in 1988, the National
Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a sustainable growth in tourism.
In 1992, a National Action Plan was prepared and in 1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of
Tourism was drafted. In 1997, the New Tourism Policy recognises the roles of Central and State
governments, public sector undertakings and the private sector in the development of tourism were. The
need for involvement of Panchayati Raj institutions, local bodies, non-governmental organisations and the
local youth in the creation of tourism facilities has also been recognised.
The Indian Tourism Statistics 2022 report reveals India receiving 677.63 million domestic tourist visits in
2021. The percentage has increased by 11.05% from 610.22 in 2020. The top states in terms of domestic
visits were Tamil Nadu at 115.33 million, Uttar Pradesh at 109.70 million, Andhra Pradesh at 93.27
million and Karnataka at 81.33 million. It’s interesting to note that the dynamics of travel around the
world now appear entirely different from how they did before two extremely chaotic and passive years.
2021 saw the beginning of the recovery for the country’s tourism sector, with maximum countries
contributing to Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) numbers in India. Total FTAs in India surged by 406.6%
to 2,764,975 from January-July 2022 compared to the previous year. During this period, the US was the
top contributor to FTAs in India, at 25.88%, followed by Bangladesh (18.61%), the UK (10.99%) and
Australia (5.16%); the US was among the top 15 source nations. The survey discovers that wanderlust
abounds with a strong desire to seize the experiences that travel offers in the post-Covid climate. Taj
Mahal became the most-visited ticketed ASI Site for Domestic tourists in FY 21-23, followed by the Red
Fort and the Qutub Minar, which received the second and third most visitors. The sharp rise in FTAs is a
result of many driving forces that include the COVID-19 Vaccination campaign, the ‘Heal in India’ and
‘Heal by India’ campaigns announced by the Indian Government in May 2022, and several other
infrastructural measures.

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India as of now in 2021 has 40 sites listed under ‘World Heritage List’, 6 th most highest (32 cultural, 7
natural and 1 mixed site) in the world. Dholavira and Ramappa Temple (Telangana) are the latest ones. In
FY20, the tourism sector in India accounted for 39 million jobs, which was 8.0% of the total employment
in the country. By 2029, it is expected to account for about 53 million jobs.

Impact of tourism on Indian culture : India’s culture is unique in the world. Unity in diversity is the
salient feature of it. It is one of the most ancient cultures of the world. To respect our guests is also India’s
important feature. We welcomed many religion followers who later on became the part and parcel of this
country. Despite of the changes of thousands years in the world it is almost intact, remained as it was
thousand years before. But after the quick development in the field of transportation in previous one or
two centuries tourism also developed with fast pace. Before two hundred years, people travel within their
own locality and environment, having same culture, same language and other same feature, but now
people travel across the globe. Impact of these tourists and tourism on Indian culture is positive as well as
negative also.

Positive impact : Tourism gives opportunity to the local crafts and culture for their development by
gaining monetary incentives. Tourists are attracted by India’s ancient art, culture folk songs, folk dances
etc. They appreciate them and buy the products. The tourists have to buy tickets to visit the art galleries,
forts, museums, zoos, temples, historical place, theatres where folk dance, folk songs, etc. are displayed.
Through tourism our culture art, scripture, folk dance, folk songs, [Link] to the far off lands of the world
via photographs, videos, films and recordings which attract more new tourists. Consequently the local
artisans and artists get opportunity to increase their income. This money from the tourists encourages the
artisans and artists to produce more products and programmers. In this way the development of tourism
and Indian culture and arts are complementary to each other. Tourism is developed due to our ancestral
ancient culture and our culture and arts are developed due to tourism. Money is the main attraction for the
artists and arts for development Tourists are too much attracted when they see India’s peculiar dances like
kathakali for the character’s enchanting make up, elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well defined
body movements presented harmonized with the anchor playback music. In the same way other dance
like Bharatnatyam, Bhangra, Garbha, Gair dance and East Indian dances are also very attractive for the
tourists. Many tourists stay here to learn about these dances, Tourism also give employment to the
unemployed youths. The business of holy place, hill stations, historical places like Shimla, Manali, Ooty,
Mahabaleshwram, Mount Abu etc. depend only on tourism. Many young men serve these tourists as
guides, photographers, vehicle drivers etc. and earn enough in seasons. Most of the tourist places are
turned to be multi lingual. The guides, photographers, shopkeepers and even street vendors can talk with
the tourist in their language very fluently which is a welcoming attitude.

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Negative impact : Although we consider tourism as the source of employment and good for our GDP yet
it causes undesirable social and cultural changes. Tourism often causes the destruction of social fabric of
communities. As tourists come in large number, the more there is a risk of that place losing its identity.
Tourism may be fatal or inflict our value system, moral values, customs and traditions. Tourism may be
very harmful for our ecosystem and environment. Our culture, moral values, spiritual spirit which are our
ancestral heritage and are still intact despite of being ancient of millennia are likely to be harmed by
uncontrolled and unchecked tourism. To see how tourism is fatal for our culture, customs, traditions,
moral values, go to Goa and see how there tourists are lying there almost naked, young man as well as
young women. Our cultured people cannot see them with their family. besides it tourism may accelerate
the drugs, prostitution and human trafficking, if it is not suitably checked.

1.3 CULTURE OF GOA – EXPLORING THE TRADITIONS, ART, MUSIC AND FESTIVALS
Goa is a state on the south-western coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated
from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the
north, and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea in the west. Panaji is the state’s capital,
while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. Renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage
architecture, Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has
rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified as a
biodiversity hotspot. Perhaps its tiny size has as much to do with Goa’s rather unique, as does its
colourful history. A paradise squeezed between the seas and lush forested hills.
History: Goa’s history is both long and diverse as it shares a lot of similarities with Indian history,
especially with regard to colonial influences and a multi-cultural aesthetic. The Usgalimal rock
engravings, belonging to the upper paleolithic or mesolithic periods, exhibit some of the earliest traces of
human settlement in India. The Mauryan and Satavahana Empires ruled modern-day Goa during the Iron
Age. During the medieval period, Goa was ruled by the Kadamba kingdom, Vijayanagara Empire,
Bahmani Sultanate and Bijapur Sultanate. It was ruled by the Kadamba dynasty from the 2 nd century CE
to 1312 and by Muslims of the Deccan from 1312 to 1367. The city was then annexed by the Hindu
kingdom of Vijayanagara and was later conquered by the Bahmanī sultanate, which founded Old Goa on
the island in 1440. The Portuguese invaded Goa in 1510, defeated the Bijapur Sultanate. The Portuguese
rule lasted for about 450 years, and heavily influenced Goan culture, cuisine, and architecture. In 1961,
India took control over Goa after a 36-hour battle and integrated it into India. The area of Goa was
incorporated into Goa, Daman and Diu, which included the Damaon territory in the north of the Konkan
region. In 1987, following the Konkani language agitation Goa was granted statehood.

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1.3 Religion: Hinduism is an ancient tradition in Goa. Goan Hindus proudly call themselves Konkane,
meaning, the residents of Konkan. Vedic Hindus had settled in the Sapta Konkanas (Western Indian
Coast) and formed settlements in and around present day Goa. The Brahmins traditionally speak of being
brought by Lord Parshuram from Trihotrapur in the east for the performance of vedic sacrifices
(Yagnyas). The Goan Hindu community is composed of Saraswat Brahmins, Daivadnya Brahmins and
other Brahmin communities like karhades and chitpavans. Konkani ‘marathas'-Kshatriya (Chardos),
Vanis, Kunbis, Gaudas and other smaller communities.
Afonso de Albuquerque was the first Portuguese explorer who landed in Goa on 25 January1510. The
arrival of the Portuguese brought Christianity. Hindu temples were destroyed, churches built in their
places. Hindus were denied any rights. These included rights to hold property, rights of worship and
carrying on their rituals including the right to cremate their dead. In the 16th century most Hindus fled the
Portuguese territories to the territories held by the Hindu rajas of Sonde and the Canara and Malabar
Coast where significant communities of Konkani Goan Hindus still survive until today. Very few Hindus
continued to exist in the Portuguese held Velha conquistas. With the passage of time and the liberalisation
of the Portuguese religious laws, Hindus were finally able to rebuild some of their temples in Old Goa.
Hindus were thus able to rebuild the temples of their Gods in the Nova conquistas albeit in a very
inconspicuous manner. The Liberation of Goa saw the return of religious freedom for Hindus and
Hinduism flourished in Goa. Currently 65.68% of the Goan populace adhere to Hinduism. Goan Catholics
are an ethno-religious community of Roman Catholics from the state of Goa, on the western coast of
India, and their descendants. They are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language. Contemporary
Goan Catholics are descended mainly from the Goud Saraswat Brahmin and Kshatriya natives of Goa,
who converted by the Portuguese from 1560 [Link] is also a small Muslim minority in Goa.

Languages : Goa is home to people belonging to diverse ethnic communities, each of whom has its
language. The most commonly spoken dialects are those of Konkani and Marathi. Other than these,
people also speak Hindi, English, and Portuguese.

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Fairs and festivals:
Chovoth or Ganesh Chaturthi : The most important and almost the national festival for Goan’s is the
Ganesh Chaturthi known as ‘Chovoth’. The festivities run into several days, at least two and half days,
when puja of Gouri and Mahadev along with Ganapati, is performed, Gouri being drawn on paper and
Mahadev on a coconut. On these days married women fast. On the Chovoth day, in the morning or
evening, a clay idol of Ganapati is brought home. Before that a matov (pavilion or pandal) is prepared
with bunches of betel nut, coconut, bananas and branches of mango-trees being necessary ingredients of
it. The puja of Ganapati goes on until mid-day. The puja is performed with the help of the ppriest On the
second day, in the evening or at night, after performing the uttara puja of the image of Ganapati, it is
taken in procession and immersed into the sea, creek, river, lake or well. Before the idol is removed from
its stand for immersion, it is besought for the welfare of the household and its members.
Diwali or Narak Chaturdasi : Following the Dosro, comes Diwali which is the festival of lights. It is a
one-day festival in Goa. Narak Chaturdasi is called Diwali in Goa. On this day, early morning, a paper
made Narkasur (demon) filled with grass, wastepaper, crackers etc is taken out and to the accompaniment
of taunts and insults, burnt and cremated. Later, in all the houses, bath is taken. Women prepare various
types of fov (dried beaten rice dusted with sugar or jaggery and wetted lightly), raitas, usol and other
snacks and serve them.
Shigmo : Shigmo is a social festival with a religious core. It is the Goan counterpart of the Holi in the rest
of India. On the Holi day, Puja is performed of the stems of the teflam fruits or betel nut, struck on the
ground before the temple and a little grass put at their feet is then burnt. There are a number of dances
which burst forth on this occasion in the spirit of plenty that marks the harvesting season when the barns
are full and a sense of satisfaction and mirth is bubbling all around.
Goa Carnival : Perhaps the most famous of all Goan festivals, the Carnival is the epitome of celebrations
in Goa. It is celebrated for three days and three nights and preceded by the month of Lent (February).
Introduced by the Portuguese colonial rule in the 18 th century, this festival is that time of the year when
the legendary King Momo takes over the operations of the festivals and events. Goa Carnival is meant to
be a feast of food, drinks, music, dance and fun – before the 40 day period of fasting and absenteeism of
meat in the month of Lent. The days are marked by colourful and musical parades which begin in the
capital Panaji and travel throughout the state making it one of the most popular festivals of Goa. The
evenings are kept for gala balls, and people engage in partying on the streets all through the night.
Feast of St. Francis Xavier : The feast of saint Francis Xavier, whose primary task was to preach the
religion of Christianity and the Gospel of Jesus to the people of Goa, Spice Islands, Japan and China
among other Asian countries, is held on 3 rd December every year at Velha Goa or Old Goa which is about
10kms east of Panaji. The mummified body of St. Francis Xavier is enshrined in a silver casket in one of

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the chapels of Basilica of Born Jesus built in 1605 by the Jesuits. The body of the Saint is exposed to
public once every ten years and pilgrims from all over the world came to pay homage.
Bonderam Festival: The quiet Divar Island ( in Mandovi river) comes to life with this festival with
music, and a carnival like ambience. It is celebrated in the month of August in memory of the protests
carried out by the villagers against the unjust policies of the Portuguese regarding land ownership issues.
Each section of the village has its own float which contributes to the colour and gaiety of the festival.
Goa Heritage Fest: It Is organised by the Government along with the Heritage group and the department
of tourism to preserve and promote the culture and heritage of Goa. Works of art are displayed by various
artisans along with performances by various artistes on stage in open areas. A five day festival organised
in January, the Heritage Festival showcases the craftsmanship of the indigenous artists.
Other festivals such as sao joao, mango festival , grape escapade, three kings feast etc. are also celebrated.
Dance and Music of Goa : The cultural heritage of Goa abounds with folk music that blends
harmoniously with influences of Western compositions. The Portuguese methods of incorporating violin,
piano, and mandolin are utilized by Goan musicians. Dekhni, Mano, Fugdi, and Corridinho are some
prestigious folk dances of Goa. Incredible singers as the likes of Emiliano D’cruz, Prince Jacob, Rosario
Rodrigues, Souza Boy, [Link], Tony King Alfred Rose, Kid Boxer, and J. B. Rod hail from Goa.

16
Fugdi Dance – Ramesh Lalwani/Flickr

[Link]

Architecture in Goa : The buildings in Goa are reminiscent of the Portuguese who colonised the land in
1510, and the culture and aesthetics of Europe along with the native Goan architectural style is seen in its
architecture. The gradually collapsing bungalow mansion, with its wood-iron balconies, shaded balcãos
(spruced porches), oyster shell windows and central saquãos (inner courtyards), around which family life
was historically revolving, is probably Goa’s most symbolic architectural type. Most of them were
established around the beginning of the 18th century for their services to affluent Goan traders and
officers. The buildings were built in a European style, but the components- red laterite stone, wood or
terracotta and oyster shells in place of glass windows etc. were all locally sourced.

17
 BASILICA OF BOM JESUS

Goan Cuisine : The cuisine of Goa comprises Portuguese, Hindu, and Islamic styles of cooking. This
amalgamation results in a grand variety of rich, delicious dishes. Seafood is a common delight for the
people, with its spread of deftly spiced and seasoned [Link] and coconut milk are used a lot in
cooking. European spices are often included in Indian curry dishes. Rice and fish curry is a staple meal of
the Goans. Khatkhate is a vegetable stew that is prepared during festivals. It contains fresh coconut,
spices of Goa, and at least five vegetables. Other special dishes include pork preparations like xacuti,
Vindaloo, Chorisa, and Sorpotel. Bebinca is a popular egg-based sweet dish that is famous during
Christmas celebrations. Alcoholic beverages like the Cashew Feni and the Coconut Feni are popular
among the Goans.

1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN GOA : Goa, an internationally famous tourist destination, is

more popularly known among foreign tourists; as “Rome of The East or Pearl of the Orient’. Goa was
constituted as the twenty fifth state of the Indian Union on May 30, 1987, prior to which it was a part of
the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, since December 1961, when these areas were liberated from
the Portuguese rule. The state of Goa is located on the southern coast of India in the coastal belt of
Konkan. The State is situated between the coastal borders of Maharashtra and Karnataka states. Its total
area is 3702 square kilometres. It is a small state compared to the other states in India. The state has two
distinct types of terrains, the hilly tract and the coastal plains. Goa’s coastal line is about 100 kms long
and is endowed with lovely beaches and idyllic beauty spots, making domestic as well as foreign tourism
a flourishing major economic activity in the state. The magnificent and picturesque beaches, the sun and
sand, the architectural splendours of Goan temples, churches and Old Portuguese architectural houses
have made Goa a firm and favourite tourist destination among traveller’s across the world. Goa’s
isolation from the rest of India, for more than four centuries under the Portuguese rule, its geographical
borders in the form of Sahyadri ranges and the tidal rivers have managed to give the people of Goa a
unique and separate identity. Having been the meeting point of races, religions and cultures of East and
West over the centuries, Goa has a multi-hued and distinctive lifestyle where people of all religions live
in peace and harmony with each other.
Goa’s natural beauty, its confluence of eastern and western culture and very friendly and hospitable
people has earned it a place on the tourism map of the world. Lavishly gifted by nature, it has become a
tourist paradise for both domestic and foreign tourists. Today tourism, is the major economic activity in
the state and trade, hotel and tourism have a multiplier effect which percolates to the local population.
Tourism has contributed substantially to the service sector driven growth in the economy, in terms of
income, output, employment and foreign exchange generation. The tourism industry contributes to 18

18
percent to Goa’s Net State Domestic Product and 14 percent of the total foreign exchange earned in the
country.

1.5 PROGRESS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN GOA

The state’s tourism sector has been growing at a steady rate, with tourist arrivals
increasing from 1.45 million in 2010 to 8.01 million in 2019. This growth has been
fueled by the state’s stunning beaches, rich cultural heritage, and diverse range of tourist
attractions. One of the key factors driving the growth of tourism in Goa has been the
development of the state’s tourism infrastructure. The state government, along with private
investors, has been investing heavily in developing tourist infrastructure such as
hotels, resorts, and theme parks. This has led to an increase in the number of
tourists visiting the state and has contributed significantly to the growth of the tourism
industry.
State's tourism infrastructure : One of the key factors driving the growth of tourism in Goa has
been the development of the state’s tourism infrastructure. The state government, along with private
investors, has been investing heavily in developing tourist infrastructure such as hotels,
resorts, and theme parks. This has led to an increase in the number of tourists visiting the
state and has contributed significantly to the growth of the tourism industry.
Focus on promoting of sustainable tourism : Another factor contributing to the growth of the tourism
industry in Goa has been the state’s focus on promoting sustainable tourism. The state government has
implemented several initiatives aimed at promoting eco-tourism and responsible tourism
practices. These initiatives have not only helped to preserve the state’s natural and cultural
heritage but have also attracted tourists looking for authentic and sustainable travel experiences.
Adventure tourism: One of the significant developments in the tourism industry in Goa is the rise of
adventure tourism. With its beautiful landscapes, forests, and beaches, Goa is an ideal destination for
adventure sports such as trekking, mountaineering, rock climbing, and water sports. The state
government has been promoting adventure tourism by developing adventure sports infrastructure,
organizing adventure festivals, and promoting adventure tourism packages.
Accessibility: Another factor driving the growth of tourism in Goa is its ease of accessibility. The state
has an international airport, well-connected railway stations, and excellent road connectivity. The

19
government has been working to improve transportation infrastructure further by developing
new airports, improving road connectivity, and upgrading railway stations.
Eco-tourism: One of the significant developments in the tourism industry in Goa is the rise of Eco-
tourism. The state has a rich biodiversity and a range of natural habitats, including forests, rivers, and
wetlands, which make it an ideal destination for eco-tourism. The government has been promoting eco-
tourism by developing Eco-tourism infrastructure, organizing eco-tourism packages, and
promoting responsible tourism practices.
Pilgrimage tourism : The state government has also been pilgrimage religious tourism, with several
significant temples and churches located in the state. The government has been working to
develop religious tourism infrastructure, including pilgrimage routes, accommodation facilities, and
organizing religious festivals.
Nightlife: One of the significant factors driving the growth of tourism in Goa is its vibrant nightlife. The
state’s nightlife attracts tourists from all over the world, and Goa is renowned for its clubs, beach parties,
and music festivals. The government has been promoting responsible nightlife and has been working to
ensure that tourists can enjoy the nightlife without disturbing the state’s peace and
tranquility. Goa’s food culture is another significant attraction for tourists.
Culinary heritage : The state has a rich culinary heritage, influenced by its history and geography. The
government has been promoting culinary tourism by organizing food festivals and promoting
local cuisine. The state’s cuisine includes seafood, spicy curries, and unique desserts, making it a
significant draw for foodies.

Since Goa joined the Indian Union in 1961 its main industry was rich ores of iron and manganese exports,
although the quality of life and the social fabric were good, Goa’s development was limited and,
therefore, tourism was introduced not only to increase income and employment but also to create non
manual employment for the progressing educated labour force. Goa has two main types of tourists:
Domestic tourists (DT) that are looking for different cultures from the rest of India.

International tourist (IT) that are mainly attracted to the natural environment such as sun and beaches.
These tourists are further sub-divided into “backpackers” and “Charter tourist”. Both type seek beaches;
however backpackers prefer to mix and live with the local communities while unscrambling themselves
from the charter tourist. From a hippy-trail destination in the late 60’s and 70’s, Goa has gone a long way
to become an established tourism holiday destination. The National Action Plan for Tourism 1992 has
also recognised the tremendous potential for tourism in places like Goa and has emphasized ‘sun, sand
and sea tourism as the important segment of future growth. Potential development zones for tourism

20
growth were identified and by the new millennium Goa perceived a steady growth in arrivals of both DT
and IT.

Table 1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals in Goa by Country of Origin (in Percent)

Source : DPSE, Goa -2009 and Tourist Statistics Government of Goa - 2010

Table 1.2 shows that in 1994-95, 74 percent of the foreign tourists were from U.K followed by tourists
from Germany with a share of 15 percent. In 2004-05, though U.K topped the list of foreign tourist
arrivals there was a decline in their share to 41 percent in 2004-05. Similarly, the share of German tourists
dropped to half of its share a decade ago. This was due to the rise in the share of foreigners from France
and Russia. In 2014, too Russian tourists had a share of 29.14 percent in the total foreign tourist arrivals,
followed by U.K with 28 percent share and Germany with 10.89 percent of the total foreign tourists

21
which visited Goa. Thus, one finds foreign tourists from U.K predominate; yet new destination tourists
have also started visiting Goa. This goes to point out that Goa is becoming known as a good tourist
destination across the globe. The state has been one of the big beneficiaries of the e-tourist visa concept
introduced by the government in November 2014. Over a 12-month period ended December 2015, 49,626
foreign tourists visited Goa on e-tourist visas, the Goan tourism ministry said. The state contributed 13.4
percent to the total FTAs on e-tourist visa in February 2016, 19.1 percent in January and 16.5 percent in
December 2015. The e-tourist visa facility is now available to citizens of 150 countries.

1.6 IMPACT OF FOREIGN TOURISM ON CULTURE OF GOA

The influx of tourism in Goa has significantly impacted its culture. While tourism has brought economic
opportunities, it has also led to cultural changes. Traditional practices and values have sometimes been
diluted due to the introduction of new influences and behaviours. The demand for Western amenities and
entertainment has altered the local lifestyle, leading to changes in clothing, cuisine, and social norms.
Additionally, the environmental impact of tourism has raised concerns about sustainability and
preservation of the natural landscape.
1.6.1 PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE ON CULTURE OF GOA: Certainly! The historical background
of Goa as a former Portuguese colony is a fascinating tale of cultural exchange and influences. Here’s an
overview:
Early History: Goa’s history dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human settlements as far back
as the 3rd century BC. It was ruled by various dynasties, including the Mauryas, Chalukyas, and
Kadambas, before being incorporated into the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14 th century.
Portuguese Arrival: In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrived in India, establishing a sea
route to the East. The Portuguese were initially interested in establishing trade relations, particularly for
spices and other valuable goods.
Colonization and Influence: In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur and began
their colonial rule, which lasted for over four centuries. The Portuguese influence on Goan culture was
profound and enduring. They introduced European architecture, language, religion, and governance
systems.
Religious Impact: One of the most significant impacts was the introduction of Christianity. Portuguese
missionaries actively converted the local population, resulting in a significant Christian community in
Goa.
The Basilica of Bom Jesus, a UNESCO World Heritage site, stands as an example of Portuguese-
influenced architecture and religious significance.

22
Cultural Synthesis: During their rule, the Portuguese blended their own traditions with the existing
Indian culture, creating a unique amalgamation. This fusion is evident in Goan cuisine, which features a
mix of European and Indian flavors. Dishes like Vindaloo and Bebinca showcase this blend.
Language and Literature: The Portuguese language left a lasting impact on Goan society. Konkani, the
local language, absorbed Portuguese vocabulary and linguistic features. Goan literature also showcases
this blend, with literary works reflecting the cultural exchange between the two worlds.
Architecture: The architecture of Goa is a testament to the European influence. Churches, forts, and
colonial-style homes feature prominently in the landscape. The St. Cathedral and the Church of St.
Cajetan showcase the architectural grandeur of that era.
End of Portuguese Rule: In 1961, Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule and became a part of the
Indian Union. Despite the end of colonial rule, the Portuguese legacy continued to shape the cultural
fabric of Goa.
In summary, the historical background of Goa as a former Portuguese colony is marked by the
intersection of Indian and European influences. This cultural synthesis has left an indelible mark on Goa’s
architecture, religion, language, and way of life, making it a unique and vibrant cultural destination.
Foreign tourism has exerted a profound and multifaceted influence on the intricate tapestry of Goan
culture. Nestled along the Arabian Sea, Goa’s historical significance as a melting pot of cultures is
mirrored in the interactions between the local way of life and the influx of visitors from around the world.
This is evident in the diverse culinary scene, as international flavours merge with traditional Goan
cuisine. Festivals have evolved to cater to tourists, infusing celebrations with cross-cultural elements. The
language landscape has shifted with English becoming prevalent alongside local languages. Architectural
development to accommodate tourists has led to growth but also raised concerns about environmental and
cultural preservation. While foreign tourism enriches Goa's culture, maintainin6g authenticity amid
commercial pressures remains a challenge.

1.6.2 IMPACT ON LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

Foreign tourism has exerted a significant influence on the language and communication landscape of Goa,
reshaping traditional linguistic patterns and creating a dynamic multilingual environment. The influx of
tourists from around the world has elevated English to the status of a lingua franca, facilitating
interactions between locals and visitors. While Konkani remains the state’s official language and holds
cultural significance, English has emerged as a bridge that connects people from diverse linguistic
backgrounds. For instance, in the hospitality sector, English has become essential for effective
communication between tourists and service providers. Menus, signage, and information boards often
incorporate English to ensure accessibility to a global audience. The prevalence of English in public

23
spaces has also resulted in an increased familiarity with the language among local residents, making it a
tool for cross-cultural exchange. Additionally, the presence of foreign tourists has given rise to code-
switching and a blend of languages in everyday conversations. This linguistic fusion is particularly
evident among the youth, who seamlessly integrate English terms and phrases into their speech, creating a
unique linguistic identity that reflects the influence of foreign cultures. Furthermore, the adoption of
English in education and business has opened up opportunities for Goans to access international markets
and engage in global discourse. English-medium schools have become popular choices for parents
seeking to equip their children with the language skills necessary for success in an interconnected world.
This linguistic shift has also fostered an environment conducive to learning about different cultures and
perspectives. However, the growing prominence of English has also sparked discussions about the
potential erosion of native languages and the loss of cultural nuances. The need to strike a balance
between embracing a global lingua franca and preserving linguistic heritage is an ongoing challenge for
Goa.

1.6.3 IMPACT ON CUISINE

Foreign tourism has exerted a profound influence on the cuisine of Goa, resulting in a culinary landscape
that reflects a harmonious fusion of local flavours with global influences. As tourists from around the
world have flocked to this coastal Indian state, their diverse palates have catalysed a transformation in
traditional Goan cooking techniques, ingredients, and presentations.
One of the most evident impacts of foreign tourism can be seen in the evolution of restaurant menus.
International tourists seeking familiar tastes have led to the inclusion of a variety of global dishes
alongside traditional Goan offerings. For instance, while the iconic Goan fish curry remains a staple, one
can now also find Italian pasta dishes, Thai curries, and Mediterranean salads on many menus. This
diversification caters to a wider audience and showcases the ability of local chefs to adapt and incorporate
international elements into their culinary repertoire.
Furthermore, the interaction between local chefs and foreign visitors has led to the creation of innovative
fusion dishes that seamlessly blend Goan ingredients with international culinary techniques. For example,
the infusion of Asian spices into Goan seafood dishes or the incorporation of European cheeses in local
appetizers demonstrates the creative melding of culinary traditions. This not only attracts tourists eager
for unique gastronomic experiences but also adds a layer of sophistication and novelty to Goan cuisine.
The prevalence of foreign tourists has also prompted the rise of International food festivals and culinary
events in Goa. These occasions celebrate the convergence of global flavours, giving local chefs the
opportunity to showcase their skills in crafting dishes that resonate with both domestic and international

24
audiences. The popularity of such events underscores the way foreign tourism has not only influenced the
culinary landscape but also provided a platform for cross-cultural appreciation and exchange.
In conclusion, foreign tourism has had a transformative impact on the cuisine of Goa. The infusion of
international flavours, the innovation of fusion dishes, and the emergence of global culinary events reflect
the dynamic exchange occurring between local chefs and a diverse range of visitors. While this cultural
exchange enriches the culinary scene and broadens the palate of both locals and tourists, it also prompts
discussions about the preservation of traditional Goan food culture in the face of evolving tastes and
preferences.

1.6.4 IMPACT ON FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS

Foreign tourism has significantly shaped the festivals and celebrations of Goa, creating a dynamic
interplay between traditional local customs and the preferences of international visitors. The presence of
tourists from around the world has prompted an evolution in the way festivals are celebrated, leading to a
unique blend of local traditions and global influences.
One of the most notable examples of this influence is seen in the transformation of the Carnival.
Originally introduced by Portuguese colonizers, the Carnival has evolved into a vibrant and
internationally recognized event that draws both locals and tourists alike. The traditional elements of
parades, colourful costumes, and lively music have been infused with modern twists to appeal to a global
audience.
The incorporation of international music genres, dance styles, and interactive events has added a new
dimension to the Carnival experience, reflecting the cosmopolitan nature of the event. Similarly, religious
festivals in Goa have adapted to accommodate the presence of foreign tourists. While the essence of these
celebrations remains rooted in local faith and customs, there is a conscious effort to make them accessible
and engaging to a diverse audience. For example, during the Feast of St. Francis Xavier, which attracts a
significant number of visitors, efforts are made to provide multilingual explanations of the rituals and
history, enhancing the understanding of non-local participants.
The impact of foreign tourism on festivals is also evident in the rise of music and arts festivals that cater
to global tastes. Events like the Sunburn Festival, which features international DJs and electronic music,
have gained popularity on an international scale, attracting tourists from different countries. These
festivals not only inject vibrancy into the cultural scene but also create opportunities for cross-cultural
exchange as attendees share their musical preferences and dance together.

25
In conclusion, foreign tourism has brought a new dimension to the festivals and celebrations of Goa. The
evolution of events like the Carnival and the rise of international music and arts festivals showcase the
interplay between local traditions and global influences. While these adaptations offer exciting
opportunities for cultural exchange and economic growth, there is a need to ensure that the essence of
Goan traditions is not lost amidst the pursuit of international appeal.

1.6.5 IMPACT ON ART AND CRAFTS

The local handicrafts of Goa truly make for colourful souvenirs. One can find them wherever he go,
peeking out from shop windows and calling out to you in noisy flea markets. From intricate wood carving
to colourful wooden lacquerware, from sturdy bamboo craft to delicate papier-mâché, from fabulous
terracotta and brassware to art pieces made from exotic sea shells, from intricate crochet and embroidery
to rustic jute macramé, from delicate fibre craft to unconventional coconut masks, Goa’s art forms are as
varied and colourful as the land itself.
The presence of international tourists has both revitalized traditional practices and stimulated the creation
of new, cross-cultural artistic expressions. One of the most evident impacts is visible in the diversification
of products crafted by local artisans. The demand for unique souvenirs and keepsakes by foreign visitors
has led artisans to adapt their techniques and designs. For instance, while traditional Goan textiles,
pottery, and woodwork remain cherished, they now often incorporate modern elements and international
design trends. This blending of traditional aesthetics with contemporary sensibilities results in products
that resonate with a broader range of consumers, appealing to both local patrons and tourists seeking
authentic yet globally relevant items.
Moreover, interactions with foreign tourists have introduced artisans to new ideas and perspectives. The
exchange of cultural insights has inspired innovative cross-cultural creations. For example, local artists
might infuse traditional Goan motifs with elements from other cultures, resulting in unique pieces that
transcend geographical boundaries. These collaborative influences showcase the adaptability and
openness of local artisans to experiment with new forms while staying rooted in their heritage.
Additionally, the presence of international travellers has led to the growth of art markets, exhibitions, and
craft fairs that cater to diverse tastes. These platforms provide exposure for local artists while also
offering opportunities to engage with global artistic trends. The Goa Affordable Art Fest, for instance, has
become a space where local artists can showcase their work to both domestic and foreign audiences,
fostering a dynamic exchange of ideas and creativity.
Thus, foreign tourism has significantly impacted the local art and craft scene in Goa, ushering in a period
of creativity, adaptation, and exchange. The fusion of traditional techniques with global perspectives has
enriched the artisanal landscape, creating a tapestry of creativity that resonates with both local and

26
international audiences. The challenge lies in nurturing this exchange while safeguarding the authenticity
that makes Goan art and craft unique.

1.6.6 CHANGING SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES

The influx of foreign tourism has had a notable impact on the social norms and values of Goa, leading to
a series of shifts and transformations in the fabric of its society. One of the most evident changes is the
alteration of attitudes towards alcohol and nightlife. Traditionally, Goa’s culture had conservative norms
around alcohol consumption, with limited public displays of drinking. However, the surge in foreign
tourists seeking vibrant nightlife and party scenes has led to the establishment of numerous clubs, bars,
and beach parties, fostering a more permissive attitude towards alcohol consumption in public spaces.
This cultural convergence has sparked debates between generations and even within families, as older
members may adhere to traditional norms, while younger individuals embrace the new liberal approach.
Furthermore, the dynamics of interpersonal relationships have evolved due to tourism. Interaction with
tourists, who come from diverse cultural backgrounds, has led to the diffusion of more casual attitudes
towards personal relationships and social interactions. The concept of personal space and boundaries may
have shifted, as local residents adapt to the different norms practiced by visitors. While the Goan society
was historically rooted in close-knit communities and familial bonds, the exposure to tourists who
prioritize individualism and spontaneity has influenced a more open and transient social structure.
Importantly, the influence of foreign tourists on social norms extends to issues of modesty and dress
codes. As tourists often dress more liberally due to their cultural backgrounds, there’s been a gradual
erosion of traditional dressing norms, particularly among younger generations. Beachwear and Western
attire are more commonly accepted, leading to a diversification of clothing styles beyond the traditional
Indian attire that was once predominant. This has sparked discussions about maintaining cultural identity
while embracing global fashion trends. Moreover, the introduction of foreign ideas and practices has
spurred discussions about gender roles and expectations. Tourists often bring with them more egalitarian
views on gender, which can contrast with traditional patriarchal norms. As local women observe female
tourists participating in a variety of activities and roles, it may inspire shifts in aspirations and
expectations within the local context.
In essence, the impact of foreign tourism on the social norms and values of Goa is multifaceted and
intricate. While tourism has contributed to economic growth and cultural exchange, it has also brought
challenges in reconciling the traditional values of the local population with the more permissive and
diverse attitudes of foreign visitors. The evolving social landscape of Goa serves as a microcosm of the
broader global dialogue between cultural preservation and the forces of globalization.

27
1.6.7 IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The architecture of Goa has undergone a transformation influenced by the inflow of foreign tourism,
resulting in a unique blend of traditional elements and global design influences. As tourists from around
the world flock to this picturesque Indian state, their preferences have prompted the development of
structures that cater to their needs while also preserving the essence of Goa’s architectural heritage.
A notable example of foreign Influence on Goan architecture is evident in the design of accommodations
such as hotels and resorts. Many upscale establishments in Goa have integrated features from various
cultures to create a distinctive ambiance. For instance, some resorts have incorporated elements inspired
by Portuguese colonial architecture, such as ornate facades, wrought iron balconies, and red-tiled roofs.
These design choices reflect the historical legacy of Portuguese colonization while catering to the
preferences of international tourists seeking an immersive experience. This architectural fusion showcases
how foreign influence has contributed to the state’s architectural diversity.
Moreover, the development of recreational spaces and entertainment venues has also been shaped by
foreign tourism. Beachfront establishments often reflect contemporary global design trends to create an
atmosphere that resonates with visitors. These spaces may incorporate modern materials, sleek furniture,
and open layouts that offer a fresh perspective while still being integrated into the coastal environment.
Furthermore, foreign tourists have influenced the development of infrastructure to enhance accessibility.
Improved road networks, transportation options, and connectivity to popular tourist sites have become
essential components of the tourist experience. This development not only facilitates the movement of
visitors but also contributes to the overall economic growth of the region.
However, the influx of foreign tourism also brings challenges. Rapid development can strain local
resources, impact the environment, and raise concerns about the preservation of architectural heritage.
Balancing the introduction of new architectural styles with the conservation of traditional structures is
essential for maintaining the cultural fabric of [Link] construction of new structures and facilities can
alter the natural landscape and disrupt the visual harmony of a region. Balancing the need for
development with the preservation of Goa’s unique architectural heritage is a challenge that requires
careful planning and consideration.

1.6.8 IMPACT ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE, FAMILY DYNAMICS, AND COMMUNITY

IDENTITY

The emergence of foreign tourism in Goa has ushered in a range of positive implications that have
reverberated through the social structure, family dynamics, and community identity of the region.
Economically, the tourism industry has become a lifeline for many local families, offering employment

28
opportunities across various sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and entertainment. This has not
only increased income levels but has also empowered individuals, including women, by providing
avenues for financial independence and professional growth. As a result, family dynamics have evolved,
moving towards more egalitarian roles and a broader understanding of gender equality.
The Interactions between tourists and locals have catalyzed cultural exchange, enabling Goans to share
their traditions and learn about diverse global cultures. This exchange has led to a renewed appreciation
of their own identity and a bolstered sense of pride in their unique heritage. Community-driven initiatives
to showcase traditional art, music, and festivals have gained momentum, fostering a sense of unity and
shared purpose among residents. Moreover, the exposure to global visitors has helped dispel stereotypes
and biases, leading to increased tolerance and open-mindedness within local communities.
Furthermore, the surge in demand for cultural experiences has led to a revitalization of traditional
practices, as locals recognize the value of preserving their unique identity in the face of globalization.
This resurgence has a unifying effect on communities, reinforcing a shared sense of belonging and pride
in their roots. Additionally, the revenue generated from tourism often gets reinvested in community
projects, such as schools, parks, and preservation efforts, fostering a sense of collective ow9nership and
responsibility.
In conclusion, the positive implications of foreign tourism on Goa’s social structure, family dynamics,
and community identity are multifaceted. From economic upliftment to cultural exchange, enhanced
infrastructure, and the revitalization of local traditions, tourism has played a pivotal role in shaping a
more inclusive, prosperous, and culturally rich society. By embracing these positive aspects and
leveraging them for sustainable development, Goa can continue to thrive as a harmonious blend of
tradition and progress.

1.7 POSITIVE IMPACT OF FOREIGN TOURISM ON CULTURE OF GOA

Foreign tourism has enriched and revitalized the culture of Goa. Through cultural exchange, economic
empowerment, and the preservation of traditions, foreign tourism has played a pivotal role in shaping the
cultural landscape of the region.
Cultural Exchange and Enrichment: Foreign tourists bring with them diverse perspectives, traditions,
and practices from their home countries. This exchange of cultures has led to a cross-pollination of ideas
that has enriched Goa's own cultural tapestry. Tourists participating in local festivals like Diwali or
Shigmo, or even adopting traditional clothing during their stay, demonstrate a genuine curiosity and
willingness to engage with local customs. This interaction not only promotes understanding but also
fosters a sense of shared global heritage.

29
Revival of Traditional Practices: The demand for authentic cultural experiences has encouraged Goans
to reconnect with their own traditions. As tourists express interest in witnessing local art forms like Goan
Fado music or traditional dance performances, the importance of preserving these practices becomes
apparent. This revival not only preserves cultural heritage but also instills a sense of pride among locals
who see their traditions appreciated by a global audience.
Economic Opportunities and Entrepreneurship: The tourism industry has generated numerous
economic opportunities for Goans. Foreign tourism has fostered cultural entrepreneurship, empowering
local individuals to showcase their heritage in innovative ways. Entrepreneurs offering “Village
Homestays” provide tourists with a glimpse into traditional Goan life, allowing them to participate in
activities like cooking traditional meals and engaging in local festivities. This not only preserves culture
but also generates income that directly benefits the community. From hospitality and transportation to
local markets and handicrafts, tourism has provided avenues for employment and entrepreneurship.
Locals have tapped into this demand by offering guided tours, cultural workshops, and authentic culinary
experiences. The success of these endeavours not only boosts the local economy but also encourages the
preservation of cultural practices. Goa’s tourism sector is a big source of revenue for the state. The
tourism industry in Goa directly contributes 16.43% towards the state’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
and also provides employment to nearly 35% of the state’s population that is dependent on the sector,
according to official estimates.
Safeguarding Architecture and Heritage: The influx of foreign tourists visiting historical sites and
landmarks has spurred efforts to preserve these cultural treasures. Income generated from entrance fees
and donations often goes into restoration projects, ensuring that these sites remain a living testament to
Goa's rich history. This preservation, in turn, enhances local pride and provides opportunities for
educational tourism.
Culinary Innovation and Fusion: Foreign tourists' diverse culinary preferences have encouraged local
chefs to experiment with their traditional cuisine. The result has been an exciting fusion of flavours,
combining local ingredients with international techniques. Dishes like "Goan Fish Tacos" showcase this
creative blending, attracting not only tourists but also locals who appreciate this unique culinary
evolution.
Revival of Traditional Arts and Crafts: The demand for authentic cultural experiences has breathed
new life into traditional arts and crafts. The handicraft industry, featuring items like wooden carvings and
pottery, has experienced a revival as artisans cater to tourists seeking unique souvenirs. This supports
local craftsmen and encourages the preservation of ancient techniques.
Global Awareness and Tolerance: Regular interactions with tourists from different parts of the world
have made Goans more open-minded and tolerant. Exposure to diverse cultures fosters an atmosphere of

30
acceptance and understanding, breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. This global awareness not only
benefits the local community but also enriches the lives of the visitors.
In essence, foreign tourism has positively impacted the culture of Goa by fostering cultural exchange,
encouraging the preservation of traditions, creating economic opportunities, and promoting global
understanding. Through these interactions, both locals and tourists contribute to a vibrant cultural
dialogue that transcends geographical boundaries and enhances the rich tapestry of Goa's heritage.
Transformation in Goans lifestyle: The tourism industry has created a surge in demand for services,
leading to increased job opportunities for Goans in sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and
entertainment. This economic stability has elevated the financial status of many, enabling them to access
better education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. Regular interactions with tourists encourage
Goans to learn new languages and develop intercultural communication skills. This exposure enhances
personal growth, increases employability, and promotes a global [Link] need to cater to tourists has
spurred investments in infrastructure. Improved transportation networks, upgraded amenities, and better
connectivity enhance not only the tourist experience but also the daily lives of residents. Regular
interaction with tourists expands the horizons of Goans, exposing them to different viewpoints and ways
of life. This global exposure encourages adaptability and broadens cultural understanding.
In conclusion, foreign tourism has significantly uplifted the lifestyle of Goans by boosting the economy,
encouraging entrepreneurship, improving infrastructure, preserving culture, promoting education,
enhancing services, fostering community pride, and facilitating global exposure.

1.8 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF FOREIGN TOURISM ON CULTURE OF GOA

The negative impact of tourism on the culture of Goa is a complex issue that requires careful
consideration. While tourism has undoubtedly brought economic benefits, it has also introduced several
challenges that have the potential to erode or distort the region’s rich cultural heritage.
Transforming rural- scape: There is a growing conflict between luxury tourism of Goa and local
residents who allege encroachment of common land, taking over the community's assets and in some
cases a violation of land and environmental laws. From an ecological aspect, the sand dunes are natural
fortresses against seas and the construction over these would risk the lives of villagers. Unfortunately,
those in control of the development process are the tourism experts comprising of pro- luxury hotel
lobbyists, governmental politicians and tourism operators whose methods are beyond the comprehension
of local people in Goa,. There has also been the cases where the luxury-tourism promoters have used
violence, and harassment against attempts made by local communities to develop their own small-scale
tourism like family- owned guesthouse and restraunts.

31
Erosion of Traditional Values: The exposure to tourists with different attitudes towards relationships,
dress, and behaviours can lead to a clash of values within the local community. Traditional norms may be
challenged, resulting in conflicts and confusion among generations. Substance abuse has trickled down to
teenagers in Goa with drugs easily available in streets, in corridors of school campuses, and beaches. The
history can ne traced back to the hippies who brought along with them the culture of rave and drugs from
West in 1970s. While ,on one hand, tourism provides employment and profit for those Goans who engage
in it, the majority of locals are against it for its aculturizing effect. The affinity to western social practices
amongst the youth in Goa encourages greater intermingling with foreign tourists leads to increased
immorality among them.
Cultural Commodification: The demand for “authentic” experiences can lead to the commercialization
and commodification of local traditions. For instance, sacred rituals or festivals might be altered or
exaggerated to cater to tourist expectations, diluting their true significance and turning them into
spectacles for profit.
Environmental Degradation: The unchecked growth of tourism can lead to environmental degradation,
which in turn affects cultural heritage sites. Unplanned development and increased foot traffic can
degrade the physical environment and jeopardize historical landmarks.

Gentrification and Displacement: The rapid development of tourism-related infrastructure can lead to
gentrification, pricing out locals from their own neighbourhoods. This can result in displacement,
disrupting established communities and causing a disconnect from cultural roots.
Dependency on Tourism: An overreliance on tourism can lead to economic vulnerability. Seasonal
fluctuations, changing travel trends, or global crises can disrupt the local economy, leaving residents who
have grown dependent on tourism-related jobs vulnerable as observed during covid pandemic.
Decline of Traditional Livelihoods: The shift towards tourism-related employment can lead to the
decline of traditional livelihoods. Since the late 1990s , the advent of tourism leading to the destruction of
the traditional practices. For example, in villages ‘Pagis' , a fisherfolk in Goa was the first to encounter
tourism as they lived along beach. Today they have been provided with alternative source of livelihoods .
What is unfortunate is the negligence of traditional employment and the increasing change in the social
status of the local communities.
Social and Cultural Tensions: The exposure to tourists with diverse cultural norms can create social
tensions. Divergences between local values and behaviours exhibited by tourists can lead to
misunderstandings, resentment, and social conflicts within communities.
In conclusion, the wounding effects of the thriving tourism industry of the state have been the
commercialisation of tradition, dilution of identity, destruction of heritage sites, etc. In addition to this,

32
there has been a dark culture of substance abuse, human trafficking and alcoholism germinating in the
state, among other things. Sadly, Goa is frequently wrongly portrayed as the place for cheap, easy access
to alcohol, drugs, and many tourists flock on over to the state simply because of this. Due to the incorrect
portrayal of Goa as an idyllic holiday destination for sun, sand and sex, the image of women there is
negatively affected. When tourism is expected to help women from host regions advance socially and
increase employment opportunities, the reality is different. Observations by the Centre for Responsible
Tourism in Goa showed that 31.3% of women working in the state tourism sector feel unsafe at their
workplace. Thus, the negative impact of foreign tourism on Goan culture presents a complex challenge
that requires careful consideration. Balancing economic growth with the preservation of cultural heritage
necessitates sustainable tourism practices that prioritize community engagement, cultural preservation,
and the long-term well-being of both locals and visitors.

33
 CHAPTER-2
TOUR AT GLANCE

34
35
36
Fig 2.1 Tour route map
DAY 1

DATED: 10/07/2023 to 11/07/2023

We started our Journey on 10th July 2023 from Jammu Tawi to Delhi by Duranto Express. Since the train
timing was 7:15 in the evening, we could hardly witness our surroundings. Further, bad weather
conditions delayed our train by 4 hours .

DAY 2,3

DATED: 11/07/2023 to 13/07/2023

We reached Sarai Rohilla (Delhi ) at about 11:47am.

We observed the plains of Punjab with freshly sown rice saplings, rice – fields were presenting an
amazing view. In Delhi, we have seen important buildings and monuments such as India Gate, Humayun
Tomb, Delhi Supreme Court and Embassy houses .

We started our journey form Delhi to Bangalore by Rajdhani Express.

In Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, dense forests and agricultural fields with kharif crops such a s
cotton, jute, bajra, jowar as black soil of Maharashtra is suitable for agriculture and plantations. Godavari
river was also observed.
From Nagpur to Telangna , rice fields, mango ,coconut trees and Waddepalli cheruva was also observed.

37
38
39
Fig. 2.2 Karnataka and Tamil Nadu tour map
2.1 KARNATAKA and TAMIL NADU
DAY 3
DATED : 13/07/2023
Started our journey from Bengalore to Mysore by Vasco da Gama express. It was a short journey of less
than 4 hours. On the way, the view of agricultural fields, coconut, eucalyptus and banana overlain with
blue sky and cotton-white clouds, was breath-taking .
We also observed Powlidoddi lake and Kaali river .
Observations
1. St. Philomena's Church : St. Philomena’s Cathedral is a Catholic church in Mysore, India. The
full name is the Cathedral of St. Joseph and St. Philomena. It is also known as St. Joseph’s
Cathedral. It was constructed in 1936 .This is one of the tallest churches in Asia.

40
 ST. PHILOMENA’S CHURCH

MOSQUE MASJID- E- AZAM

After this, we were asked to explore the local market by ourselves. Mysore is a shopper’s
delight, seamlessly blending old-world charm with modern trends. One can get lost in the vibrant

41
bazaars which are full of local handicrafts such as wooden dolls and incense sticks, or silks
sarees , sandalwood and sweets , from big malls to local roadside vendors .

42
DAY 4
DATED : 14/07/2023
We departed from Mysore to see the beautiful hill station Ooty in the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. On
the way , we observed the dense forests of Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Karnataka) which is called as
Madhumalayi National Park in Tamil Nadu.
Bandipur Tiger Reserve :The Bandipur National Park was once used as a hunting refuge by the
Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore. The most well-known national park in the south Indian state of
Karnataka is called Bandipur, and it is distinguished by its diverse fauna and diverse biomes in the dry
deciduous forest. It was created as a forest tiger reserve as part of Project Tiger in the year 1974. One of
India’s best-managed forests, according to many.
The world’s largest number of wild elephants can be found In this reserve, which is the largest protected
area in South India. The forest is situated along the Mysore-Ooty roads. This maintains the park close to a
well-travelled route that draws many tourists each year. Elephants and tigers in great numbers can be
found in the park. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka both use this area. The park in Tamil Nadu is known as
moniker Mudhumalai Reserve.
Mountains of Western Ghats and Doddabetta peak was also observed.
OOTY : Ooty is a stunning hill station as well as the headquarters of the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu.
It one of the best hill stations in Tamilnadu. At an altitude of 7,440 feet, Ooty, also known as
Udhagamandalam, is often referred to as ‘Queen of hill stations’. Nilgiris means ‘Blue Mountains. A land
of picturesque picnic spots & lakes, it was a popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during
colonial days. Ooty Lake, Botanical Garden and Rose Garden are among the must include places during a
visit to Ooty.
Places visited
1. Ooty Tea factory: Ooty Tea Factory is situated at the height of 1839 meters in the
Nilgiri hills, around 4 kilometres from the center of the city. The complete factory is
established in the area of 1 acre. There is a tea museum, where we can know how the tea
is processed using the Cut, Twist, and Curl method. Along with this, we can learn the
history and the evolution of Tea. AS we entered the factory we could smell the intense
aroma of tea. There was a video running, explaining each stage of tea production. They
showed us from the beginning, exactly how the tea leaves are processed through different
stages like withering, rolling, drying, and finally the shifting stages. Once we witness the
tea production, we got to taste a cup of hot tea, which was very refreshing and good to
taste. There is a proper tea store to purchase tea for the visitors. Each visitor is attended

43
 by each person in a queue, they will guide you and help you to decide which tea you can
buy. There were many options like masala tea, cardamom tea, ginger tea, green tea,

masala green tea, and many more. We purchased three varieties of tea.

DODDABETTA TEA FACTORY

44
 TEA PROCESSING IN THE FACTORY
There was also a chocolate factory adjacent to the tea factory where we observed the chocolate
processing.

2. Ooty Botanical Garden : The Government Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in

Udhagamandalam, near Coimbatore (Ooty), Tamil Nadu state, India laid out in 1848. The
gardens, divided into several sections, cover an area of around 55 acres, and lie on the
lower slopes of Doddabetta peak. The garden has a terraced layout. It is maintained by
the Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department. It ascends the slopes of the hill at an elevation
of 2250–2500 metres above mean sea level. The garden enjoys a temperate climate, with
an average rainfall of 140 cm, the most of which is received during south-west monsoon,
with frosty nights from November to February. The maximum and minimum
temperatures are 28 °C and 0 °C respectively.

45
 OOTY BOTANICAL GARDEN

COMMEMORATIVE CETENARY PILLAR of OOTY BOTANICL GARDEN

46
 BEGONIA SAMPERFLORENS
3. Tea gardens of Ooty : On our way back to Mysore we also observed the tea gardens which are
dense leafy bushes, again presenting a mesmerising view. Located within the Western Ghats
mountain range and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Nilgiri tea growing areas range between
1,000 and 2,500 metres in elevation and are exposed to the Southwest Monsoon weather followed
by the Northeast Monsoon in October to November. The resulting alternating periods of fog and
direct sunlight, as well as the South Western Ghats montane rain forests soils, described as
lateritic loam, on the hillsides provides the high elevation drainage and conditions needed for tea
leaves to thrive.

47
 OOTY TEA GARDENS
DAY 5
DATED : 15/07/2023
After Ooty it was the time for local sightseeing in Mysore.
Places visited
1. Chamundeshwari temple : The Chamundeshwari Temple is a traditional Hindu temple
located on the eastern edge of Mysore at the height of 1000ft on the Chamundi hills.
Dedicated to and named after goddess Durga, the temple also has statues of Nandi and
Mahishasura, the demon. Being one of the oldest temples in the palace city of Mysore, the
temple is a must-visit attraction for the travellers. The Chamundeshwari Temple is considered
as a Shakti Peetha and is one among the 18 Maha Shakti Peethas. Chamundeshwari temple
also has statues of the demon Mahishasura. The original shrine is thought to have been built
in the 12th century by the Rulers of the Hoysala Dynasty. The temple got huge popularity
after Maharajas of Mysore, the Wodeyars (1399 A. D.)

48
 CHAMUNDESHWARI TEMPLE

[Link] Zoological Park: Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Park is one of the best
tourist places in Mysore established in 1892 and is popular as Mysore Zoo. It is one of the most
famous and oldest zoos in India. Thousands of tourists visit this place every day.
Mysore Zoological park Covers a total area of 150 acres which was first started in 10 acres of
land by the Mysore maharaja Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar.
Mysore zoo Animals list: Elephants, Lions, Sea lions, tigers, White Tigers, Jaguar, Chitas,
Elephant Antelopes, White Deer, Bears, Porcupines, Giraffe, crocodiles, Rhinoceros,
Chimpanzee, Zebras, Horses, Monkeys, Primates, turtles, and more animals. Different types of
snakes are Cobras, King Cobra, Python, All types of fish are found in the Aquarium.

49
Mysore zoo Birds list: White and Blue Peacocks, Hornbill, Emu and Ostrich, Pelican, Painted
Stork, Flamingos, Parrots, Eagles, Vultures, hens, Love Birds, and many more birds.

CHAMARAJENDRA ZOO

50
 MAMMALS AND REPTILES OF MYSORE ZOO

[Link] PALACE : An incredibly breath-taking example of Indo-Saracenic style of

architecture, the Mysore Palace is a magnificent edifice located in Mysore in the state of
Karnataka. Also known as the Amba Vilas Palace, it is the former palace of the royal family of

51
Mysore and is still their official residence. Mysore Palace was built in the year 1912 for the 24 th
Ruler of the Wodeyar Dynasty and is counted amongst one of the biggest palaces in the country.

The construction of the Mysore Palace was orchestrated by the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar
IV referred as “Rajarishi” (saintly king) by Mahatma Gandhi. It was then further expanded by his
son and the last Maharaja of Mysore, Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar. The façade of the palace
is a harmonious blend of Hindu, Muslim, Rajput and Gothic styles which imparts it a regal
quality. With the Chamundi Hills towards its eastern side, the spectacle of the Mysore Palace is
an enchanting sight to behold. Needless to say, it is the second most visited historical monument
visited by both local and foreign tourists after the Taj Mahal.

52
 MYSORE PALACE

53
 MYSORE PALACE ( interior)

54
 MYSORE PALACE ARCHITECTURE

55
[Link] garden: Brindavan Gardens of Mysore is undeniably one of the best terrace
gardens in the world. A must sightseeing place of a Mysore tour, Brindavan Garden mesmerizes
everyone. It is located about 12km towards the north west of the Mysore city. Brindavan gardens
with its illuminated fountains, botanical park, extensive varieties of plants and fulfilled boating,
is place for everyone.
Primarily a terrace garden, Brindavan Gardens have been built in the complex of KRS Dam. The
creation of these gardens began in the year of 1927, and completed in 1932.
It was the idea of Sir Mirza Ismail, the then diwan of Mysore state to beautify the area around the
Krishnaraja Sagar Dam (KRS Dam) which is located in situated in Srirangapatna taluk of
Mandya district. This dam, named after Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, has been built over Cauvery
River, which is one of the prominent rivers of South India. Brindavan Gardens have been
designed by seeking inspiration from Shalimar Gardens of Kashmir, which have been created in
the ancient Mughal style. Hence, it also radiates grandeur and beauty, comprising of a wide array
of fountains, terraces, water channels, parterres, lawns and flowerbeds, etc.

56
 RADHAKRISHNA STATUE ( BRINDABAN GARDEN)
2.2 GOA
DAY 6 , 7
DATED : 16/07/2023 to 17/07/2023
Our next destination was Goa. We headed towards Bangalore from Mysore by Chamundi express.
Then we headed towards Goa and reached Madgaon at 6:00 am on 17/072023. We checked in the hotel
“CASA SALVADOR” in Goa.

Fig. 2.3 Goa tour map

57
Places visited
[Link] beach :Calangute was earlier called as Kolongutt but the Portuguese changed it to
Calangute. The word ‘Cal’ refers to goddess Kali, who was worshiped by local fishermen. Some believe
the town got its name from the word ‘Kalyan Gutti’, which means a village of art. Some others believe
the name Calangute emanated from its earlier name ‘Konvallo-Ghott’, a reference to the coconut palms
which abound in the village.
Calangute along with Candolim, Baga and Anjuna form part of the beach stretch extending from just
outside Panaji city to Fort Aguada. Located in North Goa, about 15 km from Goa’s capital Panaji,
Calangute is home to one of the largest and commercialized beaches in Goa.
Calangute is the best place to buy antiques, junk jewellery, sake boxes, beach wears also available.
Handicrafts made in Kashmir, Tibet, Indonesia and Rajasthan are worth buying.
The vibrant markets here sell everything, from beer and food, to junk jewellery, clothes, trinkets and
pawn items. Moreover, the beach is lined with dense palm and coconut trees with the grand Arabian Sea
acting as the perfect backdrop. People often visit the beach to soak in the mesmerising sunrises and
sunsets which are a special feature of Calangute Beach.

58
CALANGUTE BEACH

59
 POWERFUL SEA WAVES

60
LOCAL SHOPS IN CALANGUTE MARKET
DAY 8
DATED: 18/07/2023
We visited Aguada fort and Baga beach .
[Link] fort : With a historical legacy of about 400 years, Fort Aguada is a massive and marvelous
citadel defining the landscape of Goa. The fort together with its lighthouse is one of the most visited
attractions in Goa. Situated in Candolim, a major tourist hub in North Goa, Fort Aguada stands
overlooking the Arabian Sea and offers mesmerizing views of the surrounding areas.
Fort Aguada traces its origins to 1609 when its construction was started by the Portuguese who were
ruling over the region. The construction continued for the next three years and was completed in 1612
under the supervision of Viceroy Ruy Tavara. The word Aguada means freshwater in Portuguese
language and the fort derives its name from a freshwater spring located within it. It is recorded that crews
of sailing ships used to replenish their stock of potable water from this spring.
Aguada Fort was built to guard and defend the Portuguese stronghold in Goa against the Maratha and
Dutch invaders. Owing to its location at the confluence of the Arabian Sea and the Mandovi River, it
became the most prized fortress for the Portuguese back in the seventeenth century.
Lighthouse: In 1864, a four-storied lighthouse was erected within the fort’s premises. For a long time
after that, the fort served as a reference point for the ships and vessels sailing in from Europe, thanks to
the lighthouse. In 1976, the lighthouse was finally abandoned and it is currently closed to the public.
However, there is a new lighthouse built in the fort premises, which is called the Aguada . It is one of
those few forts in India that has never been conquered by an enemy.
Aguada Fort is a splendid example of the Portuguese military style of architecture. It was constructed
using laterite stone, which was found in abundance in Goa. In its heydays, Aguada Fort served as one of
the largest freshwater storages of Asia and had the capacity to store 2,376,000 gallons of water. The fort
also features a gunpowder room, bastions, and a moat. One of the most attractive aspects of the fort’s
architecture is a secret passage which was built to help the occupants escape in the case of an emergency
or war.

61
62
AGUADA FORT
AGUADA LIGHTHOUSE

63
Sinquerium Fort : The is an extension of the larger upper Aguada fort. The lower fort consists of a
bastion and a section of fortified wall on both sides. The fort stands overlooking the Sinquerim beach and
bisects the shoreline into two. During the 16th and 17th Century ships used to anchor next to the fort.
The fort served as a reference point for vessels coming from Europe.

SINQUERIUM FORT(upper image) and SINQUERIUM BEACH( lower image)

64
[Link] beach : Discovered by the Hippies, Baga became an important stopover on the Hippie trail during
the sixties and seventies. Baga beach is named after the Baga Creek, which merges with the Arabian
Ocean to the North of the beach. Years after Hippies popularized it; Baga continues to retain the ethos
and characteristics of the movement minus the decadence associated with it.
The first thing that will captivate you about Baga Beach is its pristine beauty. The wide stretch of soft
sandy beach, dotted with swaying palm trees, creates a picturesque setting.
Baga Beach is its thrilling water sports activities. Adventure enthusiasts can indulge in various options,
including jet skiing, parasailing, banana boat rides, and bumper rides. But as it was monsoon season, the
season of rainfall which all of sudden changes from moderate to heavy, we couldn’t experience these
activities. It started raining heavily only minutes after we reached there. However, we enjoyed watching
tides as well as sea bath.
As one stroll along the beach, one will encounter a lively scene with beach shacks, cafes, and vendors
selling a variety of local handicrafts.

BAGA BEACH

65
[Link] Ride : In the evening , we went for a one hour cruise ride as Goa tour is incomplete without
cruise ride. First of all, a group of four people (2 men, 2 women) performed a the folk dance . I enjoyed
the performance. Then they invited everyone to dance on DJ. It was best part of our journey. The Live DJ
music on board to entertained the crowd throughout the ride.

66
 CRUISE ( upper image) and FOLK DANCE (lower image)
DAY 9
DATED : 19/07/2023
On this day, we were asked by our teachers to go anywhere in Goa. So, we formed our group of about 15-
16 students and decided to visit South Goa.
Places visited
[Link] Augustine Church and Tower : Church of St. Augustine is a ruined church complex located in Old
Goa. The church was completed in 1602 and is part of the World Heritage Site, Churches and convents of
Goa. The church was built between 1597 and 1602 by Augustinian friars who landed in Goa in 1587.
The church was abandoned in 1835 after the Portuguese government of Goa began evicting many
religious orders in Goa under its new repressive policies. The subsequent neglect caused the vault of the
church to collapse in 1842. The body collapsed soon after and by 1871, the bell was moved from the
tower to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church in Panjim, where it remains to date. In 1931, the
façade of the church and half the tower collapsed and by 1938, most of the other parts had also collapsed.
Currently only half the tower remains, and it is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Goa.

67
 ST. AUGUSTINE TOWER

[Link] OF BOM JESUS : It is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. A basilica is a

title given to a church or cathedral built like a Roman basilica. A basilica houses important religious
relics, and in the case of the Basilica of Bom Jesus, it is the mortal remains of St Francis Xavier, a
Spanish Jesuit and the patron saint of Roman Catholic missions.
It is said that after the demise of St Francis Xavier on December 3, 1552, he was first buried in
Shangchuan Island, Taishan, China. Later his body was taken back to Portuguese Malacca in
March of 1553. And finally in December the same year, his mortal remains were shipped back to
Goa. All this while, his body remained as fresh as the day he was first buried. Every 10 years, on
the death anniversary of St Francis Xavier, his relics are displayed to the public.

68
Located on the topmost floor of the gorgeous Basilica Of Bom Jesus enclave, the Basilica Of Bom Jesus
Art Gallery is the first modern church gallery in Goa and the largest in all of Asia. On display here are
oil and canvas paintings which have all been commissioned by the late Father George D'sa. Every work
on display here is uniquely crafted however one may be disappointed to learn that the artist Dom Martin
was only compensated for the paints and tools he used in the process of creating these stunning
masterpieces. The most sought after paintings on display here are the life like images of the Last
Judgment and the Genesis. Other paintings include that of the body of Francis Xavier, random churches
and temples in Goa as well as poignant local landmarks. The place is definitely worth a visit.

BASILICA OF BOM JESUS ( JESUS AND ANGEL STATUES)

69
70
BASILICA OF BOM JESUS CHURCH (outside and inside)

[Link] Mangesh Temple : The Mangest Temple is famous both for its history & architecture, and is
counted among the most famous temples in Goa. It is located at Priol in Ponda Taluka. It is the only
temple in Goa where Lord Shiva is known as Lord Mangesh. It is believed that the original temple was
located at Kushasthali, once known as Cortalim. However, during the Portuguese inquisition, several
temples were destroyed in Goa. To protect the temple from meeting a similar fate, the devotees
transferred the Linga from the temple to Priol. It was in 1560 when the shifting of the deity occurred.
Since then, Mangest Temple was renovated twice, once under the reign of the Marathas & another time in
1890. The final renovation occurred in 1973 when a golden kalash (holy vessel) was fixed atop the dome.
The architecture of Mangesh Temple reflects a mix of Hindu, Christian and Muslim Influences. Domes,
pilasters & balustrades are prominent features of the temple. Other notable features of the temple
are:Multi Story Deepstambh (multi storied lamp tower), Chandelier (inside the main hall of the
temple)Water Tank and Canteen (which serves only vegetarian food).

71
 SHRI MANGESH TEMPLE

72
 SHRI MANGESH DEEPSTAMBH

[Link] Lady of Immaculate Conception Church : Located in Panjim, Our Lady of Immaculate
Conception is one of the most popular and also one of the oldest chapels in Goa. Built in a Portuguese
Baroque style, the church is located on a slight elevation, on a hillock. It is known to house the second
largest church bells in Goa. These bells are known to have been removed from the Augustinian ruins of
the Church of Our Lady of Grace that existed in Old Goa.
The Immaculate Conception Church was originally built in 1541 but was replaced by a much larger
structure in the 1600s. The façade of the church is painted an immaculate white with a double flight of
stairs zigzagging to the hilltop where it is located. The view of the the church lit up at night is a soothing
sight to witness. The church attracts a throng of locals and tourists on the festival of Our Lady of
Immaculate Conception which is held on 8 December each year.

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 OUR LADY OF IMMACULATE CONCEPTION CHURCH

DAY 10
DATED : 20/07/2023
On this day, we have our train to Delhi in evening. We had the glimpse of some places such as Miramar
beach, Dona Paula, CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography and Govt college of Arts, Science and
Commerce Goa.
[Link] beach : Situated at the confluence of the Mandovi River and the Arabian Sea, it is a small
beach that occasionally hosts some events.

74
 MIRAMAR BEACH

[Link]– National Institute of Oceanography Goa: National Institute of Oceanography CSIR-NIO was
established on 1 January 1966 following the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in the 1960s.
The institute has since grown into a multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute of international
repute. The principal focus of research has been on observing and understanding special oceanographic
characteristics of the Indian Ocean. The major research areas include the four traditional branches of
oceanography – biological, chemical, geological/geophysical, and physical as well as ocean engineering,
marine instrumentation and marine archaeology. In addition to basic research, the institute also carries out
applied research sponsored by the industry. These studies include oceanographic data collection,
environmental impact assessment, and modeling to predict environmental impact.

CSIR – NIO GOA

75
[Link] Paula beach : This idyllic rocky tourist attraction lies at the spot where the Mandovi and the
Zuari rivers meet the Arabian Sea. It provides a magnificent view of the Mormugao harbor.

76
 DONA PAULA

[Link] College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola : We went to the college and were warmly
welcomed by the students as well as faculty members. The first of all presented a welcome speech, then
Sarasvati vandna and a local folk song . However, some of the performances were cancelled due to
paucity of time. They also gave us knowledge about the culture of Goa, it’s history, languages, religions,
fairs and festivals etc. with the help of visual presentations. Our Professors and two students were given
college magazines . They had also arranged lunch for us.

GOVT COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE, KHANDOLA( students and faculty
members)

The we headed towards Madgaon station as we have our next train ( Goa express) from Goa to Delhi .

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DAY 9,10,11

DATED : 20/07/2023 to 22/07/2023

Departing from Madgaon Junction in Goa, the train embarked on a long and memorable journey to Hazrat
Nizamuddin Railway Station in Delhi. The Goa Express covers a distance of approximately 1,900
kilometres, and the duration of the journey can vary from about 30 to 35 hours, depending on the route
and stops. Leaving the palm-fringed beaches and scenic beauty of Goa behind, the train chugged through
the Western Ghats, offering breath-taking views of lush green hills, dense forests, and numerous tunnels.

On our way , we witnesses the mesmerising DUDHSAGAR WATERFALL. It is a four-tiered waterfall

located on the Mandovi River in the Indian state of Goa. It is located on the Belgaum–Vasco Da Gama
rail route. Dudhsagar Falls is amongst India’s tallest waterfalls with a height of 310 m and an average
width of 30 metres .

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79
 Fig. 2.4 Delhi tour map

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2.3 DELHI
DATED : 22/07/2023
On this day , we reached Delhi. Our train was delayed by 3 hours still we visited some important
monuments.
Places visit
[Link] Tomb: Humayun’s Tomb was built in the 1560’s, with the patronage of Humayun’s son, the
great Emperor Akbar. Persian and Indian craftsmen worked together to build the garden-tomb, far grander
than any tomb built before in the Islamic world. Humayun’s garden-tomb is an example of the charbagh
(a four quadrant garden with the four rivers of Quranic paradise represented), with pools joined by
channels.
The Interior is a large octagonal chamber with vaulted roof compartments interconnected by galleries or
corridors. This octagonal plan is repeated on the second storey. The structure is of dressed stone clad in
red sandstone with white and black inlaid marble borders.

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 HUMAYUN TOMB

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 IMAGES SHOWING THE HUMAYUN TOMB ( viewed from upper terrace platform) AND
INTERIOR( grave)

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[Link] Minar : It is also one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Delhi, a status granted to it in
1993 for its historical importance and architectural brilliance. Delhi’s Qutub Minar is a five-storeyed
structure constructed over four centuries by a number of rulers. It was originally commissioned by Qu-ud-
din Aibak, who was the founder of the Delhi Sultanate, around 1192 as a victory tower. The minaret is
named after him; although he wasn’t able to build it beyond the first storey. His successor Shams-ud-din
Iltutmish added three more floors to the structure in 1220. Its topmost story suffered damages in 1369 due
to lightning. It was reconstructed by Firoz Shah Tughlaq, who added the fifth and final storey to the tower
while the entrance to Qutub Minar was built by Sher Shah Suri.

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 QUTUB MINAR
[Link] MARKET: A trip to Delhi is incomplete without a shopping spree to the immensely
popular Sarojini Nagar Market. Named after the Nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu, Sarojini Nagar
Market is a street market which is famous for shopping clothes at throw-away prices. Women clothes and
different varieties of accessories are particularly available at affordable rates. They could also be replicas
of brands, but they are as good as their original counterparts. Styles, designs and brands that have not

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even reached India would find its way to the narrow lanes of Sarojini Nagar (In fact, it wouldn’t be wrong
to say that many fashion bloggers find their inspiration from these lanes at Sarojini Nagar Market.

SAROJINI MARKET DELHI

[Link] GATE : India Gate is an awe-inspiring monument built as a war memorial honouring Indian
soldiers who demonstrated remarkable courage while serving under the British Empire during World War
I and Afghan Wars. Designed by renowned British architect, Edwin Lutyens, with its foundation stone
being laid down in 1921 before being completed ten years later in 1931. As an architectural marvel that
symbolises sacrifice and patriotism, it stands tall as a tribute to those who have made the ultimate
sacrifice for India. This monument is a lasting tribute to the bravery of Indian Army soldiers with over
13,000 names etched on its walls to honour their memory and valour. This tourist destination exemplifies
unity, valour, and remembrance as it reminds us of the courage that has been displayed by our soldiers.
India Gate is known for scenic beauty of the lawns and gardens. It was the last destination of our tour.

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 INDIA GATE

2.5 OBSERVATIONS

DELHI TO MYSORE
As we started our journey from Jammu to Delhi and from Delhi to Mysore, there is a shift in climate,
topography, culture etc. because we were moving from northern plains to southern India, sub tropical to
tropical latitudes. We observed the plains of Punjab with kharif crops such as rice. Weather was
comparatively mild in Punjab but as we entered Delhi , we could feel the sudden shift in temperature as
it became 32-33°C but it was feeling like 38°C ( my phone pop-up) . We reached Delhi at about 11:47
am and had the glimpse of some monuments ( from local bus) such as India gate, Humayun Tomb
Supreme Court, and Parliament building . In evening, we headed towards Bangalore.
As we were passing from Central Indian States, there was a shift in topography from plains to plateaus
and weather was mild ( as compared to Delhi) due to the monsoon season. Fields were visible on both the
sides of train with crops such as as cotton, jute, bajra, jowar because of thr black soil . Dense deciduous
forests of Madhya Pradesh were adding to the beauty of landscape , besides bamboos( evergreen) .
Godavari river that originates in Maharashtra is the main source of irrigation, besides rainfall. Then we
entered Maharashtra which experiences tropical monsoon climate with scorching heat in summer, but we
were lucky enough to visit in monsoon season. From Nagpur to Telangana, crop fields were visible with
horticultural crops such as mango, oranges along with coconut trees . Small hills with flat tops were also
visible from the train in Telangana.
In Mysore , climate was mild with temperature ranging from 27-30° C , and it is spread at the base of
Chamundi hills in the southern Karnataka. People mostly spoke Kannada language . We included the
South Indian food, idli -dosa with chutney in our breakfast and dinner . There is a vast difference in the
good habits of North and South Indian food. In Mysore we first all went to St. Philomena’s Church which
is an example of Gothic architecture characterised by glass windows, pointed arches, ribvaults and ornate
decoration. In evening were asked to explore the local market by ourselves. Mysore is a shopper’s delight,
seamlessly blending old-world charm with modern trends. One can get lost in the vibrant bazaars which
are full of local handicrafts such as wooden dolls and incense sticks, or silks sarees , sandalwood and
sweets , from big malls to local roadside vendors . Mysore silk sarees are internationally famous. There
were attar( perfume) shops and one could just get lost in the scents of these attars. Besides this , there
were sandalwood items such as agarbattis, home decors such as photoframes, swing etc.

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We also went of Chamundeshwari temple situated in Chamundi hills named after goddess
Chamundeshwari. were not able to go inside the temple due paucity of time as there were long queues of
people waiting outside the temple.
Next we went to Chamarajendra zoo in Mysore which inhabits a great variety of rate and exotic species. I
saw lion for the first time here. Besides, Tiger, Leopard, Lions, Jaguar, Cheetahs, Jungle Cat, Leopard
Cat, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutans, Capuchin Monkey, Marmoset, Lion Tailed Macaque, Hoolock
Gibbon, Baboon, Brown Lemur, Ring Tailed Lemur, Nilgiri Langur, Common Langurrhinos, hippos,
giraffee, deer, orangutans, gorilla, bear, and hundreds of mammals are kept there. Many bird species
Eurasian spoonbill, Pelicans, Flamingo, Adjutant Stork, Painted Stork Sacred Ibis, Macaws, Conures,
Pheasants, Sarus Crane, Great Indian Hornbill, Peafowl, Tragopan, Parrots and Parakeets, Muscovy
Duck, Spotted Whistling Duck, Comb Duck, Carolina Wood Duck, Ostrich, Rhea, Cassowary and Emu
etc. Reptiles such as African Slender Snouted CCrocodil, Gharial, Green Vine Snake, Indian Cobra, King
Cobra, Malabar Pitviper, Monitor Lizard,etc. were there.
We also went to Mysore Palace which was built by Wodeyas in 14 th century. It is a 3- storey building,
stone structure made from fine granite, grey in colour having 5- storey tower. This palace has beautiful
chiselled doors, beautiful hall, amazing ceilings, and many other embellishments that makd the place very
beautiful. Displays of palace includes clothes, paintings, musical instruments, weapons and silver utensils.
Outside the palace, there is a big garden .
Next we visited Bindraban garden in Mandya distt. As we went there at night , the colourful light,
fourains, And hustle and bustle are the great attractions for tourists. There was Rajakrishna sagar dam on
kaveri river and a statue of Kaveri. Thus, Mysore is place rich in biodiversity as well as cultural heritage

OOTY

As one approach Ooty, one can notice a change in climate and landscape. The air becomes cooler and
fresher, The geography of Ooty is unique owing to its location nestled amidst the district of the Nilgiris
Mountain range which is home to the Doddabetta peak, considered as the highest point in South India.
The most famous hill station of the three, Ooty sits at a height of 2,240 meters above mean seal level and
is home to soft slopes and dense forests. The Nilgiris coincide at a point to form a junction between the
Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats and are known as the oldest mountain ranges of India followed by
the Majestic Himalayas. Despite its location in the tropics, in contrast with most of South India, Ooty
generally features mild conditions and is spring-like throughout the year. The way from Mysore to ooty is
through the Bandipur National park ( Karnataka) and Madhumalayi national park in Tamil nadu. Also the
ascending route has 37 hairpin bends. This stretch also has two way road without any toll. There are some
beautiful churches and temples on this way. Many restaurants dot either side of the road. One can see the

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large plantatiins of tea, coffeeon the sloping terrain. The drive to Ooty takes pass through the Nilgiri
Hills, providing stunning panoramic views of the surrounding hills and valleys. The road is often flanked
by tea gardens and eucalyptus plantations, adding to the scenic beauty. We went to Ooty ctea factory
where kne can learn about the tea-making process and enjoy a cup of freshly brewed tea and also
chocolate making proces in chocolate museum. Ooty Botanical Garden has the abundance of different
flowers .The garden has a terraced layout. It is maintained by the Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department.
Gardens are known for their stunning collection of diverse plant species. Visitors can observe a wide
range of exotic and indigenous plants, including rare orchids, cacti, ferns, and medicinal plants. Ooty tea
gardens are the main attractions fir the tourists.

GOA

After spending three days in Mysore, we headed towards our next destination that is Goa. st of Goa is a
part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats
range of mountains. Lying in the tropical zone and sharing close proximity to the Arabian Sea Goa
witnesses hot and humid climate almost throughout the year. May is the hottest month of the year with
maximum temperatures scaling upto 35. The monsoon rains arrive by early June and provide a much
needed respite from the heat. Monsoons are the Source of Goa’s annual rainfall which last till late
September Goa was a colonially ruled state for many centuries, and its history dates back to the 3rd
century. The Goan culture consists of a mixture of the Portuguese and Indian lifestyles. The Portuguese
were known to be the most wonderful church constructors and so the location is marked with innumerable
churches besides the temples which were further constructed by later civilizations. Music is considered to
be an integral part of the lives of Goa inhabitants. In the coastal area, the Goan cuisine includes wide
range of seafood like: fish, mussels, Prawns, crabs, oysters and various others. Also, the food cooked here
is made in coconut oil. We visited Calangute beach, Baga Beach, Miramar beach, Dona paula, Aguada
fort, Mangeshi temple , and churches such as basilics of bom jesus and Our Lady Of Immaculate
Conception. Mostly tourism is the main source of income in Goa. Western culture influence can be
witnessed in goans cuisine, lifestyle, clothes and infrastructure. Goa has a unique blend of Portuguese and
Indian architecture. I noticed charming old churches with intricate designs and colourful facades,
alongside traditional Indian homes and temples. Konkani is the official language of Goa. English, Hindi,
and Marathi are also widely spoken and understood due to tourism and the multicultural population.
Konkani is the official language of Goa. English, Hindi, and Marathi are also widely spoken and
understood due to tourism and the multicultural population. Goa is known for its vibrant music and
dance culture. Traditional Goan folk music, as well as Western and electronic music as we experienced

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during cruise ride . As I had heard about the golden sky sunset view of the beaches, I was unlucky to
witness the same because during our three -day stay in Goa, there were heavy to moderate rainshowers, of
course, an advantage for not having to experience the scorching heat of tropical climate.

Goa to Delhi

Now we starting our journey back to Jammu. It began by leaving behind the stunning coastal landscapes
and palm-fringed beaches, lush green hills, and scenic coastal villages to inland areas, as the train climbed
into the Western Ghats, a mountain range known for its dense forests and numerous rivers. The terrain
becomes hilly, and you’ll witness breath-taking views of valleys and lush vegetation. Dudhsagar
Waterfall is one of the most famous natural attractions in Goa, is located in the near the border between
Goa and Karnataka. . It cascades from a height of around 310 meters and widens as it flows down,
resembling a milky white stream. he train passes right in front of the waterfall, offering passengers a
stunning view of this natural wonder. Witnessing it’s heavenly beauty was such a luxury in a way. Again
it journey from dense western Ghats to central indian plains and plateaus. Climate became more drier as
we moved from southern towards northern india. Train route was flanked by agricultural fields on both
sides.
We reached Delhi on 22 July. Climate took a sharp shift from heavy rains in South India to scorching
heat in Delhi but we were determined to visit the planned places such as Humayun Tomb, Qutub minarb
and India gate .Built of red and buff sandstone and eloquently carved with inscriptional bands, the Qutub
Minar is the tallest masonry tower in India. Similarly, Humayun tomb is also the another historical
monument that proper stands in the centre of a square garden, divided into four main parterres by
causeways (charbagh), in the centre of which ran shallow water-channels . The mausoleum is a synthesis
of Persian architecture and Indian traditions-the former exemplified by the arched alcoves, corridors and
the high double which give it a pyramidal outline from distance.. After this, we also visited the famous
Sarojini market . Women clothes and different varieties of accessories are particularly available at
affordable rates. The city is dotted with numerous museums, historic forts and monuments, libraries,
auditoriums, botanical gardens, and places of worship. Complementing such traditional institutions are
the ever-changing urban commercial and leisure centres, with their privately held contemporary art
galleries, cinema multiplexes, bowling alleys and other sports venues, and restaurants . The oldest
buildings in the city belong to the early Muslim period; they are not homogenous in construction or in
ornamentation, however. The influence of Hindu Rajput craftsmen is visible in the naturalistic motifs, the
serpentine tendrils, and even the curves of the alphabets of Quranic inscriptions. The city plan of Delhi is
a mixture of old and new road patterns. The street network of Old Delhi reflects the defines needs of an

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earlier era, with a few transverse streets leading from one major gate to another. This completes our
journey. It was such a great opportunity to be the part of such an exciting and knowledgeable journey.

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