CHAPTER 4
Synthesis of one-port networks with two kinds of
elements
Introduction
In this chapter we will study methods for synthesizing one-port
networks with two kinds of elements.
Since we have three elements to choose from, the networks to be
synthesized are either R-C, R-L, or L-C networks.
First we will discuss the properties of a particular type of one-
port network, and then we will synthesize it.
IMMITTANC FUNCTION FOR SOME SIMPLE NETWORKS
Synthesis of One-Port Networks with Two Elements
In network synthesis, the goal is to design a physical electrical network
(using R, L, and C elements) whose driving-point impedance Z(s) or
admittance Y(s) matches a given mathematical function.
A one-port network has two terminals where voltage and current are
measured.
For two-element networks, the synthesis methods commonly used are:
•Foster I realization
•Foster II realization
•Cauer I realization
•Cauer II realization
Foster I Realization
Foster I form realizes a network using a partial fraction expansion of the
impedance Z(s).
Each term of the expansion corresponds to a series branch consisting of an
inductor and capacitor
Foster II Realization
Foster II realization is obtained by expanding the admittance function Y(s)
rather than impedance.
Foster I Realization
Foster II Realization
Suppose F(s) is an admittance Y(s). Then the partial fraction expansion of
Y(s) gives us a circuit consisting of parallel branches shown
The L-C networks synthesized by partial fraction expansions are sometimes
called Foster-type networks.
The impedance form is sometimes called a Foster series network and the
admittance form is a Foster parallel network.
A useful property of L-C immittances is that the numerator and the denominator
always differ in degree by unity.
Therefore, there is always a zero or a pole at s = ∞.
Suppose we consider the case of an L-C impedance Z(s), whose numerator is of
degree 2n and denominator is of degree 2n-1, giving Z(s) a pole at s = ∞.
Cauer I Realization
Cauer forms are obtained using continued fraction expansion
of the impedance function.
Cauer I realization produces a ladder network starting with a
series element.
General structure:
Series element → Shunt element → Series element → Shunt
element
Cauer II Realization
Cauer II realization is also based on continued fraction expansion, but it
starts with admittance Y(s) and produces a ladder beginning with a shunt
element.
Structure:
Shunt element → Series element → Shunt element → Series element
Cauer I Realization
Cauer I Realization
Cauer II Realization
Since the lowest degrees of numerator and denominator of an L-C admittance must
differ by unity, it follows that there must be a zero or a pole at s = 0.
If we follow the same procedure we have just outlined, and remove successively
poles at s = 0, we will have an alternate realization in a ladder structure.
To do this by continued fractions, we arrange both numerator and denominator in
ascending order and divide the lowest power of the denominator into the lowest
power of the numerator; then we invert the remainder and divide again. For
example, in the case of the impedance we have
Properties of RC Driving point Impedance Functions
and driving point admittance of RL
Foster I
Foster II
Synthesis of Driving point Impedance functions of RL Network’s
Method Expansion Used Network Type
Foster I Partial fraction of (Z(s)) Series LC branches
Foster II Partial fraction of (Y(s)) Parallel LC branches
Cauer I Continued fraction of (Z(s)) Ladder starting with series element
Cauer II Continued fraction of (Y(s)) Ladder starting with shunt element