Control Structures

Complete Reference
Visual Basic • Prolog • PL/SQL • Elm • CoffeeScript • Delphi
5 pages per language — syntax, semantics, annotated examples
Table of Contents
1. Visual Basic — Conditionals, Loops, Jump, Exception Handling, With
2. Prolog — Conditionals, Cut, Negation, Loops, Assert/Retract, Meta-Control
3. PL/SQL — Conditionals, Loops, Cursor FOR, CONTINUE/GOTO, Exceptions
4. Elm — Conditionals, Iteration, Recursion, Let/In, Maybe/Result
5. CoffeeScript — Conditionals, Switch, Loops, Comprehensions, Exceptions
6. Delphi — Conditionals, Loops, repeat/until, Break/Continue, Exceptions, With
 Visual Basic
Microsoft's event-driven, object-oriented language (.NET)
Control Structures — Complete Reference
1. Conditionals

If / ElseIf / Else / End If

The primary branching construct. All comparisons are short-circuit evaluated.
Dim score As Integer = 85
If score >= 90 Then
[Link]("Grade A")
ElseIf score >= 75 Then
[Link]("Grade B")
ElseIf score >= 60 Then
[Link]("Grade C")
Else
[Link]("Fail")
End If

Select Case
Multi-way branch on a value or expression. Supports ranges and comma-separated values.
Dim day As Integer = 3
Select Case day
Case 1 : [Link]("Monday")
Case 2 : [Link]("Tuesday")
Case 3 : [Link]("Wednesday")
Case 4, 5 : [Link]("Thu or Fri")
Case 6 To 7 : [Link]("Weekend")
Case Else : [Link]("Unknown")
End Select

Select Case also accepts strings, chars, and boolean expressions. Use 'Case Is > value' for relational
matching.
2. Loops

For … Next
Count-controlled loop. The Step keyword controls the increment (default 1).
For i As Integer = 1 To 10 Step 2
[Link](i) ' 1 3 5 7 9
Next

For Each … Next

Iterate every element in a collection or array without an index.
Dim langs() As String = {"VB", "C#", "F#"}
For Each lang As String In langs
[Link](lang)
Next

While … End While (pre-test)

Repeats while the condition is True. Body may never execute if condition starts False.
Dim n As Integer = 1
While n <= 5
[Link](n & " ")
n += 1
End While ' output: 1 2 3 4 5

Do … Loop (Until / While variants)

Post-test loop — body always runs at least once. Use Until or While at the Loop line.
Dim x As Integer = 0
Do
x += 1
[Link](x)
Loop Until x = 3 ' prints 1 2 3

Dim y As Integer = 1
Do While y < 8
y *= 2
Loop ' y = 8
3. Jump & Transfer

Exit For / Exit While / Exit Do

Immediately exits the innermost enclosing loop.
For i As Integer = 1 To 100
If i * i > 50 Then Exit For
[Link](i)
Next

Continue For / Continue While / Continue Do

Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next.
For i As Integer = 1 To 10
If i Mod 3 = 0 Then Continue For ' skip multiples of 3
[Link](i & " ") ' 1 2 4 5 7 8 10
Next

GoTo
Unconditional jump to a labelled line. Use sparingly — structured flow is preferred.
Dim flag As Boolean = True
If flag Then GoTo Handler
[Link]("not reached")
Handler:
[Link]("jumped to handler")

Return
Exits a Sub or Function, optionally returning a value.
Function IsEven(n As Integer) As Boolean
If n Mod 2 = 0 Then Return True
Return False
End Function

[Link](IsEven(4)) ' True

4. Exception Handling

Try / Catch / Finally / End Try

Structured error handling. Multiple Catch blocks handle different exception types.
Try
Dim arr() As Integer = {1, 2, 3}
[Link](arr(10)) ' throws IndexOutOfRangeException
Catch ex As IndexOutOfRangeException
[Link]("Index error: " & [Link])
Catch ex As Exception
[Link]("General error: " & [Link])
Finally
[Link]("Cleanup always runs")
End Try

Throw
Re-raises the current exception or throws a new one.
Sub ValidateAge(age As Integer)
If age < 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Age must be non-negative")
End If
End Sub

5. With Block

With … End With

Removes repetition when accessing multiple members of the same object.
Dim p As New Person()
With p
.FirstName = "Philip"
.LastName = "Daniels"
.Age = 30
.Email = "philip@[Link]"
End With
[Link]([Link] & " " & [Link])

With blocks can be nested. The inner With takes precedence over the outer one.
 Prolog
Logic programming — control through unification and backtracking
Control Structures — Complete Reference

PHILIP OKON AKPAN

Matric NO.: 0633
1. Conditionals

If-Then ( -> )
The soft-cut operator. Commits to the then-branch if the condition succeeds.
sign(X, positive) :- X > 0, !.
sign(X, negative) :- X < 0, !.
sign(0, zero).

?- sign(-7, S). % S = negative

If-Then-Else ( -> ; )
Evaluates Else branch when Condition fails. Prevents spurious backtracking into Condition.
classify(X, Result) :-
( X > 0
-> Result = positive
; X < 0
-> Result = negative
; Result = zero
).

?- classify(0, R). % R = zero

Disjunction ( ; )
Either branch may succeed; backtracking explores both alternatives.
vowel(X) :- (X = a ; X = e ; X = i ; X = o ; X = u).

?- vowel(e). % true
?- vowel(b). % false
2. Cut & Negation

! (cut)
Commits to the current clause; prunes all remaining choice points for the predicate.
% Without cut, max/3 would backtrack into the second clause
max(X, Y, X) :- X >= Y, !.
max(_, Y, Y).

?- max(5, 3, M). % M = 5, never tries second clause

fail
Always fails. Combined with side effects it drives iteration over all solutions.
print_all(List) :-
member(X, List),
write(X), nl,
fail.
print_all(_). % base case: succeed after all elements printed

?- print_all([a, b, c]). % prints a b c

\+ (negation as failure)
Succeeds when Goal cannot be proved. Implements closed-world assumption.
likes(mary, food).
likes(mary, wine).

dislikes(P, X) :- \+ likes(P, X).

?- dislikes(mary, beer). % true (unprovable = false under CWA)

?- dislikes(mary, food). % false (provable)
3. Loops via Recursion & Built-ins

Recursive predicate
The idiomatic loop in Prolog. A base case + recursive case replace iteration.
sum_list([], 0).
sum_list([H|T], Sum) :-
sum_list(T, Rest),
Sum is H + Rest.

?- sum_list([1,2,3,4], S). % S = 10

between/3
Generates or tests integers in an inclusive range. Use with fail to iterate.
print_range(Lo, Hi) :-
between(Lo, Hi, X),
write(X), write(' '),
fail.
print_range(_, _).

?- print_range(1, 5). % 1 2 3 4 5

forall/2
Succeeds when Condition holds for every solution of Generator.
?- forall(member(X, [2,4,6,8]), 0 is X mod 2).
% true -- every element is even

?- forall(member(X, [2,3,6]), 0 is X mod 2).

% false -- 3 fails the condition

findall / bagof / setof

Collect all solutions to a goal into a list.
age(alice, 30). age(bob, 25). age(carol, 30).

?- findall(X, age(X,_), L). % L = [alice,bob,carol]

?- setof(X, Y^age(X,Y), L). % L = [alice,bob,carol] (sorted/unique)
?- bagof(X, age(X,30), L). % L = [alice,carol]
4. Dynamic Control

assert / asserta / assertz

Add new facts or rules to the database at runtime.
:- dynamic counter/1.
counter(0).

increment :-
retract(counter(N)),
N1 is N + 1,
assertz(counter(N1)).

?- increment, increment, counter(X). % X = 2

retract / retractall
Remove matching clauses from the dynamic database.
:- dynamic fact/1.
:- assertz(fact(a)).
:- assertz(fact(b)).
:- assertz(fact(c)).

:- retract(fact(b)).
:- retractall(fact(_)). % removes all remaining facts

5. Meta-Control

call/N
Calls a goal dynamically. Essential for higher-order programming.
apply_to_all(_, []).
apply_to_all(Goal, [H|T]) :-
call(Goal, H),
apply_to_all(Goal, T).

?- apply_to_all(write, [1,2,3]). % prints 1 2 3

once/1
Executes goal but commits to the first solution, suppressing backtracking.
?- once(member(X, [a,b,c])). % X = a (only first solution)
 PL/SQL
Oracle's procedural extension to SQL for server-side logic
Control Structures — Complete Reference

PAUL IHECHI ALAGBA

1. Conditionals

IF / ELSIF / ELSE / END IF

Standard conditional. NULL-safe: a NULL condition falls through to ELSE.
DECLARE
salary NUMBER := 72000;
band VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
IF salary > 120000 THEN band := 'Senior';
ELSIF salary > 80000 THEN band := 'Mid-Senior';
ELSIF salary > 50000 THEN band := 'Mid';
ELSE band := 'Junior';
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Band: ' || band);
END;

CASE (simple form)

Switch on a single selector expression. Cleaner than nested IF for discrete values.
DECLARE grade CHAR(1) := 'B';
BEGIN
CASE grade
WHEN 'A' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Distinction');
WHEN 'B' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Merit');
WHEN 'C' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Pass');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Fail');
END CASE;
END;

CASE (searched form)

Each WHEN clause contains a full boolean condition — equivalent to IF/ELSIF.
DECLARE score NUMBER := 88;
BEGIN
CASE
WHEN score >= 90 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('A');
WHEN score >= 80 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('B');
WHEN score >= 70 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('C');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('D');
END CASE;
END;
2. Loops
Basic LOOP … END LOOP
Infinite loop. Must use EXIT or EXIT WHEN to terminate; suitable for polling patterns.
DECLARE i NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration: ' || i);
i := i + 1;
EXIT WHEN i > 5;
END LOOP;
END;

WHILE … LOOP
Pre-test loop — condition checked before each iteration. Body may not execute.
DECLARE
total NUMBER := 0;
n NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
WHILE n <= 100 LOOP
total := total + n;
n := n + 1;
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sum 1-100: ' || total); -- 5050
END;

Numeric FOR … LOOP

Counter declared implicitly; cannot be modified inside the loop body.
BEGIN
FOR i IN REVERSE 1..5 LOOP -- counts down: 5 4 3 2 1
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
END LOOP;
END;
3. Cursor FOR Loops
Implicit cursor FOR loop
The preferred way to process query results. Open, fetch, and close are automatic.
BEGIN
FOR emp IN (SELECT employee_id, first_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 10
ORDER BY salary DESC)
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp.first_name || ': $' || [Link]);
END LOOP;
END;

Explicit cursor FOR loop

Name the cursor for reuse or parameterisation.
DECLARE
CURSOR high_earners IS
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary > 80000;
BEGIN
FOR rec IN high_earners LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.first_name || ' earns ' || [Link]);
END LOOP;
END;

4. CONTINUE & GOTO

CONTINUE / CONTINUE WHEN
Skip the rest of the current loop iteration (Oracle 11g+).
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
CONTINUE WHEN MOD(i, 2) = 0; -- skip even numbers
EXIT WHEN i = 9; -- stop before 9
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i); -- prints 1 3 5 7
END LOOP;
END;

GOTO
Unconditional branch to a label within the same block (use sparingly).
BEGIN
GOTO log_and_exit;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('unreachable');
<<log_and_exit>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Reached label');
END;
5. Exception Handling
EXCEPTION … WHEN
Catches predefined Oracle exceptions by name.
DECLARE
v_result NUMBER;
BEGIN
v_result := 100 / 0;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Cannot divide by zero');
WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value error occurred');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unexpected: ' || SQLERRM);
RAISE; -- re-raise to caller
END;

User-defined exceptions
Declare, raise, and catch your own named exceptions.
DECLARE
salary_too_low EXCEPTION;
v_sal NUMBER := 800;
BEGIN
IF v_sal < 1000 THEN
RAISE salary_too_low;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('OK');
EXCEPTION
WHEN salary_too_low THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary below minimum threshold');
END;

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
Return a custom ORA- error number and message to the caller.
IF v_age < 0 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Age cannot be negative');
END IF;
 Elm
Purely functional language for reliable front-end web
applications
Control Structures — Complete Reference

FRANCIS ALOYSIUS
DE-2022/PT/0606
1. Conditionals

if / then / else
An expression, not a statement. Both branches must exist and return the same type.
classify : Int -> String
classify n =
if n > 0 then
"positive"
else if n < 0 then
"negative"
else
"zero"

-- classify -3 => "negative"

case … of (pattern matching)

Exhaustively matches on any type — the primary branching tool in Elm.
type Shape
= Circle Float
| Rectangle Float Float
| Triangle Float Float Float

area : Shape -> Float

area shape =
case shape of
Circle r -> pi * r ^ 2
Rectangle w h -> w * h
Triangle a b c ->
let s = (a + b + c) / 2
in sqrt (s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c))

The Elm compiler enforces exhaustive case branches — every possible value must be handled,
preventing runtime errors.
2. Iteration (no loops — functional style)

Elm has no for/while loops. Repetition is expressed through higher-order functions and recursion.

[Link] — transform
Apply a function to every element, returning a new list.
double : Int -> Int
double x = x * 2

[Link] double [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

-- [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

-- With anonymous function:

[Link] (\x -> x ^ 2) [1, 2, 3]
-- [1, 4, 9]

[Link] — select
Keep only elements where the predicate returns True.
isEven : Int -> Bool
isEven n = modBy 2 n == 0

[Link] isEven [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

-- [2, 4, 6]

[Link] / [Link] — reduce

Accumulate a list into a single value from the left or right.
-- Sum a list
[Link] (+) 0 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] -- 15

-- Build a reversed list

[Link] (::) [] [1, 2, 3] -- [3, 2, 1]

-- Product
[Link] (*) 1 [1, 2, 3, 4] -- 24
3. Recursion

Simple recursion
The Elm equivalent of a loop. Define a base case and a recursive case.
factorial : Int -> Int
factorial n =
if n <= 1 then 1
else n * factorial (n - 1)

-- factorial 6 => 720

Tail-recursive accumulator pattern

Pass an accumulator to avoid stack overflow on large inputs.
sumList : List Int -> Int
sumList xs = sumHelper xs 0

sumHelper : List Int -> Int -> Int

sumHelper xs acc =
case xs of
[] -> acc
x :: rest -> sumHelper rest (acc + x)

-- sumList [1,2,3,4,5] => 15

4. Local Bindings

let … in
Introduce named sub-expressions scoped to the body. Essential for readable functions.
distanceBetween : (Float,Float) -> (Float,Float) -> Float
distanceBetween (x1,y1) (x2,y2) =
let
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y2 - y1
sumSquares = dx^2 + dy^2
in
sqrt sumSquares
5. Controlled Flow (Maybe & Result)

Maybe — optional values

Replaces null checks. Nothing signals absence; Just wraps a value.
safeHead : List a -> Maybe a
safeHead list =
case list of
[] -> Nothing
x :: _ -> Just x

-- safeHead [] => Nothing

-- safeHead [1,2,3] => Just 1

[Link] — chained optionals

Chain operations that may fail without nested case expressions.
safeDiv : Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv _ 0 = Nothing
safeDiv x y = Just (x // y)

compute : Int -> Int -> Maybe Int

compute a b =
safeDiv a b
|> [Link] (\r -> Just (r + 10))
|> [Link] (\r -> safeDiv r 2)

-- compute 20 4 => Just 7

-- compute 20 0 => Nothing

Result — success or error

Like Maybe but the Err branch carries an error description.
parseAge : String -> Result String Int
parseAge str =
case [Link] str of
Nothing -> Err ("Not a number: " ++ str)
Just n ->
if n < 0 then Err "Age must be positive"
else Ok n

-- parseAge "25" => Ok 25

-- parseAge "abc" => Err "Not a number: abc"
CoffeeScript
A concise language that compiles to clean JavaScript
Control Structures —

ECHEBE EMMANUEL
DE:2022/PT/0621
1. Conditionals

if / else if / else
No parentheses or braces needed. Indentation defines blocks.
temperature = 28

if temperature > 35
[Link] "Very hot"
else if temperature > 25
[Link] "Warm"
else if temperature > 15
[Link] "Mild"
else
[Link] "Cold"

unless
Syntactic sugar for 'if not'. Improves readability for negative conditions.
isAuthenticated = false

unless isAuthenticated
[Link] "Access denied — please log in"

# equivalent to:
if not isAuthenticated
[Link] "Access denied — please log in"

Postfix if / unless
One-liner guards placed after the action for compact inline conditions.
[Link] "adult" if age >= 18
[Link] "minor" unless age >= 18

sendAlert() if criticalError
skipStep() unless stepRequired

Ternary expression
if/then/else on a single line returning a value.
status = if connected then "online" else "offline"
discount = if vip then 0.20 else 0.05
label = if score > 50 then "pass" else "fail"
2. switch / when

switch / when / else

No fall-through by default. when accepts comma-separated values.
role = "admin"

switch role
when "admin"
[Link] "Full access"
when "editor", "author"
[Link] "Write access"
when "viewer"
[Link] "Read only"
else
[Link] "Unknown role"

3. Loops

for … in (arrays)
Iterate over array elements. Optional when clause filters items inline.
scores = [45, 72, 90, 33, 88]

for score in scores when score >= 70

[Link] "Pass: #{score}"

# Shorthand with index:

for score, i in scores
[Link] "#{i}: #{score}"

for … of (objects)
Iterate key-value pairs of a plain object.
person = { name: "Philip", city: "Port Harcourt", role: "dev" }

for key, value of person

[Link] "#{key} = #{value}"
4. while, until, loop

while
Repeats while the condition is true. Standard pre-test behaviour.
queue = ['task1', 'task2', 'task3']

while [Link] > 0

current = [Link]()
[Link] "Processing: #{current}"

until
Repeats UNTIL the condition becomes true (loop while NOT condition).
retries = 0

until retries >= 5 or connected

connect()
retries++

[Link] "Connected after #{retries} attempt(s)"

loop (infinite loop)

No condition — runs forever. Use break or break if to exit.
attempts = 0

loop
attempts++
result = tryConnect()
break if [Link] or attempts >= 10

[Link] "Done after #{attempts} attempts"

List comprehensions (postfix for)

One-liner that produces a new array — the CoffeeScript version of map/filter.
numbers = [1..10]
squares = (n * n for n in numbers)
evens = (n for n in numbers when n % 2 is 0)
labels = ("item-#{n}" for n in [1..5])

# squares => [1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100]

# evens => [2,4,6,8,10]
# labels => ['item-1','item-2','item-3','item-4','item-5']
5. Exception Handling & Loop Control

try / catch / finally

Maps directly to JavaScript try/catch/finally. No type annotations on catch.
readConfig = (path) ->
try
data = [Link] path, 'utf8'
[Link] data
catch err
if [Link] is 'ENOENT'
[Link] "File not found: #{path}"
else
[Link] "Parse error: #{[Link]}"
null
finally
[Link] "readConfig finished"

throw
Raises an exception. Works identically to JavaScript throw.
validateUser = (user) ->
throw new Error('Name required') unless [Link]
throw new Error('Age must be > 0') unless [Link] > 0
user

break / continue
break exits the loop; continue skips to the next iteration.
for n in [1..20]
continue if n % 2 is 0 # skip even numbers
break if n > 11 # stop after 11
[Link] n # prints 1 3 5 7 9 11

CoffeeScript's 'do' keyword creates an immediately-invoked function scope, useful for closing over loop
variables.
 Delphi
Object Pascal compiler — Windows, macOS, iOS,
Android & Linux
Control Structures — Complete Reference

FAVOUR NJOKU
1. Conditionals

if … then … else
Single-statement branches need no begin/end; multi-statement blocks require them.
var score: Integer := 78;
begin
if score >= 90 then
WriteLn('A')
else if score >= 75 then
WriteLn('B')
else if score >= 60 then
WriteLn('C')
else
begin
WriteLn('F');
WriteLn('Consider re-sitting');
end;
end;

case … of
Branch on any ordinal type (integer, char, enum, boolean). Supports value ranges.
var dayNum: Integer := 4;
begin
case dayNum of
1 : WriteLn('Monday');
2 : WriteLn('Tuesday');
3 : WriteLn('Wednesday');
4, 5 : WriteLn('Thursday or Friday');
6..7 : WriteLn('Weekend');
else
WriteLn('Invalid day');
end;
end;
2. Loops

for … to / downto … do
Counter is implicit (integer only). Step is always 1 or -1.
var i: Integer;
begin
// Count up
for i := 1 to 5 do
Write(i, ' '); // 1 2 3 4 5
WriteLn;

// Count down
for i := 5 downto 1 do
Write(i, ' '); // 5 4 3 2 1
WriteLn;
end;

for … in … do (enumerator)
Iterate over arrays, sets, strings, or any IEnumerable (Delphi 2005+).
var
langs : TArray<string> := ['Delphi', 'C#', 'Python'];
ch : Char;
begin
for var lang in langs do
WriteLn(lang);

for ch in 'Hello' do // iterate characters of a string

Write(ch, '-'); // H-e-l-l-o-
end;

while … do
Pre-test loop. Body never executes if condition is False on first check.
var n, total: Integer;
begin
n := 1; total := 0;
while n <= 100 do
begin
total := total + n;
Inc(n);
end;
WriteLn('Sum 1..100 = ', total); // 5050
end;
3. repeat … until & Loop Control

repeat … until
Post-test loop — body always runs at least once. Exits when condition becomes True.
var input: string;
begin
repeat
Write('Enter "yes" to continue: ');
ReadLn(input);
until LowerCase(input) = 'yes';
WriteLn('Confirmed!');
end;

Break
Immediately exits the innermost loop.
var i: Integer;
begin
for i := 1 to 1000 do
begin
if i * i > 200 then Break;
WriteLn(i); // prints 1..14
end;
end;

Continue
Skips the rest of the current iteration and jumps to the next.
var i: Integer;
begin
for i := 1 to 15 do
begin
if i mod 3 = 0 then Continue; // skip multiples of 3
Write(i, ' '); // 1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 14
end;
end;

Break and Continue work inside for, while, and repeat loops. They always affect the innermost
enclosing loop.
4. Exception Handling

try … except … end

Catch specific exception classes. Use 'on E: EClass do' for typed handling.
var x, y: Integer;
begin
x := 10; y := 0;
try
WriteLn(x div y);
except
on E: EDivByZero do
WriteLn('Division by zero: ', [Link]);
on E: EInvalidOp do
WriteLn('Invalid operation: ', [Link]);
on E: Exception do
WriteLn('Unknown error: ', [Link]);
end;
end;

try … finally … end

Guarantees cleanup code runs whether an exception occurred or not.
var F: TFileStream;
begin
F := [Link]('[Link]', fmOpenRead);
try
// process file...
ProcessStream(F);
finally
[Link]; // always executed
end;
end;

5. With Block

with … do
Access record fields or object properties without repeating the qualifier.
with MainForm do
begin
Caption := 'Control Structures Demo';
Width := 800;
Height := 600;
Position := poScreenCenter;
Visible := True;
end;

Avoid nested 'with' blocks — they create ambiguity when both objects share a member name. Use
explicit variable references instead.