Revision notes
1. EXPANSION
Formula
a(b + c) = ab + ac
🪜 Steps
1. Multiply outside number with each term inside
2. Keep signs correct
Example
3(x + 4)
= 3x + 12
2. FACTORISATION
Take common factor out
🪜 Steps
1. Find common number/variable
2. Take it outside bracket
3. Divide each term
Example
6x + 9
= 3(2x + 3)
3. SOLVING EQUATIONS
🪜 Steps
1. Move numbers to one side
2. Keep x on one side
3. Divide to find x
Example
2x + 3 = 11
→ 2x = 8
→x = 4
4. INEQUALITIES
Remember
Same as equation BUT:
multiply/divide by negative → change sign
🪜 Steps
1. Solve like equation
2. Check sign change if needed
Example
–2x > 4
→ divide by –2
→ x < –2
5. SEQUENCES
Term-to-term
check difference
🪜 Steps
1. Find pattern
2. Continue same rule
Example
5, 8, 11 → add 3
nth term / Position to term
an + b
🪜 Steps
1. Find difference = a
2. a + or - what is 1st number
Example
3, 7, 11
→ 4n – 1
7-3 is 4 and 4-1=3(1st number)
6. FUNCTIONS
Put value into formula
🪜 Steps
1. Replace x
2. Solve step by step
Example
f(x) = 2x + 1
f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7
f(x) and y are same
TIPS
• Always write steps (don’t jump)
• Use brackets carefully
• Check signs (+ / –)
• For sequences → check pattern twice
• For inequalities → sign change is important
6.1 DISTANCE + QUADRILATERALS
KM & MILES
km → miles → × 5/8
miles → km → × 8/5
Example
80 km → 80 × 5/8 = 50 miles
QUADRILATERALS
• Rectangle & Rhombus → QTP
• Square → QTP + RR
• Parallelogram & Isosceles trapezium → QT
• Trapezium → QT
• Kite → Quadrilateral only
STEP METHOD
Parallel sides
Equal sides
Angles
Example
2 pairs parallel + 90° → Rectangle
Careful
Trapezium = at least one pair
Square & rhombus both have all sides equal
6.2 AREA
Parallelogram
Area = base × height
Example
10 × 5 = 50 cm²
Trapezium
Area = ½ × (a + b) × h
Example
(6 + 10) × 4 ÷ 2 = 32 cm²
Careful
Height must be perpendicular
6.3 CIRCLE
C = πD OR 2πr
Example
r = 7 → 2 × 3.14 × 7 = 43.96 cm
Careful
Diameter = 2 × radius
6.4 ANGLES + BEARINGS
ANGLES RULES
• Straight line → 180°
• Triangle → 180°
• Quadrilateral → 360°
PARALLEL LINES
• Corresponding = equal
• Alternate = equal
• Vertically opposite = equal
Example
x + 50 + 60 = 180 → x = 70°
BEARINGS (VERY IMPORTANT)
STEP
Start from North
Measure clockwise
Always write 3 digits
• For the second angle, measure the opposite and subtract from 360°
• See which side you are going to add the angle, then see whether 0 is inside or outside.
• If 0 is inside measure the inside value or outside
Example
Angle = 50° → 050°
Don’t write 50° Write 050°
6.5 CONSTRUCTION
BASIC STEPS
Always: Draw base line
Use compass for length
Use protractor for angle
Example (Triangle)
Given 3 sides:
Draw one side
Draw arc from both ends
Join intersection
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
Draw line
Arcs from both ends
Join intersection
ANGLE BISECTOR
Arc from vertex
Arcs from both sides
Join
Careful
Compass opening must not change
Draw lightly, then darken
7.1 Vertices, Faces, Edges
Rule:
• Faces (F) = flat surfaces
• Edges (E) = lines
• Vertices (V) = corners
Formula:
F+V-E=2
Example:
F = 6, V = 8
6+8−E=2
E = 12
7.2 Views of 3D Shapes
Types:
• Front view → what you see from front
• Side view → from side
• Plan view → from top
Method:
Count blocks seen from that direction
Example:
A stack of cubes
Top view = only top blocks
Front = height visible
(Just see from that direction!)
7.3 Surface Area of Prism
Rule: Add all faces
Formula:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Find areas for each shape and add them
For cube
Area ÷ 6
√ of that answer
Eg:
486
486 ÷ 6 = 81 cm²
√81 = 9 cm
Net of Prism
Open the shape → flat → add all parts (diagram)
Example:
Cube → 6 squares
SA = 6 × side²
7.4 Volume of Prism
Formula:
Volume = base × height × length
Special:
Triangle → ½ × base × height × length
Just multiply everything
Always divide by 2 for triangle
Volume: cm³
Area: cm²
Length, height, breadth: cm
For fractions
FRACTIONS (ADD/SUB)
Key: Same denominator
Steps:
1. Make same
2. Add/subtract
Example:
1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4
FRACTIONS (MULTIPLY)
Key: Straight multiply
Steps:
1. Top × top
2. Bottom × bottom
Example:
2/3 × 4/5 = 8/15
DECIMALS (ADD/SUB)
Key: Line up decimals
Example:
2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75
DECIMALS (MULTIPLY)
Key: Multiply → place decimal
Example:
1.2 × 0.5 = 0.6