Biology
Respiration – happens in all cells, all living things, gives energy
Air Nose/Mouth Trachea / windpipe (has rings of cartilage) Bronchi Bronchioles
Air sacs/Alveoli
Larynx – makes high/low pitched sounds (voice box)
Air sacs - Surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)
Air sac walls & Capillary walls – separate air and blood (very thin)
Diffusion – O2 enters & CO2 leaves blood
Expired air – air u breathe out – CO2
Inspired air – air u breathe in – O2
Inhalation Exhalation
Intercostal muscles contract Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm muscles contract Diaphragm muscles relax
Ribs move up Ribs move down
Diaphragm move down Diaphragm move up
More space Less space
Volume increases Volume decreases
Pressure decreases Pressure increases
Air goes in Air goes out
Aerobic respiration
- Glucose has locked energy
- Mitochondria releases it
Glucose + O2 CO2 + water
RBC
- Carries O2
- Small, many
- No nucleus, No mitochondria
- Disc shaped, Biconcave, smooth, flat
- Flexible
- Red due to haemoglobin
WBC
- Fights infections and diseases
- Large, few
- Has nucleus
- Uneven, bumpy
- White with purple tint (colourless/translucent)
Plasma
- Pale yellow liquid
- Carries O2, CO2, waste, harmones, nutrients, glucose
Pathogens - virus, bacteria
• Phagocytosis – WBC makes finger like arms, catches and digests
• Antibodies – WBC makes Y shaped antibodies, sticks together, kills
Adaptation – changes
Cactus – thick stems, spikes to store water
Saguaro cacti
- Grows slowly
- Roots spread out & absorbs water quickly when it rains
Birds: Gilla woodpeckers, Cactus wrens – makes holes in cactus & build nests
Teddy bear chollas – spiky – protects young ones & eggs
Lizards, tortoises, Kangaroo rats – rest in plant shade, come out at night
Coyotes, Rattlesnakes come at night to eat rats
When it rains
- Flowers blossom
- Animals reproduce
Insects help plants reproduce
Ants collect seeds for food
Droppings make soil healthy
Nocturnal – active at night
Non living things – Temperature , soil, water, light, air
Ecosystem – living & non-living things interact
Eg. Arctic ocean
Habitat – place where organisms lives
Eg. Beetles – lives in Saguaro flowers
Study of ecosystem – Ecology
Mangrove forests
- Young fish hide in roots
- Mudskippers climb on mid for food
- Mangrove leaves decompose
- Prawns & crabs eat partly decomposed leaves
- Crab eating macaques eat crabs
Arctic ocean
Sunlight Algae Fish Shrimp Seals Polar bears
Arctic fox search food
Rice paddy (man made)
- Algae grow in shallow water
- Fish swin
- Frogs, dragonflies breed
- Birds feed
Farmers use fertilizers
Intruders / Introduced/ Invasive species – new species in ecosystem
Problems:
- Grow & reproduce quickly
- Use food, water & shelter of native species
- Native species becomes extinct / endangered
DDT
- Persistent, doesn’t break down
- Travels far
- Kills insects, mosquitoes, fleas
Bio accumulation – The longer the organism lives, the more toxin builds up in its body.
Bio magnification – The higher the organism is in the food chain, the more toxin it contains.
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
- Starch , sugar
- Starch breaks down as glucose – aerobic respiration
- Rice, bread, pasta
Protein
- New cells
- Grow, repair
- Haemoglobin, antibodies
- Chicken, fish, eggs, milk
Fats & oils
- Cell membrane
- Butter, oil
If there’s no carbs, fat – uses protein
Short term energy – carbs – liver, muscles
Long term energy – under skin & around organs
Vitamin A
- night vision, WBC
- carrots, pumpkin, greens
Vitamin C
- skin, blood vessels, bones, heal wounds
- Scurvy – bleeding gums
- Citrus fruits, berries, potato
Vitamin D
- Absorbs calcium
- Bones, teeth
- Rickets – weak bones
- Sunlight, oily fish
Minerals
Calcium – teeth, bones – milk products, nuts, seeds
Iron – haemoglobin – red meat, greens, nuts, seeds – anaemia (tired)
Balances diet – all 6 nutrients in right amount
Energy balance – use energy for what u have eaten
Active kids – more protein, carbs, fat
Sitting people – less protein, carbs, fat
Pregnant women – more protein, iron, calcium
Fiber – won’t digest but keeps digestive system healthy
Growth – cells divide again & again to make new cells
Development – Improving skills, muscles & bones get strong
Nicotine – blood vessels shrink – heart disease
Tar – dark sticky substance – cancer
Carbon monoxide, Particulates – breathing problems
Skeleton – supports movement
Joints- 2 bones meet
Hinge joint – elbow , knee
Ball & socket joint – shoulder, hip
Antagonist muscles – muscles work in opposite pairs
Bending arm – biceps contract, triceps relax
Straightening arm – biceps relax, triceps contract
Tendons – join bones & muscles
Biceps – 2 tendons
Triceps – 3 tendons