THOMAS CONNOLLY & CAROLYN BEGG
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
Chapter 1
Introduction
Database
• Shared collection of logically related
data (and a description of this data),
designed to meet the information
needs of an organization.
Database
• Shared collection – can be used
simultaneously by many departments
and users.
• Logically related - comprises the
important objects and the relationships
between these objects.
• Description of the data – the system
catalog (meta-data) provides
description of data to enable data
independence.
DBMS
• A software system that enables users
to define, create, and maintain the
database and that provides
controlled access to this database.
Database application program
• A software program that interacts
with the database by issuing an
appropriate request (typically an SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
Views
• Allows each user to have his or her
own view of the database.
• A view is essentially some subset of
the database.
Views
• Benefits include:
– Provide a level of security;
– Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database;
DBMS
Components of DBMS
Environment
• Hardware
– Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
• Software
– DBMS, operating system and also the
application programs.
• Data
– Used by the organization and a description of
this data called the schema.
Components of DBMS
Environment
• Procedures
– Instructions and rules that should be
applied to the design and use of the
database and DBMS.
• People
– Includes database designers, DBAs,
application programmers, and end-users.
Two-Tier Client-Server
• Client manages main business and
data processing logic and user
interface.
• Server manages and controls access to
database.
Two-Tier Client-Server
Three-Tier C-S Architecture
• User interface layer – runs on client.
• Business logic and data processing
layer – middle tier runs on a server
(application server).
• DBMS – stores data required by the
middle tier. This tier may be on a
separate server (database server).
Three-Tier C-S Architecture
• Advantages:
– ‘Thin’ client, requiring less expensive
hardware.
– Application maintenance centralized.
– Easier to modify or replace one tier without
affecting others.
Three-Tier C-S Architecture
Functions of a DBMS
• Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
• A User-Accessible Catalog.
• Transaction Support.
• Concurrency Control Services.
• Recovery Services.
Functions of a DBMS
• Authorization Services.
• Support for Data Communication.
• Integrity Services.
• Services to Promote Data Independence.
• Utility Services.
Advantages of DBMSs
• Control of data redundancy
• Data consistency :validity, accuracy,
usability and integrity
• Sharing of data
• Improved data integrity
• Improved maintenance through data
independence.
Disadvantages of DBMSs
• Complexity
• Cost of DBMS
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure
• Data Storage, Retrieval and Update.
Must furnish users with the ability to store, retrieve, and update data in the database.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Must furnish a catalog in which descriptions of data items are stored and which is accessible to users.
Transaction Support
Must furnish a mechanism to ensure that either all the updates corresponding to a given transaction are made or
that none of them are made.
Concurrency Control Services
Must furnish a mechanism to ensure that database is updated correctly when multiple users are updating the
database concurrently.
Recovery Services
Must furnish a mechanism for recovering the database in the event that the database is damaged in any way.
Authorization Services
Must furnish a mechanism to ensure that only authorized users can access the database.
Support for Data Communication
Must be capable of integrating with communication software.
Integrity Services
Must furnish a means to ensure that both the data in the database and changes to the data follow certain rules.
Services to Promote Data Independence
Must include facilities to support the independence of programs from the actual structure of the database.
Utility Services
Should provide a set of utility services.