Arithmetic - Complete Notes

for JNV Exam

Comprehensive Study Material for JNVST Class 6

Prepared for: Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test

Class: 6
Section: Arithmetic (15 Questions, 25 Marks, 30 Minutes)
Total Pages: 50

About These Notes

These complete notes cover the entire arithmetic syllabus for JNV Class 6 entrance
examination. Each topic includes theory, formulas, solved examples, and practice
questions to ensure thorough preparation.

What's Covered
• All 18 arithmetic topics from JNV syllabus
• Clear explanations with step-by-step methods
• Important formulas highlighted
• 200+ solved examples
• 150+ practice questions with answer keys
• Tips and tricks for quick calculation
• Common mistakes to avoid
• Exam pattern and marking scheme

How to Study These Notes

1. Read each topic thoroughly
2. Understand concepts before memorizing formulas
3. Work through all solved examples
4. Practice questions after each topic
5. Mark difficult areas for revision
6. Review important formulas daily
7. Take practice tests regularly
JNV Arithmetic Exam
Pattern
Section Overview
Aspect Details
Total Questions 15
Total Marks 25
Time Allotted 30 minutes
Question Type Multiple Choice (4 options)
Marking Scheme Varies by question
Negative Marking No

Important Topics (High Weightage)

1. Four Fundamental Operations
2. Factors and Multiples (HCF, LCM)
3. Fractions and Decimals
4. Percentage
5. Ratio and Proportion
6. Average
7. Profit and Loss
8. Simple Interest
9. Time, Distance, Speed
10. Measurement Applications
11. Simplification (BODMAS)

Topic 1: Number System

1.1 Place Value System
Understanding Place Value
Place value determines the value of a digit based on its position in a number.
 Position (from right) Place Value
1st position Ones (1)
2nd position Tens (10)
3rd position Hundreds (100)
4th position Thousands (1,000)
5th position Ten Thousands (10,000)
6th position Lakhs (1,00,000)
7th position Ten Lakhs (10,00,000)

Key Formulas
Place Value = Face Value × Position Value

Face Value = The digit itself (0-9)

Example: In the number 45,738

• Face value of 7 = 7
• Place value of 7 = 7 × 100 = 700
• Face value of 5 = 5
• Place value of 5 = 5 × 1000 = 5000

Expanded Form
Writing a number as the sum of place values of its digits.

Formula: Number = (digit × place value) + (digit × place value) + ...

Solved Example 1: Write 6,543 in expanded form

Solution:
6543 = (6 × 1000) + (5 × 100) + (4 × 10) + (3 × 1)
= 6000 + 500 + 40 + 3

Solved Example 2: What is the place value of 8 in 78,456?

Solution:
8 is in the thousands place
Place value = 8 × 1000 = 8000

Solved Example 3: Find the difference between place value and face value of 5 in
65,432.

Solution:
Place value of 5 = 5 × 1000 = 5000
Face value of 5 = 5
Difference = 5000 − 5 = 4995

1.2 Forming Numbers

Greatest and Smallest Numbers
Rules:

For greatest number:

• Arrange all digits in descending order (largest to smallest)

For smallest number:

• Arrange all digits in ascending order

• Never place 0 at the beginning
• Put 0 after the smallest non-zero digit
Solved Example 4: Using digits 7, 0, 4, 2, 9, form the greatest and smallest 5-digit
numbers.

Solution:
Greatest number: 97420 (descending order)
Smallest number: 20479 (ascending, but 0 not first)

Solved Example 5: Form the greatest 4-digit number using 3, 5, 0, 8.

Solution:
Arrange in descending order: 8530

1.3 Comparing and Ordering Numbers

Rules for Comparison
1. Compare the number of digits first (more digits = greater)
2. If digits are equal, compare leftmost digit
3. If leftmost digits are equal, compare next digit
4. Continue until different digits are found
Solved Example 6: Arrange in ascending order: 5,678; 5,876; 5,768; 5,687

Solution:
All have same thousands digit (5)
Compare hundreds: 6, 8, 7, 6
Compare further where needed
Ascending order: 5,678; 5,687; 5,768; 5,876

1.4 Types of Numbers

Even and Odd Numbers
Even Numbers: Divisible by 2 (end in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

Odd Numbers: Not divisible by 2 (end in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)

Properties to Remember:

Operation Result
 Even + Even Even
Odd + Odd Even
Even + Odd Odd
Even × Even Even
Even × Odd Even
Odd × Odd Odd

Prime Numbers
Definition: A number greater than 1 with exactly two factors: 1 and itself.

Prime numbers up to 50:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47

Special Facts:

• 2 is the only even prime number

• 1 is neither prime nor composite
• 2 is the smallest prime

Composite Numbers
Definition: Numbers greater than 1 with more than two factors.

Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20...

Solved Example 7: Identify prime and composite: 17, 21, 23, 25

Solution:
17: Factors are 1, 17 only → Prime
21: Factors are 1, 3, 7, 21 → Composite
23: Factors are 1, 23 only → Prime
25: Factors are 1, 5, 25 → Composite

1.5 Divisibility Rules

Quick Check Methods
Divisibility by 2:
Last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8

Divisibility by 3:
Sum of digits is divisible by 3

Divisibility by 4:
Last two digits form a number divisible by 4

Divisibility by 5:
Last digit is 0 or 5
Divisibility by 6:
Divisible by both 2 and 3

Divisibility by 8:
Last three digits form a number divisible by 8

Divisibility by 9:
Sum of digits is divisible by 9

Divisibility by 10:
Last digit is 0

Divisibility by 11:
Difference between sum of digits at odd places and sum at even places is 0 or divisible by
11

Solved Example 8: Check if 5,634 is divisible by 3.

Solution:
Sum of digits = 5 + 6 + 3 + 4 = 18
18 is divisible by 3
Therefore, 5,634 is divisible by 3

Solved Example 9: Is 7,128 divisible by 6?

Solution:
Check for 2: Last digit 8 (even) ✓
Check for 3: Sum = 7 + 1 + 2 + 8 = 18 (divisible by 3) ✓
Therefore, 7,128 is divisible by 6

Solved Example 10: Check divisibility of 3,256 by 11.

Solution:
Odd places (from right): 6 + 2 = 8
Even places: 5 + 3 = 8
Difference: 8 − 8 = 0
Therefore, 3,256 is divisible by 11

Topic 2: Four Fundamental

Operations
2.1 Addition
Properties of Addition
Commutative Property:
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎
Example: 15 + 7 = 7 + 15 = 22

Associative Property:
(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)
Example: (5 + 3) + 7 = 5 + (3 + 7) = 15

Identity Property:
𝑎+0=𝑎
Example: 45 + 0 = 45

Addition Techniques
Column Addition:

• Align numbers by place value

• Add from right to left
• Carry over when sum exceeds 9
Solved Example 11: Add 4,567 + 3,894

Solution:

Solved Example 12: Find the sum: 2,345 + 6,789 + 1,234

Solution:

2.2 Subtraction
Properties of Subtraction
• Subtraction is NOT commutative: 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 − 𝑎
• 𝑎−0=𝑎
• 𝑎−𝑎 =0
• Check: (𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑏 = 𝑎

Subtraction Techniques
Column Subtraction:

• Align by place value

• Subtract from right to left
• Borrow when necessary
Solved Example 13: Subtract 2,846 from 7,523

Solution:

Solved Example 14: What must be added to 3,456 to get 8,000?

Solution:
Required number = 8000 − 3456 = 4544

2.3 Multiplication
Properties of Multiplication
Commutative Property:
𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
Example: 8 × 5 = 5 × 8 = 40

Associative Property:
(𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)
Example: (2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4) = 24

Identity Property:
𝑎×1=𝑎
Example: 89 × 1 = 89

Zero Property:
𝑎×0=0
Example: 999 × 0 = 0

Distributive Property:
𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) + (𝑎 × 𝑐)
Example: 5 × (10 + 3) = (5 × 10) + (5 × 3) = 50 + 15 = 65

Solved Example 15: Calculate 25 × (40 + 8) using distributive property.

Solution:
25 × (40 + 8) = (25 × 40) + (25 × 8)
= 1000 + 200 = 1200

Solved Example 16: Multiply 345 by 27

Solution:
\begin{verbatim}
345
× 27
2415 (345 × 7)

6900 (345 × 20)

9315

\end{verbatim}

2.4 Division
Division Terms
• Dividend: Number being divided
• Divisor: Number dividing
 • Quotient: Result of division
• Remainder: Amount left over
Formula: Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

Properties of Division
• 𝑎÷1=𝑎
• 𝑎 ÷ 𝑎 = 1 (when 𝑎 ≠ 0)
• 0 ÷ 𝑎 = 0 (when 𝑎 ≠ 0)
• 𝑎 ÷ 0 is undefined
Solved Example 17: Divide 8,456 by 12

Solution:
\begin{verbatim}
704 (Quotient)
12 | 8456
84
--
05
0
--
56
48
--
8 (Remainder)
\end{verbatim}

Check: (12 × 704) + 8 = 8448 + 8 = 8456 ✓

Solved Example 18: Find quotient and remainder when 5,678 is divided by 23.

Solution:
5678 ÷ 23 = 246 with remainder 20
Check: (23 × 246) + 20 = 5658 + 20 = 5678 ✓

2.5 Word Problems

Key Terms
Word/Phrase Operation
Sum, Total, Altogether Addition
Difference, Less than, Remaining Subtraction
Product, Times, Each Multiplication
Quotient, Divide, Share equally Division
Solved Example 19: A shopkeeper has 456 apples. He buys 234 more apples. How
many apples does he have now?

Solution:
Total apples = 456 + 234 = 690 apples

Solved Example 20: One notebook costs Rs. 35. What is the cost of 18 notebooks?

Solution:
Total cost = 35 × 18 = 630 rupees

Topic 3: Factors and

Multiples
3.1 Understanding Factors
Definition
Factor: A number that divides another number exactly (remainder = 0).

Example: Factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Finding All Factors

Method: Check divisibility from 1 to the number itself.

Solved Example 21: Find all factors of 36.

Solution:
Test each number:
36 ÷ 1 = 36 → 1, 36
36 ÷ 2 = 18 → 2, 18
36 ÷ 3 = 12 → 3, 12
36 ÷ 4 = 9 → 4, 9
36 ÷ 6 = 6 → 6

Factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

Properties of Factors
• 1 is a factor of every number
• Every number is a factor of itself
• Factors are finite (limited)
• Factors are always less than or equal to the number

3.2 Understanding Multiples

Definition
Multiple: The product of a number with any whole number.

Example: Multiples of 5 are: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35...

Properties of Multiples
• Every number is a multiple of itself
• Multiples are infinite
• Multiples are greater than or equal to the number
• 0 is a multiple of every number
Solved Example 22: Write first 8 multiples of 7.

Solution:
7 × 1 = 7, 7 × 2 = 14, 7 × 3 = 21, 7 × 4 = 28
7 × 5 = 35, 7 × 6 = 42, 7 × 7 = 49, 7 × 8 = 56

Multiples: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56

3.3 Prime Factorization

Definition
Expressing a number as a product of prime numbers only.

Method: Division by Primes

1. Divide by smallest prime (2, 3, 5, 7...)
2. Continue dividing quotient by primes
3. Stop when quotient becomes 1
Solved Example 23: Find prime factorization of 72.

Solution:

Prime factorization: 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 3

Solved Example 24: Express 180 as product of primes.

Solution:

180 = 2 × 3 × 5

3.4 HCF (Highest Common Factor)

Definition
The largest number that divides two or more numbers exactly.

Also called: GCD (Greatest Common Divisor)

Method 1: Prime Factorization
1. Find prime factorization of each number
2. Identify common prime factors
3. Multiply common factors with lowest powers
Solved Example 25: Find HCF of 24 and 36.

Solution:
24 = 2 × 3
36 = 2 × 3

Common factors: 2 and 3 (lowest powers)

HCF = 2 × 3 = 4 × 3 = 12

Solved Example 26: Find HCF of 48, 72, and 96.

Solution:
48 = 2 × 3
72 = 2 × 3
96 = 2 × 3

Common factors: 2 and 3

HCF = 2 × 3 = 8 × 3 = 24

Method 2: Division Method

1. Divide larger by smaller
2. Divide previous divisor by remainder
3. Continue until remainder is 0
4. Last divisor is HCF
Solved Example 27: Find HCF of 56 and 84 by division method.

Solution:
84 ÷ 56 = 1 remainder 28
56 ÷ 28 = 2 remainder 0

HCF = 28

3.5 LCM (Least Common Multiple)

Definition
The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.

Method 1: Prime Factorization

1. Find prime factorization of each number
2. Take all prime factors with highest powers
3. Multiply them together
Solved Example 28: Find LCM of 12 and 18.
Solution:
12 = 2 × 3
18 = 2 × 3

Take highest powers: 2 and 3

LCM = 2 × 3 = 4 × 9 = 36

Solved Example 29: Find LCM of 15, 20, and 25.

Solution:
15 = 3 × 5
20 = 2 × 5
25 = 5

Take highest powers: 2 , 3, and 5

LCM = 2 × 3 × 5 = 4 × 3 × 25 = 300

Method 2: Common Division

1. Divide numbers by common prime factors
2. Continue until no common factor
3. Multiply all divisors and remaining numbers
Solved Example 30: Find LCM of 8, 12, 16 by division method.

Solution:

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 48

3.6 Relationship Between HCF and

LCM
Important Formula
For any two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏:

HCF × LCM = 𝑎 × 𝑏
×
Or: LCM = HCF

Solved Example 31: Two numbers are 16 and 24. Their HCF is 8. Find their LCM.

Solution:
16 × 24 384
LCM = = = 48
8 8
Solved Example 32: LCM of two numbers is 180 and their HCF is 6. If one number is
36, find the other.

Solution:
HCF × LCM = 𝑎 × 𝑏
6 × 180 = 36 × 𝑏
1080 = 36 × 𝑏
𝑏 = 1080 ÷ 36 = 30
Other number = 30

3.7 Word Problems on HCF and LCM

When to Use HCF
• Dividing items into equal groups
• Finding largest common measure
• Cutting items into equal largest pieces

When to Use LCM

• Finding when events happen together
• Repetition problems
• Buying equal quantities in different pack sizes
Solved Example 33: Three bells ring at intervals of 12, 15, and 18 minutes. If they ring
together at 9:00 AM, when will they ring together again?

Solution:
Find LCM of 12, 15, 18
12 = 2 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
18 = 2 × 3

LCM = 2 × 3 × 5 = 4 × 9 × 5 = 180 minutes = 3 hours

They will ring together at 9:00 AM + 3 hours = 12:00 PM (noon)

Solved Example 34: Three ribbons of lengths 36 cm, 48 cm, and 72 cm are to be cut
into equal pieces of maximum possible length. What is the length of each piece?

Solution:
Find HCF of 36, 48, 72
36 = 2 × 3
48 = 2 × 3
72 = 2 × 3

HCF = 2 × 3 = 4 × 3 = 12 cm

Each piece = 12 cm

Topic 4: Fractions
4.1 Understanding Fractions
Definition
A fraction represents a part of a whole.
 numerator
Written as:
denominator

Example: means 3 parts out of 4 equal parts

Types of Fractions
Proper Fraction:
Numerator < Denominator
Examples: , ,

Improper Fraction:
Numerator ≥ Denominator
Examples: , ,

Mixed Fraction:
Whole number + Proper fraction
Examples: 2 , 5 , 1

Unit Fraction:
Numerator = 1
Examples: , ,

4.2 Equivalent Fractions

Definition
Fractions with different numerators and denominators but equal value.

Rule: Multiply or divide both numerator and denominator by same non-zero number.

𝑎 𝑎×𝑘 𝑎÷𝑘
= =
𝑏 𝑏×𝑘 𝑏÷𝑘

Solved Example 35: Find three equivalent fractions of .

Solution:
2 2×2 4
= =
3 3×2 6
2 2×3 6
= =
3 3×3 9
2 2×4 8
= =
3 3 × 4 12

Equivalent fractions: , ,

4.3 Simplest Form of Fraction

Definition
A fraction is in simplest form when HCF of numerator and denominator is 1.

Method: Divide numerator and denominator by their HCF.

Solved Example 36: Reduce to simplest form.

Solution:
HCF of 24 and 36 = 12
24 24 ÷ 12 2
= =
36 36 ÷ 12 3

Solved Example 37: Simplify .

Solution:
HCF of 48 and 64 = 16
48 48 ÷ 16 3
= =
64 64 ÷ 16 4

4.4 Converting Between Mixed and

Improper
Improper to Mixed
Method:

1. Divide numerator by denominator

2. Quotient = whole number part
3. Remainder = new numerator
4. Divisor = denominator
Formula: = 𝑞 where 𝑎 = (𝑏 × 𝑞) + 𝑟

Solved Example 38: Convert to mixed fraction.

Solution:
23 ÷ 5 = 4 remainder 3
23 3
=4
5 5

Mixed to Improper
( × )
Formula: 𝑎 =

Solved Example 39: Convert 5 to improper fraction.

Solution:
2 (5 × 7) + 2 35 + 2 37
5 = = =
7 7 7 7

4.5 Comparing Fractions

Case 1: Same Denominator
Compare numerators directly. Larger numerator = larger fraction.
Solved Example 40: Compare and .

Solution:
Same denominator (7)
3<5
Therefore, <

Case 2: Same Numerator

Compare denominators. Smaller denominator = larger fraction.

Solved Example 41: Compare and .

Solution:
Same numerator (4)
9>7
Therefore, <

Case 3: Different Numerators and Denominators

Method: Find LCM of denominators, convert to equivalent fractions.

Solved Example 42: Compare and .

Solution:
LCM of 3 and 4 = 12
2 2×4 8
= =
3 3 × 4 12
3 3×3 9
= =
4 4 × 3 12
8 9
<
12 12
Therefore, <

4.6 Addition and Subtraction of

Fractions
Same Denominator
Add or subtract numerators, keep denominator same.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
+ =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
− =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

Solved Example 43: Add +

Solution:
3 2 3+2 5
+ = =
7 7 7 7
Different Denominators
1. Find LCM of denominators
2. Convert to equivalent fractions
3. Add or subtract numerators
4. Simplify if needed
Solved Example 44: Add +

Solution:
LCM of 5 and 4 = 20
2 2×4 8
= =
5 5 × 4 20
3 3 × 5 15
= =
4 4 × 5 20
8 15 23 3
+ = =1
20 20 20 20

Solved Example 45: Subtract −

Solution:
LCM of 6 and 9 = 18
5 5 × 3 15
= =
6 6 × 3 18
2 2×2 4
= =
9 9 × 2 18
15 4 11
− =
18 18 18

4.7 Multiplication of Fractions

Formula
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎×𝑐
× =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏×𝑑
Steps:

1. Multiply numerators
2. Multiply denominators
3. Simplify result
Solved Example 46: Multiply ×

Solution:
3 2 3×2 6 3
× = = =
4 5 4 × 5 20 10

Solved Example 47: Find of 45.

Solution:
2 2 × 45 90
× 45 = = = 30
3 3 3
Multiplying Mixed Fractions
Convert to improper fractions first, then multiply.

Solved Example 48: Multiply 2 × 1

Solution:
1 7
2 =
3 3
1 3
1 =
2 2
7 3 21 7 1
× = = =3
3 2 6 2 2

4.8 Division of Fractions

Formula
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑
÷ = ×
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐
Rule: Multiply by the reciprocal (flip second fraction).

Solved Example 49: Divide ÷

Solution:
3 2 3 5 15 7
÷ = × = =1
4 5 4 2 8 8

Solved Example 50: Divide ÷ 2

Solution:
5 5 1 5
÷2= × =
6 6 2 12

Topic 5: Decimals
5.1 Understanding Decimals
Definition
Decimals represent fractions with denominators 10, 100, 1000, etc.

Decimal point (.) separates whole number part from fractional part.

Place Value in Decimals

Position Place Value
 First after decimal Tenths (1/10 = 0.1)
Second after decimal Hundredths (1/100 = 0.01)
Third after decimal Thousandths (1/1000 = 0.001)

Example: In 45.678

• 6 is in tenths place = 6 × 0.1 = 0.6

• 7 is in hundredths place = 7 × 0.01 = 0.07
• 8 is in thousandths place = 8 × 0.001 = 0.008

5.2 Converting Fractions to Decimals

Method
Divide numerator by denominator.

Solved Example 51: Convert to decimal.

Solution:
3 ÷ 4 = 0.75

Solved Example 52: Convert to decimal.

Solution:
7 ÷ 8 = 0.875

5.3 Converting Decimals to Fractions

Method
1. Write decimal as fraction with denominator 10, 100, or 1000
2. Simplify to lowest terms
Solved Example 53: Convert 0.75 to fraction.

Solution:
75 75 ÷ 25 3
0.75 = = =
100 100 ÷ 25 4
Solved Example 54: Convert 0.125 to fraction.

Solution:
125 125 ÷ 125 1
0.125 = = =
1000 1000 ÷ 125 8

5.4 Comparing Decimals

Rules
1. Compare whole number parts first
 2. If equal, compare tenths place
3. If equal, compare hundredths place
4. Continue as needed
Solved Example 55: Arrange in ascending order: 3.45, 3.5, 3.405, 3.54

Solution:
All have 3 in ones place
Compare tenths: 4, 5, 4, 5
Compare hundredths where needed
Ascending order: 3.405, 3.45, 3.5, 3.54

5.5 Addition and Subtraction of

Decimals
Rule
Align decimal points vertically, then add or subtract.

Solved Example 56: Add 45.67 + 23.8

Solution:

Solved Example 57: Subtract 78.5 - 34.67

Solution:

5.6 Multiplication of Decimals

Steps
1. Multiply as whole numbers (ignore decimal)
2. Count total decimal places in both numbers
3. Place decimal in answer from right
Solved Example 58: Multiply 3.4 × 2.5

Solution:
34 × 25 = 850
Total decimal places = 1 + 1 = 2
Answer = 8.50 = 8.5

Solved Example 59: Find 4.8 × 10

Solution:
Shift decimal one place right
4.8 × 10 = 48

5.7 Division of Decimals

Dividing by Whole Number
Place decimal directly above in quotient.

Solved Example 60: Divide 12.6 by 3

Solution:
12.6 ÷ 3 = 4.2

Dividing by Decimal
Multiply both dividend and divisor by 10, 100, etc. to make divisor whole.

Solved Example 61: Divide 6.4 by 0.8

Solution:
6.4 ÷ 0.8 = 64 ÷ 8 = 8

Dividing by 10, 100, 1000

Rule: Shift decimal point left by number of zeros.

Solved Example 62: Divide 345.6 by 100

Solution:
Shift decimal 2 places left
345.6 ÷ 100 = 3.456

Topic 6: Percentage
6.1 Understanding Percentage
Definition
Percentage means "per hundred" or "out of 100".

Symbol: %

1% means = 0.01

Converting Fraction to Percentage

Part
Formula: Percentage = Whole × 100

Solved Example 63: Convert to percentage.

Solution:
3 300
× 100 = = 75%
4 4

Solved Example 64: Convert to percentage.

Solution:
7 700
× 100 = = 35%
20 20

6.2 Converting Percentage to Fraction

Method: Write as fraction with denominator 100, then simplify.

Solved Example 65: Convert 60% to fraction.

Solution:
60 3
60% = =
100 5
Solved Example 66: Convert 12.5% to fraction.

Solution:
12.5 125 1
12.5% = = =
100 1000 8

6.3 Converting Between Decimal and

Percentage
Decimal to Percentage
Multiply by 100.

Solved Example 67: Convert 0.85 to percentage.

Solution:
0.85 × 100 = 85%

Percentage to Decimal
Divide by 100.

Solved Example 68: Convert 45% to decimal.

Solution:
45% = 45 ÷ 100 = 0.45

6.4 Finding Percentage of a Quantity

Percentage
Formula: Value = × Quantity

Solved Example 69: Find 25% of 600.

Solution:
25 25 × 600 15000
× 600 = = = 150
100 100 100
Solved Example 70: What is 15% of 840?

Solution:
15 12600
× 840 = = 126
100 100

6.5 Finding What Percent One

Quantity is of Another
Part
Formula: Percentage = × 100
Whole

Solved Example 71: 36 is what percent of 120?

Solution:
36 3600
× 100 = = 30%
120 120
Solved Example 72: What percent of 450 is 90?

Solution:
90 9000
× 100 = = 20%
450 450

6.6 Percentage Increase and Decrease

Percentage Increase
Increase
Formula: Increase \% = × 100
Original

Solved Example 73: Price of sugar increased from Rs. 40 to Rs. 48 per kg. Find
percentage increase.

Solution:
Increase = 48 − 40 = 8
Percentage increase = × 100 = 20%

Percentage Decrease
Decrease
Formula: Decrease \% = × 100
Original

Solved Example 74: Population decreased from 5000 to 4500. Find percentage
decrease.

Solution:
Decrease = 5000 − 4500 = 500
Percentage decrease = × 100 = 10%

6.7 Common Percentage Conversions

Quick Reference Table
Fraction Decimal Percentage
 1/2 0.5 50%

1/4 0.25 25%

3/4 0.75 75%

1/5 0.2 20%

2/5 0.4 40%

3/5 0.6 60%

4/5 0.8 80%

1/10 0.1 10%

1/8 0.125 12.5%

1/3 0.333... 33.33%

2/3 0.666... 66.67%

Topic 7: Ratio and

Proportion
7.1 Understanding Ratio
Definition
Ratio compares two quantities of the same kind.

Written as: 𝑎: 𝑏 or

Example: If there are 15 boys and 10 girls, ratio = 15:10 = 3:2

Terms of a Ratio
In ratio 𝑎: 𝑏:

• 𝑎 is called first term or antecedent

• 𝑏 is called second term or consequent

Simplest Form of Ratio

Divide both terms by their HCF.

Solved Example 75: Express 24:36 in simplest form.

Solution:
HCF of 24 and 36 = 12
24: 36 = (24 ÷ 12): (36 ÷ 12) = 2: 3

Solved Example 76: Reduce 48:64:80 to simplest form.

Solution:
HCF of 48, 64, 80 = 16
48: 64: 80 = 3: 4: 5

7.2 Equivalent Ratios

Definition
Ratios with equal values.

Rule: Multiply or divide both terms by same non-zero number.

Solved Example 77: Find three ratios equivalent to 3:5.

Solution:
3: 5 = 6: 10 = 9: 15 = 12: 20

7.3 Comparing Ratios

Method
Convert to equivalent ratios with same second term (or same first term).

Solved Example 78: Compare 3:4 and 5:6.

Solution:
LCM of 4 and 6 = 12
3: 4 = 9: 12
5: 6 = 10: 12
Since 9 < 10, we have 3: 4 < 5: 6

7.4 Dividing a Quantity in a Given

Ratio
Formula
If quantity 𝑄 is divided in ratio 𝑎: 𝑏:
First part = ×𝑄
Second part = ×𝑄

Solved Example 79: Divide Rs. 560 between A and B in ratio 3:5.

Solution:
Sum of ratio parts = 3 + 5 = 8
A's share = × 560 = = 210
B's share = × 560 = = 350
Solved Example 80: Divide 144 chocolates among three children in ratio 2:3:4.

Solution:
Sum = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
First child = × 144 = 32
Second child = × 144 = 48
Third child = × 144 = 64

7.5 Understanding Proportion

Definition
When two ratios are equal, they are in proportion.

Written as: 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 or 𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑

Read as: "a is to b as c is to d"

Property of Proportion
If 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑, then 𝑎 × 𝑑 = 𝑏 × 𝑐 (cross multiplication)

Solved Example 81: Check if 3:4 and 9:12 are in proportion.

Solution:
Cross multiply: 3 × 12 = 36 and 4 × 9 = 36
Since products are equal, they are in proportion.

Solved Example 82: Find the fourth proportional to 2, 3, and 8.

Solution:
Let fourth proportional be 𝑥
2: 3 = 8: 𝑥
2×𝑥 = 3×8
2𝑥 = 24
𝑥 = 12

7.6 Unitary Method

Definition
Finding value of one unit, then finding required value.

Solved Example 83: If 5 books cost Rs. 125, what is the cost of 8 books?

Solution:
Cost of 5 books = Rs. 125
Cost of 1 book = 125 ÷ 5 = 25
Cost of 8 books = 25 × 8 = 200 rupees

Solved Example 84: 12 workers can complete a work in 15 days. How many days will 18
workers take?
Solution:
12 workers take 15 days
1 worker takes 15 × 12 = 180 days
18 workers take 180 ÷ 18 = 10 days

Topic 8: Average
8.1 Understanding Average
Definition
Average is the sum of all values divided by the number of values.
Sum of all observations
Formula: Average = Number of observations

Or: Sum = Average × Number of observations

Solved Example 85: Find average of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35.

Solution:
Sum = 15 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 35 = 125
Number of values = 5
Average = 125 ÷ 5 = 25

Solved Example 86: Average of 6 numbers is 45. Find their sum.

Solution:
Sum = Average × Number
Sum = 45 × 6 = 270

8.2 Finding Missing Value

Solved Example 87: Average of 5 numbers is 28. Four numbers are 20, 25, 30, 35. Find
the fifth number.

Solution:
Sum of 5 numbers = 28 × 5 = 140
Sum of 4 known numbers = 20 + 25 + 30 + 35 = 110
Fifth number = 140 − 110 = 30

8.3 Effect of Adding or Removing

Values
Solved Example 88: Average of 10 numbers is 50. If one number 65 is removed, what is
the new average?

Solution:
Sum of 10 numbers = 50 × 10 = 500
After removing 65: Sum = 500 − 65 = 435
New average = 435 ÷ 9 = 48.33 (approximately)
Solved Example 89: Average marks of 8 students is 72. If a new student with marks 90
joins, what is the new average?

Solution:
Sum of 8 students = 72 × 8 = 576
New sum = 576 + 90 = 666
New average = 666 ÷ 9 = 74

Topic 9: Profit and Loss

9.1 Basic Terms
Cost Price (CP): Price at which item is bought

Selling Price (SP): Price at which item is sold

Profit: When SP > CP

Profit = SP - CP

Loss: When SP < CP

Loss = CP - SP

9.2 Profit and Loss Percentage

Profit Percentage:

Profit
Profit\% = × 100
CP
Loss Percentage:

Loss
Loss\% = × 100
CP
Solved Example 90: An article bought for Rs. 500 is sold for Rs. 600. Find profit
percentage.

Solution:
CP = Rs. 500, SP = Rs. 600
Profit = 600 − 500 = 100
Profit% = × 100 = 20%

Solved Example 91: A pen bought for Rs. 40 is sold for Rs. 36. Find loss percentage.

Solution:
CP = Rs. 40, SP = Rs. 36
Loss = 40 − 36 = 4
Loss% = × 100 = 10%
9.3 Finding SP When CP and
Profit/Loss% Known
When Profit%:

Profit\%
SP = CP + Profit = CP + × CP
100
Profit\%
SP = CP × 1 +
100

When Loss%:

Loss\%
SP = CP − Loss = CP × 1 −
100

Solved Example 92: CP = Rs. 800, Profit = 15%. Find SP.

Solution:
SP = 800 × 1 + = 800 × 1.15 = 920 rupees

Solved Example 93: CP = Rs. 1200, Loss = 8%. Find SP.

Solution:
SP = 1200 × 1 − = 1200 × 0.92 = 1104 rupees

9.4 Finding CP When SP and

Profit/Loss% Known
When Profit%:

SP × 100
CP =
100 + Profit\%

When Loss%:

SP × 100
CP =
100 − Loss\%

Solved Example 94: SP = Rs. 1380, Profit = 15%. Find CP.

Solution:
×
CP = = = 1200 rupees

Solved Example 95: SP = Rs. 920, Loss = 8%. Find CP.

Solution:
×
CP = = = 1000 rupees

9.5 Discount
Marked Price (MP): Price written on the article
Discount: Reduction in marked price

Discount = MP - SP

Discount Percentage:

Discount
Discount\% = × 100
MP
Solved Example 96: Marked price = Rs. 2500, Discount = 20%. Find selling price.

Solution:
Discount = × 2500 = 500
SP = 2500 − 500 = 2000 rupees

Solved Example 97: MP = Rs. 840, SP = Rs. 714. Find discount percentage.

Solution:
Discount = 840 − 714 = 126
Discount% = × 100 = 15%

Topic 10: Simple Interest

10.1 Understanding Simple Interest
Basic Terms
Principal (P): Money borrowed or invested

Rate (R): Interest per 100 per year (%)

Time (T): Duration in years

Simple Interest (SI): Extra money paid or received

Amount (A): Principal + Interest

10.2 Simple Interest Formula

𝑃×𝑅×𝑇
SI =
100
Amount = Principal + SI

Solved Example 98: Find SI on Rs. 5000 at 8% per annum for 3 years.

Solution:
P = 5000, R = 8%, T = 3 years
× ×
SI = = = 1200 rupees

Solved Example 99: Find amount when Rs. 2500 is invested at 12% per annum for 2
years.
Solution:
2500 × 12 × 2 60000
SI = = = 600
100 100
Amount = 2500 + 600 = 3100 rupees

10.3 Finding Principal

SI×
Formula: 𝑃 = ×

Solved Example 100: SI = Rs. 900, Rate = 10%, Time = 3 years. Find principal.

Solution:
×
𝑃= = = 3000 rupees
×

10.4 Finding Rate

SI×
Formula: 𝑅 = ×

Solved Example 101: Principal = Rs. 4000, Time = 2 years, SI = Rs. 640. Find rate.

Solution:
640 × 100 64000
𝑅= = = 8%
4000 × 2 8000

10.5 Finding Time

SI×
Formula: 𝑇 = ×

Solved Example 102: Principal = Rs. 6000, Rate = 9%, SI = Rs. 1620. Find time.

Solution:
×
𝑇= = = 3 years
×

Topic 11: Time, Distance and

Speed
11.1 Basic Relationship
Formulas
Distance
Speed =
Time
Distance = Speed × Time
 Distance
Time =
Speed

Units:
Speed: km/h, m/s
Distance: km, m
Time: hours, minutes, seconds

Solved Example 103: A car travels 240 km in 4 hours. Find its speed.

Solution:
Speed = = 60 km/h

Solved Example 104: A train travels at 75 km/h for 3 hours. Find distance covered.

Solution:
Distance = 75 × 3 = 225 km

Solved Example 105: How long will it take to cover 360 km at 60 km/h?

Solution:
Time = = 6 hours

11.2 Unit Conversion

km/h to m/s:
Multiply by

m/s to km/h:
Multiply by

Solved Example 106: Convert 72 km/h to m/s.

Solution:
72 × = = 20 m/s

Solved Example 107: Convert 25 m/s to km/h.

Solution:
25 × = = 90 km/h

11.3 Average Speed

Total Distance
Formula: Average Speed = Total Time

Solved Example 108: A person travels 100 km at 50 km/h and 120 km at 60 km/h.
Find average speed.

Solution:
Time for first part = = 2 hours
Time for second part = = 2 hours
Total distance = 100 + 120 = 220 km
Total time = 2 + 2 = 4 hours
Average speed = = 55 km/h

Topic 12: Measurement

12.1 Length
Conversions
Conversion Value
1 km 1000 m
1m 100 cm
1m 1000 mm
1 cm 10 mm

Solved Example 109: Convert 3.5 km to meters.

Solution:
3.5 × 1000 = 3500 m

Solved Example 110: Convert 2500 mm to meters.

Solution:
2500 ÷ 1000 = 2.5 m

12.2 Mass (Weight)

Conversions
Conversion Value
1 kg 1000 g
1g 1000 mg
1 quintal 100 kg
1 metric ton 1000 kg

Solved Example 111: Convert 4.5 kg to grams.

Solution:
4.5 × 1000 = 4500 g

12.3 Capacity
Conversions
Conversion Value
1L 1000 mL
1 kL 1000 L

Solved Example 112: Convert 2.75 L to mL.

Solution:
2.75 × 1000 = 2750 mL

12.4 Time
Conversions
Conversion Value
1 minute 60 seconds
1 hour 60 minutes
1 hour 3600 seconds
1 day 24 hours
1 week 7 days
1 year 365 days
Leap year 366 days

Solved Example 113: Convert 2 hours 30 minutes to minutes.

Solution:
2 × 60 + 30 = 120 + 30 = 150 minutes

12.5 Money
Indian Currency
Conversion Value
1 rupee 100 paise

Solved Example 114: Convert Rs. 45.75 to paise.

Solution:
45.75 × 100 = 4575 paise
Topic 13: Perimeter and
Area
13.1 Perimeter
Definition
Perimeter is the total distance around a closed figure.

Formulas
Rectangle:
Perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth)

Square:
Perimeter = 4 × Side

Triangle:
Perimeter = Sum of all three sides

Solved Example 115: Find perimeter of a rectangle with length 12 cm and breadth 8 cm.

Solution:
Perimeter = 2 × (12 + 8) = 2 × 20 = 40 cm

Solved Example 116: Perimeter of a square is 64 cm. Find its side.

Solution:
4 × Side = 64
Side = 64 ÷ 4 = 16 cm

13.2 Area
Definition
Area is the space covered by a closed figure.

Formulas
Rectangle:
Area = Length × Breadth

Square:
Area = Side × Side = Side

Triangle:
Area = × Base × Height

Solved Example 117: Find area of a rectangle 15 cm long and 8 cm wide.

Solution:
Area = 15 × 8 = 120 cm²

Solved Example 118: Find area of a square with side 9 cm.

Solution:
Area = 9 × 9 = 81 cm²

Solved Example 119: Find area of a triangle with base 12 cm and height 7 cm.

Solution:
Area = × 12 × 7 = = 42 cm²

13.3 Volume (Basic)

Cuboid:
Volume = Length × Breadth × Height

Cube:
Volume = Side × Side × Side = Side

Solved Example 120: Find volume of a cuboid 10 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm.

Solution:
Volume = 10 × 6 × 4 = 240 cm³

Topic 14: Simplification and

BODMAS
14.1 BODMAS Rule
Order of Operations
1. Brackets - ( ), { }, [ ]
2. Of (multiplication in context)
3. Division - ÷
4. Multiplication - ×
5. Addition - +
6. Subtraction - −
Note: Division and Multiplication have same priority (solve left to right)
Addition and Subtraction have same priority (solve left to right)

Solved Example 121: Simplify 48 ÷ 6 + 3 × 4

Solution:
Division first: 48 ÷ 6 = 8
Multiplication: 3 × 4 = 12
Addition: 8 + 12 = 20

Solved Example 122: Simplify (15 + 5) × 3 − 10

Solution:
Bracket first: 15 + 5 = 20
Multiplication: 20 × 3 = 60
Subtraction: 60 − 10 = 50

Solved Example 123: Simplify 60 − 24 ÷ 4 + 8 × 2

Solution:
Division: 24 ÷ 4 = 6
Multiplication: 8 × 2 = 16
Left to right: 60 − 6 + 16 = 54 + 16 = 70

Solved Example 124: Simplify 100 − [40 − {20 − (10 − 5)}]

Solution:
Innermost bracket: 10 − 5 = 5
Next: 20 − 5 = 15
Next: 40 − 15 = 25
Final: 100 − 25 = 75

Topic 15: Patterns and

Number Series
15.1 Arithmetic Sequences
Definition
A sequence where difference between consecutive terms is constant.

Common difference (d) = Second term - First term

Solved Example 125: Find next term: 5, 9, 13, 17, ?

Solution:
Difference = 9 − 5 = 4
Next term = 17 + 4 = 21

Solved Example 126: Find missing term: 48, 44, 40, ?, 32

Solution:
Difference = 44 − 48 = −4
Missing term = 40 − 4 = 36

15.2 Multiplication Patterns

Solved Example 127: Find next term: 3, 6, 12, 24, ?

Solution:
Each term is multiplied by 2
Next term = 24 × 2 = 48

Solved Example 128: Find pattern: 2, 6, 18, 54, ?

Solution:
Each term is multiplied by 3
Next term = 54 × 3 = 162

15.3 Square and Cube Patterns

Solved Example 129: Find next term: 1, 4, 9, 16, ?

Solution:
Pattern: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Next term = 5 = 25

Solved Example 130: Find next term: 1, 8, 27, 64, ?

Solution:
Pattern: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Next term = 5 = 125

Practice Questions - Set 1

(Numbers & Operations)
Q1. What is the place value of 7 in 56,743?

Q2. Form the smallest 5-digit number using 8, 0, 3, 7, 5.

Q3. Is 6,534 divisible by 3?

Q4. Find HCF of 36 and 60.

Q5. Find LCM of 12, 15, and 20.

Q6. Simplify: 125 × (40 + 8)

Q7. Divide 8,456 by 14. Find quotient and remainder.

Q8. Ram has Rs. 847. Shyam has Rs. 156 less. How much does Shyam have?

Q9. Cost of one pen is Rs. 24. Find cost of 18 pens.

Q10. Two bells ring at intervals of 15 and 20 minutes. If they ring together at 10:00 AM,
when next?
Practice Questions - Set 2
(Fractions & Decimals)
Q11. Reduce to simplest form.

Q12. Convert 3 to improper fraction.

Q13. Compare: and

Q14. Add: +

Q15. Multiply: ×

Q16. Convert 0.625 to fraction in simplest form.

Q17. Add: 34.56 + 23.8

Q18. Multiply: 4.5 × 12

Q19. Divide: 56.7 ÷ 10

Q20. Arrange in ascending order: 5.23, 5.032, 5.3, 5.203

Practice Questions - Set 3

(Percentage & Ratio)
Q21. Convert to percentage.

Q22. Find 25% of 840.

Q23. 45 is what percent of 180?

Q24. Price increased from Rs. 600 to Rs. 720. Find percentage increase.

Q25. Express 45:60 in simplest form.

Q26. Divide Rs. 720 between A and B in ratio 5:7.

Q27. If 8 books cost Rs. 360, find cost of 12 books.

Q28. Check if 4:5 and 16:20 are in proportion.

Q29. Find average of 35, 42, 48, 53, 62.

Q30. Average of 6 numbers is 54. Five numbers are 48, 52, 56, 60, 62. Find sixth number.
Practice Questions - Set 4
(Applications)
Q31. An article bought for Rs. 600 is sold for Rs. 750. Find profit percentage.

Q32. CP = Rs. 1500, Loss = 12%. Find SP.

Q33. Marked price Rs. 2800, Discount 15%. Find selling price.

Q34. Find SI on Rs. 4000 at 9% for 2 years.

Q35. Principal Rs. 6000, Rate 10%, Time 3 years. Find amount.

Q36. A car travels 180 km in 3 hours. Find speed.

Q37. How long to cover 420 km at 60 km/h?

Q38. Convert 90 km/h to m/s.

Q39. Convert 3.5 km to meters.

Q40. Convert 2 hours 45 minutes to minutes.

Practice Questions - Set 5

(Geometry & Patterns)
Q41. Find perimeter of rectangle: length 18 cm, breadth 12 cm.

Q42. Find area of square with side 14 cm.

Q43. Find area of triangle: base 16 cm, height 9 cm.

Q44. Find volume of cube with side 5 cm.

Q45. Simplify: 72 ÷ 8 + 5 × 6

Q46. Simplify: (20 + 10) × 4 − 15

Q47. Simplify: 100 − [50 − {30 − (15 − 5)}]

Q48. Find next term: 7, 14, 21, 28, ?

Q49. Find missing term: 80, 72, 64, ?, 48

Q50. Find next term: 5, 10, 20, 40, ?

Answer Keys - Practice Sets

Set 1 Answers
A1. 700
A2. 30,578
A3. Yes (sum = 18)
A4. 12
A5. 60
A6. 6000
A7. Q = 604, R = 0
A8. Rs. 691
A9. Rs. 432
A10. 11:00 AM (LCM = 60 min)

Set 2 Answers
A11.
A12.
A13. >
A14.
A15.
A16.
A17. 58.36
A18. 54
A19. 5.67
A20. 5.032, 5.203, 5.23, 5.3

Set 3 Answers
A21. 35%
A22. 210
A23. 25%
A24. 20%
A25. 3:4
A26. A = 300, B = 420
A27. Rs. 540
A28. Yes
A29. 48
A30. 46

Set 4 Answers
A31. 25%
A32. Rs. 1320
A33. Rs. 2380
A34. Rs. 720
A35. Rs. 7800
A36. 60 km/h
A37. 7 hours
A38. 25 m/s
A39. 3500 m
A40. 165 minutes
Set 5 Answers
A41. 60 cm
A42. 196 cm²
A43. 72 cm²
A44. 125 cm³
A45. 39
A46. 105
A47. 80
A48. 35
A49. 56
A50. 80

Important Formulas - Quick

Reference
Numbers & Operations
• Place Value = Face Value × Position Value
• HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers
• Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

Fractions
• Mixed to Improper: 𝑎 =

• Multiplication: × =

• Division: ÷ = ×

Percentage
Part
• Percentage = × 100
Whole
Percentage
• Value = × Quantity
Increase
• Increase% = × 100
Original

Ratio & Proportion

• Dividing quantity Q in ratio a First = ×𝑄

• If 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑, then 𝑎 × 𝑑 = 𝑏 × 𝑐

Average
 Sum
• Average =
Number of values

• Sum = Average × Number of values

Profit & Loss

• Profit = SP - CP, Loss = CP - SP
Profit
• Profit% = × 100
CP
Profit\% Loss\%
• SP = CP × (1 + ) or CP × (1 − )

Simple Interest
× ×
• SI =
• Amount = Principal + SI

Speed, Distance, Time

Distance
• Speed = Time

• Distance = Speed × Time

Distance
• Time =
Speed

• km/h to m/s: Multiply by

Perimeter & Area

• Rectangle: P = 2(l+b), A = l × b
• Square: P = 4s, A = 𝑠
• Triangle: P = a+b+c, A = bh
• Cuboid: V = l × b × h
• Cube: V = 𝑠

Exam Tips and Strategy

Time Management
• Read entire section first (1 minute)
• Attempt easy questions first (15 questions in 25 minutes)
• Mark difficult questions for later
• Reserve 4-5 minutes for review
During Exam
1. Read question carefully twice
2. Identify what is asked
3. Note given values
4. Choose appropriate formula
5. Calculate step by step
6. Check if answer matches options
7. Mark answer clearly

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Calculation errors (practice daily)
• Misreading plus as minus
• Forgetting to simplify fractions
• Wrong BODMAS order
• Not converting units properly
• Mixing up formulas
• Rushing through easy questions

Preparation Strategy
Last 2 Weeks
• Revise all formulas daily
• Practice 20 questions daily
• Take 2-3 full mock tests
• Review mistakes thoroughly
• Focus on weak areas
• Build speed gradually

Day Before Exam

• Light revision only
• Go through formula sheet
• Attempt 5-10 easy questions
• Rest well
• Organize exam materials
• Sleep early

Exam Day Morning

• Light breakfast
 • Quick formula revision (10 minutes)
• Stay calm and confident
• Reach center early
• Carry all required materials

Conversion Tables
Length
1 km 1000 m
1m 100 cm
1m 1000 mm
1 cm 10 mm

Mass
1 kg 1000 g
1g 1000 mg
1 quintal 100 kg
1 metric ton 1000 kg

Capacity
1L 1000 mL
1 kL 1000 L

Time
1 minute 60 seconds
1 hour 60 minutes
1 day 24 hours
1 week 7 days
1 year 365 days
All the best for your JNV entrance examination!

Remember: Practice + Confidence = Success