Force – how strong u push / pull
Force diagram
• Arrow – to show direction
• Length – strength ( long – strong, short – weak)
Balanced force Unbalanced force
Equal & opposite Not equal, not opposite
• Doesn’t move • Moves
• Moves in constant speed • Speed/ Direction changes
Contact force
Gravity / weight
Push / Pull
Friction
Speed = Distance / Time
Horizontal line – Time
Vertical line – Distance
↗️ Moves in constant speed
Stop moving
Slows down
Speeds up
Return back
Moment – turning effect
Pressure – pushing effect
Moment = Force × distance
Pressure = Force / Area
Lever – part that turns
Pivot – point where lever turns
To increase moment, more Force or more distance
To increase pressure, more Force or less Area
Pressure of bottom water – high – thick dam at bottom
Pressure inside balloon/ tyre is high
- Particles hit wall more force more pressure
Diffusion: high concentration to low concentration (food smell)
Temperature Diffusion
Reflection – bouncing back of light – eg . Safety mirrors
Refraction – bending of light – eg. Lens ( speed change – direction change)
Plane mirror – flat mirror
Incident ray – arriving light ray
Normal – line at right angle to mirror
Arrow head – to show direction
Light travels in straight lines – rays
Angle of incidence – angle between incident ray & normal
Angle of reflection – angle between reflected ray & normal
Law of reflection: Angle of incidence= Angle of reflection
Medium – material through which light passed
Air > Water > Glass
Dispersion – whit light splitting into different colours
Spectrum – band of colours
ROY G BIV
Primary colours – red, green, blue
R + G = Yellow
R + B = Magenta
G + B = Cyan
Filters – remove unwanted colours
Green appears green – green, white
Green appears black – red, blue
Galaxies
- Spiral -our milky way galaxy
- Elliptical
- Irregular
Made up of
- Stellar dust
- Solar system
- Gas
- Stars
Asteroid – space rocks – mainly in asteroid belt between mars & Jupiter
Largest – Ceres – round with craters by other asteroids – has core, mantle, crust
Smallest – Itokawa – uneven – made with rock lumps from broken planets, moon
Magnet attracts magnetic materials: iron, steel, nickel, cobalt
Measure strength of magnet
- By paperclips
- By compass
Two poles : North (N), South (S)
Like poles : repel
Unlike poles : attract
Magnetic field: Area around magnet that has effect
Magnetic field lines: show magnetic field
N S
Iodestone – natural magnet
Uses: To navigate, ships, airplanes, birds
Earth’s magnetic field – liquid core moving – iron, nickel
Magnetic materials can be magnetised
Electromagnet – can be turned on & off
Wrap coil around magnet & connect to battery
If electricity passes, magnet on or else off
Ways to reverse poles
- Wrap the coil in opposite direction
- Reverse the battery connection
-
Ways to increase the strength of electromagnet
- Increase the number of coil wraps
- Increase the current
- Use soft iron
Uses of electromagnet
- Fire doors
- MRI scanner
- Electric bell
- Toaster
- Motor
- Scrap yards