■ Physics — Basic Maths for NEET
Trigonometry · Calculus · Vectors · Graphs | Class 11 & 12
■ TRIGONOMETRY
sin²θ + cos²θ =1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ
cos 2θ = cos²θ – sin²θ = 1 – 2sin²θ = 2cos²θ – 1
tan 2θ = 2 tanθ / (1 – tan²θ)
sin(A±B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
cos(A±B) = cosA cosB ■ sinA sinB
Sine rule a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC = 2R
Cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA
Small angle (θ in rad) sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1, tan θ ≈ θ when θ → 0
■ STANDARD TRIG VALUES
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
0° 0 1 0
30° 1/2 √3/2 1/√3
45° 1/√2 1/√2 1
60° √3/2 1/2 √3
90° 1 0 ∞
∂ DIFFERENTIATION
d/dx [xn] = nxn–1
d/dx [sin x] = cos x
d/dx [cos x] = –sin x
d/dx [tan x] = sec2x
d/dx [ex] = ex
d/dx [ln x] = 1/x
d/dx [constant] =0
Product rule d/dx[uv] = u·v' + v·u'
Chain rule d/dx[f(g(x))] = f'(g(x))·g'(x)
Quotient rule d/dx[u/v] = (v·u' – u·v') / v2
Maxima condition dy/dx = 0 AND d2y/dx2 < 0
Minima condition dy/dx = 0 AND d2y/dx2 > 0
∫ INTEGRATION
∫ xn dx = xn+1/(n+1) + C (n ≠ –1)
∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C
∫ ex dx = ex + C
∫ sin x dx = –cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ sec2x dx = tan x + C
∫ ax dx = ax/ln a + C
Definite integral (area) ∫ab f(x)dx = F(b) – F(a)
Area under v–t graph = displacement
Slope of v–t graph = acceleration
Slope of x–t graph = velocity
Area under F–x graph = work done
➡ VECTORS
Magnitude of A■ = (a,b,c) |A| = √(a2+b2+c2)
Dot product A■·B■ = |A||B|cosθ = axbx+ayby+azbz
Cross product magnitude |A■×B■| = |A||B|sinθ
Cross product direction Right-hand rule; result ⊥ to both A■ and B■
Unit vector â = A■/|A|
Addition (parallelogram) R = √(A2+B2+2AB cosθ)
Angle of resultant tan φ = B sinθ / (A + B cosθ)
Component form A■ = Axî + Ay■ + Azk■
î×■ = k■, ■×k■ = î, k■×î = ■ î·î = ■·■ = k■·k■ = 1 ; î·■ = 0
Work (vectors) W = F■·d■ = |F||d|cosθ
Torque τ■ = r■ × F■ ; |τ| = rF sinθ
■ ALGEBRA & QUADRATICS
Quadratic formula x = (–b ± √(b2–4ac)) / 2a
Sum of roots α + β = –b/a
Product of roots αβ = c/a
D = b2–4ac (D>0: real & distinct, D=0: equal, D<0:
Discriminant
complex)
Binomial approx (|x|«1) (1+x)n ≈ 1 + nx
AP: nth term an = a + (n–1)d
AP: Sum of n terms Sn = n/2 · (2a + (n–1)d)
GP: nth term an = arn–1
GP: Sum (|r|<1, ∞) S = a/(1–r)
loga(mn) = logam + logan
loga(m/n) = logam – logan
loga(mn) = n · logam
■ IMPORTANT GRAPHS IN PHYSICS
x–t graph: straight line → uniform velocity (slope = v)
x–t graph: parabola → uniform acceleration
v–t graph: straight line → uniform acceleration (slope = a)
v–t graph: area → displacement
F–x graph: area → work done
P–V graph: isothermal → hyperbola (PV = const)
P–V graph: adiabatic → steeper hyperbola than isothermal
SHM: x–t → sinusoidal (x = A sinωt)
Photoelectric: KE vs ν → straight line; slope = h (Planck's const)
Radioactivity: N vs t → exponential decay N = N0e–λt
■ CONSTANTS & CONVERSIONS
g (acceleration due to gravity) ≈ 9.8 m/s2 (use 10 in NEET unless stated)
Speed of light (c) 3 × 108 m/s
Planck's constant (h) 6.626 × 10–34 J·s
Boltzmann constant (kB) 1.38 × 10–23 J/K
Avogadro (NA) 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Charge of electron (e) 1.6 × 10–19 C
Mass of electron (me) 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Universal gas constant (R) 8.314 J·mol–1·K–1
ε0 (permittivity) 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N·m2
µ0 (permeability) 4π × 10–7 T·m/A
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
■ NEET Tips: Binomial approx (1+x)n ≈ 1+nx is used in gravitation & elasticity · Small angle: sinθ ≈ θ appears in SHM & pendulum · Always check if a
graph's slope or area is physically meaningful · Dot product → scalar quantity; Cross product → vector quantity