Experiment No.

1a
Signal Generation and Visualization in Simulink
Aim: To Generate and visualize different signals in Simulink, including:
1. Sinusoidal Signal 2. Square Wave Signal
3. Sawtooth Wave Signal 4. Random Signal
These signals will be generated using their respective signal generator blocks and displayed on a single
scope with separate inputs.
Software Required: MATLAB with Simulink toolbox
Simulink Block Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB and Simulink:
➢ Launch MATLAB and open Simulink by typing Simulink in the
command window.
2. Create a New Simulink Model:
➢ Click on Blank Model in Simulink to start a new model.
3. Add Signal Sources:
➢ Drag and drop the following blocks from the Simulink Library Browser:

▪ Sine Wave (for sinusoidal signal)

▪ Square Wave Generator (for square signal)
▪ Sawtooth Generator (for sawtooth signal)
▪ Random Number Generator (for random signal)
4. Add a Scope to Visualize the Signals:
➢ From the Simulink Library Browser, add a Scope block.
 ➢ Double-click on the Scope block and set the number of input ports to 4 to
accommodate all signals.
5. Connect the Blocks:
➢ Connect the output of each signal generator to separate input ports of the Scope.
6. Run the Simulation:
➢ Click on the Run button to start the simulation.
➢ Open the Scope to observe the generated waveforms.

Output:

Result:
➢ The generated signals (sinusoidal, square, sawtooth, and random) are displayed on the
Scope with separate inputs.
➢ The simulation successfully demonstrates signal generation and visualization in
Simulink.
Experiment No. 1b
Signal Processing – Differentiation and Integration in Simulink
Aim: To perform signal processing operations in Simulink and display the output for the following
1. 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)
ⅆ
2. 𝒚(𝒕) = (𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)) (Differentiation)
ⅆ𝒕

3. 𝒚(𝒕) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕) (Integration)

Software Required: MATLAB with Simulink toolbox

Simulink Block Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB and Simulink:
➢ Launch MATLAB and open Simulink by typing
simulink in the command window.
2. Create a New Simulink Model:
➢ Click on Blank Model in Simulink to start a new model.
3. Add Signal Source:
➢ From the Simulink Library Browser, add a Sine Wave block.
➢ Set parameters for the Sine Wave block:
➢ Amplitude: 1
➢ Frequency: 2 rad/sec
4. Perform Differentiation:
➢ Drag and drop a Derivative block from the Continuous library.
➢ Connect the output of the Sine Wave block to the input of the Derivative
block.
5. Perform Integration:
➢ Drag and drop an Integrator block from the Continuous library.
➢ Connect the output of the Sine Wave block to the input of the Integrator
 block.
6. Add a Scope for Visualization:
➢ Drag a Scope block from the Simulink Library Browser.
➢ Double-click on the Scope block and set the number of input ports to 3.
➢ Connect:
o The Sine Wave output to the Scope
o The Derivative block output to the Scope
o The Integrator block output to the Scope
7. Run the Simulation:
➢ Click on the Run button to start the simulation.
➢ Open the Scope to observe the generated waveforms.
Output:

Result:

➢ The simulation successfully generates:

➢ The original sine wave
➢ The differentiated signal
➢ The integrated signal
➢ The signals are displayed on the Scope in separate plots, demonstrating the
differentiation and integration operations.
Experiment No. 2a
Solving Second-Order Differential Equation Using Simulink
Aim: To solve the second-order differential equation.
ⅆ𝟐 𝒚 ⅆ𝒚
𝟐
+𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕
Software Required: MATLAB with Simulink toolbox
Mathematical Modelling:
Rearrange the given differential equation:
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲
− 𝟏 − 𝟐 − 𝟓𝐲
𝐝𝐭 𝟐 𝐝𝐭
Define:
𝐝𝐲
𝐲𝟏 = 𝐲 , 𝐲𝟐 = 𝐝𝐭

Rewriting as first-order equations:

𝐝𝐲𝟏
= 𝐲𝟐
𝐝𝐭

ⅆ𝒚𝟐
− 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟏
ⅆ𝒕𝟐
Simulink Block Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Open MATLAB and Simulink

o Launch MATLAB and open Simulink by typing Simulink in the
 command window.
2. Create a New Simulink Model
o Click on Blank Model in Simulink.
3. Add Required Blocks
o Constant Block: Set value to 1.
o Sum Block: Configure to + - - to implement 1-2y2-5y1.
o Gain Blocks:
▪ First Gain Block (set to 2) for 2y2.
▪ Second Gain Block (set to 5) for 5y1.
o Integrator Blocks:
▪ First Integrator computes y1 from y2.
▪ Second Integrator computes y2 from the equation.
o Scope Block: To visualize y1(t).
4. Connect the Blocks
o Connect the Sine Wave Block to the Sum Block.
o Connect outputs of the Gain Blocks to the Sum Block.
o Connect the Sum Block output to the Second Integrator.
o Connect the Second Integrator output to the First Integrator.
o Connect the First Integrator output to the Scope Block.
5. Run the Simulation
o Click on Run to execute the model.
6. Observe the Output
Output:

Result: The second-order differential equation was successfully solved using Simulink, and the output
waveform was displayed on the Scope
Experiment No. 2b
Solving Second-Order Differential Equation Using Simulink
Aim: To solve the second-order differential equation.
ⅆ𝟐 𝒚 ⅆ𝒚
𝟐
+𝟑 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝐭) 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕
Software Required: MATLAB with Simulink toolbox
Mathematical Modelling:
Rearrange the given differential equation:
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲
− 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝐭) − 𝟑 − 𝟒𝐲
𝐝𝐭 𝟐 𝐝𝐭
Define:
𝐝𝐲
𝐲𝟏 = 𝐲 , 𝐲𝟐 = 𝐝𝐭

Rewriting as first-order equations:

𝐝𝐲𝟏
= 𝐲𝟐
𝐝𝐭

ⅆ𝒚𝟐
− 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟏
ⅆ𝒕𝟐
Simulink Block Diagram:

1. Open MATLAB and Simulink

o Launch MATLAB and open Simulink by typing simulink in
the command window.
 2. Create a New Simulink Model
o Click on Blank Model in Simulink.
3. Add Required Blocks
o Sine Wave Block: Set function to 5cos(2t) (adjust frequency to 2
rad/s and amplitude to 5).
o Sum Block: Configure to + - - to implement 5cos(2t)−3y2−4y1.
o Gain Blocks:
▪ First Gain Block (set to 3) for 3y2.
▪ Second Gain Block (set to 4) for 4y1.
o Integrator Blocks:
▪ First Integrator computes y1 from y2.
▪ Second Integrator computes y2 from the equation.
o Scope Block: To visualize y1(t).
4. Connect the Blocks
o Connect the Sine Wave Block to the Sum Block.
o Connect outputs of the Gain Blocks to the Sum Block.
o Connect the Sum Block output to the Second Integrator.
o Connect the Second Integrator output to the First Integrator.
o Connect the First Integrator output to the Scope Block.
5. Run the Simulation
o Click on Run to execute the model.
6. Observe the Output
o Open the Scope to view the graph of y1(t).
Output:

Result:
The second-order differential equation was successfully solved using Simulink, and the output
waveform was displayed on the Scope.
Experiment No. 4
Design and Simulate a BCD Adder using Simulink
Aim: To design and simulate a Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Adder using Simulink and verify its
operation.
Software Required:

• MATLAB Simulink
• Logic Design Toolbox (Simulink Library)
Theory:

A Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Adder is a combinational circuit that adds two BCD numbers
and produces the sum in BCD format. It follows these steps:

1. Add two 4-bit BCD numbers using a binary adder.

2. If the sum is greater than 9 (1001 in binary) or if a carry is generated, add 6 (0110
in binary) to correct the sum.
3. The final result is a valid BCD representation of the sum.
DESIGN:
The correction logic is implemented based on detecting invalid BCD numbers.

Sum (Binary) Sum (Decimal) Valid/Invalid Add 6 (0110)? Corrected BCD Output
0000 0 Valid No 0000
0001 1 Valid No 0001
0010 2 Valid No 0010
0011 3 Valid No 0011
0100 4 Valid No 0100
0101 5 Valid No 0101
0110 6 Valid No 0110
0111 7 Valid No 0111
1000 8 Valid No 1000
1001 9 Valid No 1001
1010 10 Invalid Yes 0000 (carry = 1)
1011 11 Invalid Yes 0001 (carry = 1)
1100 12 Invalid Yes 0010 (carry = 1)
1101 13 Invalid Yes 0011 (carry = 1)
1110 14 Invalid Yes 0100 (carry = 1)
1111 15 Invalid Yes 0101 (carry = 1)
K-Map Simplification for Correction Logic

To detect invalid BCD numbers (10-15), the Boolean expression is derived using K-map.

Minterms for Invalid BCD Numbers:

F=Σm(10,11,12,13,14,15)

Using K-map simplification

Y= S3S2 + S3S1
SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:
 FULL ADDER SUB-SYSTEM

Procedure:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new model and drag required blocks from the Simulink Library:
o Binary Adder (Full Adder Blocks)
o Make the subsystem for full adder.
o Logic Gates (AND, OR, XOR)
o Constant Blocks for Inputs
o Display Blocks for Output
3. Connect the components to implement a BCD adder:
o Use a 4-bit binary adder to add two BCD numbers.
o Implement logic to check if the sum exceeds 9 or a carry is generated.
o Add a correction factor (0110) using another binary adder if needed.
4. Run the simulation and observe the output.
5. Verify the correctness of the sum.
Test Cases:
Input A Input B Binary Sum Correction Final BCD
Added? Output
0110 (6) 0011 (3) 1001 (9) No 1001 (9)
0110 (6) 0110 (6) 1100 (12) Yes (Add 6) 0010 (carry 1)
1001 (9) 1001 (9) 10010 (18) Yes (Add 6) 0010 1000

Results:

The BCD Adder was successfully designed and simulated using Simulink. The circuit
correctly performs BCD addition, applies correction logic when needed, and properly
handles carry propagation. The simulation results verify the expected BCD output.
Experiment No. 5

Design and Simulate the following using Simulink and verify its operation.
(a) 3-bit Up/Down Counter (b) 4-bit Ring Counter

Aim: To design and simulate a 3-bit Up/Down Counter and a 4-bit Ring Counter
using Simulink and verify their operation.
Software Required: MATLAB Simulink
Theory:
3- bit Up/Down Counter

A 3-bit Up/Down Counter is a sequential circuit that counts up or down based on a

control signal. It consists of three flip-flops, with each flip-flop representing one bit.
The counter follows the sequence:

• Up Counting: 000 → 001 → 010 → 011 → 100 → 101 → 110 → 111 →

(repeats)
• Down Counting: 111 → 110 → 101 → 100 → 011 → 010 → 001 → 000 →
(repeats)

Working Principle:

o The counter is driven by a clock signal.

o A mode control signal (UP/DOWN) determines whether the
counter increments or decrements.
o Flip-flops are interconnected such that the output toggles accordingly.

4- bit Ring Counter

A 4-bit Ring Counter is a type of counter where a single 1 moves through

the register in a circular fashion. It is designed using D flip-flops.

Working Principle:

o Initially, one flip-flop is set (1), and all others are reset (0).
o On each clock pulse, the 1 shifts from one flip-flop to the next.
o The cycle repeats after four clock pulses.

State Diagram:

1. 0001
2. 0010
3. 0100
4. 1000
5. (Repeats)
3-bit Up Counter Design
Number of Flip-Flops (FF) = 3
Range of Counting: 0 to 2^3 – 1 (0 to 7)

State Table for 3-bit Counter:

Present State Next State DA DB DC
000 001 0 0 1
001 010 0 1 0
010 011 0 1 1
011 100 1 0 0
100 101 1 0 1
101 110 1 1 0
110 111 1 1 1
111 000 0 0 0

K-Maps for DA, DB, and DC:

• K-Map for DA → DA=Σ(3,4,5,6)

DA= QAQC' + QAQB' + QA'QBQC

• K-Map for DB → DB=Σ(1,2,5,6)

DB= QBQC' +

QB'QC

DB= QB⊕QC
• K-Map for DC → DC=Σ(0,2,4,6)

DC= QC'

Procedure:
3- bit Up/Down Counter

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model.
3. Use D flip-flops or JK flip-flops to build a 3-bit counter.
4. Connect the clock source.
5. Add a toggle switch to control UP/DOWN counting.
6. Connect logical AND, OR, XOR gates as required.
7. Display output using a Scope or Display block.

4- bit Ring Counter

1. Create a new Simulink model.

2. Use D flip-flops to form a shift register.
3. Set the initial state with one flip-flop high (1) and others low (0).
4. Use a Clock Source to drive the shift.
5. Connect feedback for continuous looping.
6. Observe the output using a Scope.
SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:

UP-COUNTER:

DOWN-COUNTER:

RING-COUNTER:
For RING COUNTER

Output:

UP-COUNTER
DOWN-COUNTER

RING COUNTER

Result:
The 3-bit Up/Down Counter and 4-bit Ring Counter were successfully designed and
simulated using Simulink. The outputs were verified and matched the expected behaviour.
Experiment No. 6
Implementation of 4:1 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Using Simulink

Aim: To design and implement a 4:1 Multiplexer and a 1:4 Demultiplexer using Simulink and
analyze their functionality.
Software Required: MATLAB Simulink
Theory:
A Multiplexer (MUX) is a combinational circuit that selects one input from
multiple inputs and forwards it to a single output based on the selection lines.
A Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is a combinational circuit that takes a single input
and distributes it to multiple outputs based on the selection lines.

4:1 Multiplexer

A 4:1 MUX has four input data lines D0,D1,D2,D3 two selection lines S1,S0 and one
output. The output equation is:

1:4 Demultiplexer

A 1:4 DEMUX has one input II, two selection lines S1,S0 and four outputs

Y0,Y1,Y2,Y3. The output equations are:

Procedure:
For 4:1 MUX:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model.
3. Add the following blocks:
o Constant Blocks (to represent input values)
o Manual Switches (for selection lines S1,S0)
o Logical AND, OR, NOT Blocks (to implement the logic equation)
o Scope Block (to observe the output)
4. Implement the logic equation of the 4:1 MUX.
5. Connect all blocks appropriately.
6. Run the simulation and observe the output on the Scope.

For 1:4 DEMUX:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model.
3. Add the following blocks:
o Constant Blocks (to represent input values)
o Manual Switches (for selection lines S1,S0)
o Logical AND, NOT Blocks (to implement the logic equations)
o Scope Blocks (to observe the outputs)
4. Implement the logic equations of the 1:4 DEMUX.
5. Connect all blocks appropriately.
6. Run the simulation and observe the outputs on the Scope.
SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:

4:1 MUX

1:4 DE-MUX

Results:

The 4:1 Multiplexer and 1:4 Demultiplexer were successfully designed and simulated using
Simulink.
Experiment No. 7
Step Response Analysis of Continuous and Discrete Systems Using Simulink

Aim: To analyze and obtain the step response of the given continuous and discrete transfer
functions using MATLAB Simulink.
Software Required:
MATLAB Simulink
Signal Processing Toolbox
Theory:
Step response is a fundamental analysis method in control systems that helps in understanding
system stability and performance. A step input allows the study of transient and steady-state
behavior.
Continuous Transfer Function:
𝟓(𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝑯(𝒔) =
𝒔(𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟑)
This function represents a continuous-time system, and its response is obtained using
Simulink’s Transfer Function block.
Discrete Transfer Function:
𝐳 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝐳 + 𝟏
𝐻(𝐳) =
𝐳 𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝐳 𝟐 + 𝐳 − 𝟎 ⋅ 𝟐
This function represents a discrete-time system, and its response is obtained using Simulink’s
Discrete Transfer Function block.

Procedure:

For Continuous Transfer Function:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model.
3. Add the following blocks:
o Step Input (from Sources library)
o Transfer Function (from Continuous library)
o Scope (from Sinks library)
4. Set the transfer function as

𝟓(𝐬 + 𝟐)
𝐬(𝟐𝐬𝟐 + 𝟒𝐬 + 𝟑)

5. Connect all blocks appropriately.

6. Run the simulation and observe the output on the Scope.
For Discrete Transfer Function:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model.
3. Add the following blocks:
o Step Input (from Sources library)
o Discrete Transfer Function (from Discrete library)
o Scope (from Sinks library)
4. Set the discrete transfer function as

𝐳 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝐳 + 𝟏
𝐻(𝐳) =
𝐳 𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝐳 𝟐 + 𝐳 − 𝟎 ⋅ 𝟐

5. Connect all blocks appropriately.

6. Run the simulation and observe the output on the Scope.

SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:

 OUTPUT:

Discrete Transfer Function:

Continuous Transfer Function

Discrete Transfer Function

RESULTS:
The step response of the given continuous and discrete transfer functions was successfully
obtained using Simulink.
EXPERIMENT 8:

Realization of an FIR Filter using Simulink and Obtaining Frequency Response Characteristics
AIM: To design and implement a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter given by the impulse
response h(n) = {0.08, 0.21, 0.54, 0.86, 1, 0.86, 0.54, 0.21, 0.08} using Simulink and analyze
its frequency response.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

• MATLAB Simulink
• Signal Processing Toolbox
•
THEORY:
A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is a type of digital filter that has a finite duration
impulse response. The output of an FIR filter is obtained by convolving the input signal
with the impulse response coefficients. FIR filters are inherently stable and exhibit linear-
phase characteristics.

The given FIR filter has nine coefficients, meaning it is an 8th-order FIR filter. It is
implemented using delay blocks, multipliers (gain blocks), and summation blocks in
Simulink.

SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model and drag the following blocks from the Simulink
Library:
o Two Sine Wave blocks (to generate input signals)
o Add block (to combine two input signals)
o Unit Delay blocks (for implementing delay elements)
o Gain blocks (to multiply the impulse response coefficients)
o Add blocks (to sum the scaled signals)
o Scope (to observe the output waveform)
o Spectrum Analyzer (to observe the frequency response)
3. Connect the blocks as shown in the Simulink diagram.
4. Set the Gain values according to the given impulse response coefficients.
5. Run the simulation and observe the output waveform on the Scope.
6. Analyze the frequency response using the Spectrum Analyzer.
7. Compare the obtained response with theoretical expectations.
OUTPUT:

RESULTS:

The FIR filter was successfully implemented using Simulink, and the frequency response
characteristics were analyzed. The filter exhibited the expected behavior based on its impulse
response.
EXPERIMENT 9:

Simulation of Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation using Simulink

AIM: To simulate amplitude modulation (AM) and demodulation using MATLAB Simulink
and analyze the transmitted and received signals.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

• MATLAB Simulink
• Signal Processing Toolbox
THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is
varied in proportion to the message signal. It is widely used in radio broadcasting and
communication systems.

The AM wave equation is given by:

s(t)=[1+m(t)]cos(ωct) where:

m(t) is the message signal,

ωc is the carrier frequency.
Demodulation is the process of recovering the message signal from the modulated wave. In this
experiment, an envelope detector is used for demodulation, implemented using low-pass filters.

SIMULINK MODEL DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model and add the following blocks:
o Sine Wave (for message signal)
o Sine Wave (for carrier signal)
o Constant Block (for noise simulation)
o Add Block (to introduce noise to the message signal)
o Multipliers (for modulation and demodulation)
o Transfer Function Blocks (to act as low-pass filters for demodulation)
o Spectrum Analyzer (for analyzing the frequency spectrum of the
modulated and demodulated signals)
o Scope (to observe input and output signals)
3. Set the carrier frequency significantly higher than the message signal frequency.
4. Connect the blocks as per the provided Simulink diagram.
5. Run the simulation and observe the modulated and demodulated signals using the
Scope.
6. Verify that the demodulated signal resembles the original message signal.

OUTPUT:
RESULTS:
The AM signal was successfully generated, and the original message signal was recovered
using demodulation techniques.
EXPERIMENT 10:

Simulation of Modulation and Demodulation of a Random Binary Data Stream using QPSK
in Simulink.

AIM: To simulate Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation and demodulation
for a random binary data stream using MATLAB Simulink and analyze the output
waveforms.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

• MATLAB Simulink
• Communication Toolbox
THEORY:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme where two bits are
represented by a single symbol, using four different phase shifts (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°).
QPSK provides better bandwidth efficiency and noise immunity compared to BPSK.

The transmitted QPSK signal can be

represented as: S(t)=[Link](2π.fc.t+ϕ) where:

• Ac is the carrier amplitude,

• fc is the carrier frequency,
• ϕ is the phase shift based on the input bits.

The demodulation process retrieves the original binary data from the received QPSK signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. Open MATLAB and launch Simulink.

2. Create a new Simulink model and add the following blocks:
• Random Integer Generator (to generate binary data)
• QPSK Modulator Baseband (to modulate the input signal)
• AWGN Channel (to introduce noise into the signal)
• QPSK Demodulator Baseband (to recover the original signal)
• Complex to Real-Imag Block (to separate the in-phase
and quadrature components)
• Sine Wave Generators (for carrier signal generation)
• Multipliers and Adders (for coherent detection)
 • Scope (to visualize input and output signals)
• Spectrum Analyzer (for analyzing the frequency spectrum of
the modulated and demodulated signals)
3. Connect the blocks as per the provided Simulink diagram.
4. Configure the simulation parameters, ensuring that the sampling time is
appropriate for the signal frequencies.
5. Run the simulation and observe the QPSK modulated and demodulated
signals on the Scope and Spectrum Analyzer.
6. Analyze the effect of noise on the demodulated signal.

OUTPUT:
RESULTS:
The QPSK modulation and demodulation process was successfully simulated. The
demodulated signal was observed to closely match the original binary data stream.