FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
EE 203
Chapter Five
Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
What is Operational Amplifier?
The Op Amp is an integrated circuit which has a lot of
electronic circuits built on a single silicon wafer.
What can you do with the Op Amp?
Ø Amplify a signal
Ø Invert a signal
Ø Add two signals or more
Ø Compare two signals
q Differentiate a signal
q Integrate a signal
q Build low-pass filter or high-pass filter
Ideal Amplifiers
Small input signal vs(t) is amplified by a constant factor A called the
gain of the amplifier such that:
v L (t ) = Avs (t )
Amplifier Model
The amplifier model can have input resistor Rin, output resistance
Rout and dependent voltage source Avin.
Input voltage : Output voltage :
Rin RL RL Rin
vin = vs v L = Avin =A vs
Rs + Rin Rout + RL Rout + RL Rs + Rin
Unfortunately, the amplification factor is now dependent on both the source
and load resistances. Thus, a given amplifier would perform differently with
different loads or sources.
Amplifier Model
RL RL Rin
v L = Avin =A vs
Rout + RL Rout + RL Rs + Rin
Assume Rin is very large and Rout is very small, then:
Rin RL
lim Rin ®¥ =1 and lim Rout ®0 =1 and vin » vs
Rs + Rin Rout + RL
Hence, vL » Avs
Desirable for ideal amplifier to have large open-loop voltage gain A. Typically, A is between
105 to 107.
The Open-loop Model
The ideal amplifier behaves very much as an ideal difference amplifier, i.e., a
device that amplifies the difference between two input voltages.
vout = Av ( OL ) vin
vout = Av ( OL ) (v - v
+ -
)
v+ terminal is called noninverting input v - terminal is called inverting input
Since Av(OL) and Rin are very large, then iin » 0
The Closed-loop Model
Closed-loop because resistor RF is connected between the output and input. This
creates the feedback link.
Summary of the Ideal Amplifier Assumptions
q Rin is very large and Rout is very small, then:
𝑖𝑖𝑛 ≈ 0
q The open-loop gain A is very large, then:
&
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
(
𝑣 − 𝑣 = ≈0
𝐴
Hence,
𝑣& ≈ 𝑣(
The Inverting Amplifier Circuit
This is an inverting amplifier because the input to be amplified is connected to
the inverting terminal. And the noninverting terminal is grounded.
iS + iF = iin but iin » 0 Þ iS = -iF
vs - v - æ vout - v - ö vs vout vout RF
= -çç ÷÷ Þ =- Þ =-
Rs è RF ø Rs RF vs RS
The closed-loop voltage gain is given by the negative ratio of feedback vout RF
resistor RF and source resistor Rs: =-
vs RS
Example (1)
In the circuit shown in the Figure:
a) Calculate the voltage gain Av.
b) Calculate the output voltage vo
Solution
For the inverting amplifier, we have the voltage gain A:
vout RF
AV = =- = −10
vS Rs
Therefore, R2
vo = - vin = -10 V
R1
Example (2)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, calculate the output
voltage vo.
Solution
First, we need to find the Thevenin equivalent circuit as:
2k × 4k 4k
RT = + 6k = 7.33kW VT = 11 × = 7.33V
2k + 4k 2k + 4 k
Therefore, RF
vo = - VT = -12 V
RT
The Summing Amplifier Circuit
Notice that : i1 + i2 + ... + iN = -iF
v s1 - v - v s 2 - v - vsN - v - æ vout - v - ö
+ + ... + = -çç ÷÷
Rs1 Rs 2 RsN è RF ø
Since, v - = v + » 0 , then :
v s1 vs 2 vsN æ vout ö
+ + ... + = -çç ÷÷
Rs1 Rs 2 RsN è RF ø
N vsn vout N RF
å =- Þ vout = -å vSn
n =1 R n =1 R
sn
RF sn
The output voltage is the summation of all the input voltages.
Example (3)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, calculate the output
voltage vo.
Solution
𝑉0 = −2𝑉2
Therefore, 𝑉3 = −(2𝑉0 + 2𝑉6 )
= 4𝑉2 − 2𝑉6
The Non-inverting Amplifier Circuit
This is an inverting amplifier because the input voltage source is connected to
the positive input terminal of the op-amp.
iF = is + iin , but iin » 0 Þ iF = iS
v - = v + = vs
Therefore :
v - vout - v - vs vout - vs vout æ 1 1 ö vout R
- + = 0Þ = Þ ç
=ç + ÷vS Þ = 1+ F
Rs RF Rs RF RF è RF RS ÷ø vS RS
Notice: The value of R which is connected in series with voltage source vs
does not influence the voltage gain. So, R could be ZERO!
Example (4)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, calculate the output
voltage vo.
Solution
vout RF
Þ = 1+
vS RS
æ RF ö
Þ vout = çç1 + ÷÷vS = 10 V
è RS ø
The Differential Amplifier Circuit
Notice that at the noninverting terminal:
æ R2 ö
v = çç
+
÷÷v2
è R1 + R2 ø
i1 + i2 = iin but iin » 0 Þ i1 = -i2
Also v- = v+
Taking from : i1 = -i2
v1 - v - æ vout - v - ö v v æ 1 1 ö -
= -çç ÷÷ Þ out = - 1 + çç + ÷÷v
R1 è R2 ø R2 R1 è R1 R2 ø
R2 æ 1 1 öæ R2 ö R
Þ vout =- v1 + R2 çç + ÷÷çç ÷÷v2 = 2 (v2 - v1 )
R1 è R1 R2 øè R1 + R2 ø R1
Example (5)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, calculate the output
voltage vo if: R1=R4=10kΩ, R2=R3=2kΩ, V1=5V, V2=7V
Solution
æ R1 ö 10 35
v = v = çç
- +
÷÷v2 = 7= V
è R1 + R2 ø 12 6
v1 - v - v - - vout vout - v - v - - v1
Þ i1 = iF Þ = Þ =
R3 R4 R4 R3
R4 - 35 10 35
vout =v + -
(v - v1 ) = + ( - 5) = 10V
R3 6 2 6
The Voltage Follower Circuit
v - = v + = vs
Therefore :
vout = vs
The output voltage follows the input voltage, hence, the name is voltage
follower. Also called as Impedance buffer.
Because the extremely high input resistance of the amplifier permits
perfect isolation between the source and the load. This eliminates the
Loading Effects.