Chapter 2 (Part B)

Operating Web based applications

An application that can be accessed over a computer network or Internet through a web browser is called a Web
based application .A web application is an application program that is stored on a remote server and delivered
over the internet through a browser interface. Such applications are available 24*7 across the world. In modern
Times, a web based applications are being used for various purposes like reservation of tickets and bookings,
egovernance ,online shopping [Link] these facilities available from anywhere around the world through the
internet.

Web-based applications can be broadly categorized into two types:

1. Applications Requiring Financial Transactions: These are websites where users perform actions that
involve online payments. Examples include online shopping (e-commerce), booking tickets (reservations),
and paying utility bills.
2. Applications for Information and Interaction: These websites primarily provide information and allow
users to interact without making payments. Examples include e-governance portals, online learning
platforms (e-learning), blogs, and forms where users can fill out forms, post queries, or read content.
Some examples of applications are:
o Online reservation system
o Online tutorials
o Online shopping and will payments
o E governance etc.
Benefits of web application
1. Web applications run on multiple platforms such as desktop, laptop or mobile .
2. All users can access the same versions.
3. Webpacks are not installed on the hard disc of the system.
4. Daredius software piracy in subscription based web application.

Topic ---How do web application works (on IT book page no 79)

Online Reservation/Booking System

An online reservation system is a web application that allows users to book and cancel services over the Internet.
It provides real-time information about availability, pricing, and scheduling. It includes online transfer of money.A
user can check the information available on the relevant website and perform the [Link]: Booking
airline tickets, railway tickets, movie tickets, hotel rooms, and rental cars. These tickets can be booked online from
any place and for any location.

1.2.1 Advantages of Online Reservation Systems

Advantages for Consumer

[Link]: Book anytime, anywhere (24/7 access), saving time and effort compared to visiting a physical
booking office.
[Link] Comparison: Easily compare prices from multiple service providers (e.g., different airlines on a travel
portal) to find the best deals.
 3. More Choices: Users can visually inspect options, such as viewing a seat map on an airplane or a hotel
room’s photos, and read reviews from other customers.
4. Security & Confirmation: Secure login systems protect user data,and booking confirmations are received
instantly via email or SMS.
5. Time saving: there is no need to stand in queues or wait for the next day to book the ticket websites
allowed ticket booking anytime so you can book ticket as per your convenience.
6. Discount related scheme: The user can look for special discount schemes provided by the service provider
such as season discount advanced booking discount.

Advantages for providers:

1. Requires Less Staff: Automation of booking and payment processes reduces the need for a large customer
service team.
2. Efficiency: The entire process is streamlined, from displaying availability to processing payments and
issuing tickets, leading to faster and more efficient operations.
3. No Spatial Restrictions: The business can operate from anywhere, reducing costs associated with prime
office locations,rent, and electricity.
4. Global Access: The service is available to a worldwide audience, massively increasing the potential
customer base beyond a local area.

Precautions for Online Transactions:---Since online reservations involve payments and personal data,
security is crucial.
The precautions we have to take while performing online transactions are –

a. Make a password complex, like mix case, use numbers and special characters.

b. Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them with friends.

c. Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords.

[Link] share your OTP or Pin with anyone while doing any online transaction.

[Link] respond to calls that say they are from bank ,tax department which ask for your personal details.

[Link] give access to anyone to share your screen for any kind of assistance.

g. Before entering the payment details on any website, ensure that the site is secure.

[Link] payment, check your credit card and bank statements carefully to ensure that the correct amount has been
debited.

[Link] save your online payment receipt electronically or manually.

Operating the online reservation systems

1. Open the online reservation website on any web browser like internet explorer, Google Chrome,Opera,
Mozilla etc
 2. If you know the address of the website then type the address in the address [Link] example,on Google
Search, you can search for online railway booking site like IRCTC, [Link],[Link] etc
3. Open the website
4. Browse and search for the required information.
5. Then book your ticket either by creating your login account or as a guest user.

How we can book a rail ticket?

1. Open the website [Link]
2. When you click the login button,a login window appears.
3. Enter the login details (username and password)
4. Enter [Link] on login and [Link] will send you an OTP in case you want one, otherwise leave it
blank.
5. Click on the Sign in button
6. Mention the from and to [Link] mention the date and [Link] click on search.
7. The status of the available trains with details will appear.
8. Select the train and click on the Book Now Button.
9. Enter the booking details of each passenger and then make the payment.

E-governance

E-Governance (Electronic Governance) is the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by the
government to provide services and information to citizens, businesses, and other government agencies. It aims
to make government operations more efficient, transparent, and accountable..The government’s ability to give
citizens access to information is made easier by the usage of ICT. The government has established ICT-enabled
services, such as the registration of birth and death certificates, the purchase of train tickets, the submission of
RTI requests, etc.

1. Government to Citizens (G2C)This is the most common model, focusing on public service delivery and
civic engagement. It bridges the gap between the government and the general public, making services
accessible 24/7 without the need to visit physical [Link]: Applying for certificates (e.g., birth,
caste, or income), e-filing income tax, paying utility bills, and submitting feedback or public grievances.
2. Government to Business (G2B)This interaction facilitates seamless digital communication between
government agencies and the commercial or private sector. It is designed to cut red tape, reduce
operational costs, and create a highly transparent business [Link]: Applying for
corporate licenses and permits, e-tendering and procurement, paying corporate taxes, and accessing
trade regulations
3. Government to Government (G2G)This model focuses on internal, horizontal, and vertical operations
within the government ecosystem. It streamlines workflows, enhances inter-departmental collaboration,
and improves data sharing across different local, state, or national [Link]: Interlinking
databases between police departments, sharing agricultural data across different state ministries, or
automated file tracking systems between state and federal levels
4. Government to Employees (G2E)Because the government is often the largest employer, this interaction
caters to the internal needs, human resource management, and administrative efficiency of its own
 [Link]: Managing payrolls, tracking leave records, providing employee benefits, and
conducting internal e-learning or training programs.

Initiative

E-Governance Initiatives in India

The push for e-governance in India began with the launch of NICNET in 1987. A major boost came with the
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006, which aimed to make all government services accessible to th
common person in their locality

1.3.2 Key E-Governance Websites

• The National Portal of India ([Link]): A single-window access point for all information and services

provided by the Indian government at the central, state, and district levels.

• Government of India Web Directory ([Link]): A directory that provides links to all Indian

government websites, categorized by union/state government, legislature, judiciary, and various sectors like

education and agriculture.

• IRCTC ([Link]): Indian Railway catering and tourism [Link] portal for booking railway tickets
online.

• Passport Seva ([Link]): For applying for passports online.

E-Governance Sites

Some of the Central initiatives for e-governance include:

National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

National e-Governance Division (NeGD)

e-Governance Infrastructure

Mission Mode Projects

Citizens Services
Business Services

Government Services

Projects and Initiatives

R&D in e-Governance

[Link]

[Link] went live on November 10th, 2005. It falls under the National E-Government Plan, or NeGP, as a
Mission Mode Project. The National Informatics Centre, which is a division of the Ministry of Communications
and Information Technology, manages the portal.

Online shopping and Bill Payments

Online shopping is an e-commerce application where the customer can purchase goods over the [Link]
are various websites from where a customer can shop [Link] customer can purchase all kinds of items,like
books,TV, mobile phone, clothes etc.

Benefits of Online Shopping

Online shopping is useful in many situations. Here, we discuss some of the situations :Software

The customer does not have enough time to visit a store and purchase goods.

The store where you will get what you need may be very far off.

The money spent in travelling to the store, parking the car, etc., is much more than overhead if any in online
shopping.

The product you may require is not available at your market.

You want to send a product to your friend; you can do online shopping and provide the receiver’s address. You
save your time and energy for delivery of the product to your friend’s house located in a different city.

You do not have time during the shopping hours. You can do online shopping from your office, home, a friend’s
place, anywhere, any time. Thus there are no fixed shopping hours

Online shopping also has bargain offers for the customer delight.

Some online stores allow customers to rate their services and the items.

Working of online shopping apps

1. Open the shopping site

2. You can login with a username and password for customized preference
 3. After browsing the site, search for the product, you can add them to the shopping Cart by clicking on add
to cart [Link] is like a shopping basket where you can add the product you want to buy from the
online shopping store.
4. After selecting the products, you can view what you have selected and check the total amount to be paid
by you.
5. You may delete any product from the shopping cart
6. Read the terms and conditions before making the payment.

Some examples of online shopping stores-

1. Amazon
2. Flipkart
3. Ebay

Bill payments:-online bill payment application are meant for any kind of bill payment from credit card bill to
mobile [Link] payments can be using credit card or debit card or net [Link] payments can also be made
for many government services like electricity bill, water bill, income tax etc.

Online course, Tutorials/Learning

Online courses and tutorials are very popular these days as they help the user in learning new software or some
new course or a lesson. In online tutoring the students and the Teachers are at physically different locations,
connected to each other via the
internet..Itprovideslearnerswiththefexibilitytostudyattheirownpace,time,andlocation.

Types of online learning

Video/SlideTutorials:Pre-recordedlecturesorpresentationsthatcanbeviewedon-demand.

•Webinars:Live,real-
timelecturesorworkshopsconductedonline,whereparticipantscaninteractwiththeinstructorandaskquestions
.

Online tutorials/Learning sites

Some of the example of online education sites are –

a. [Link] – e which offers online courses for development of technical skills. It claims to provide projects built
by technical leaders like Google and AT & T. T.

b. [Link] & [Link] – provide high quality online courses for free, in collaboration with various universities
across the globe. They aim to provide free online education through its partners world wide. The courses include
topics from hunanities, science, and engineering including courses at school level.

c. [Link] – NCERT portal that provides online learning resources in the form of e-books, journals, question
papers, children books, etc.

d. Khan academy -it is a educational website created in 2008 why an educator it is a non profit educational
organisation started by Salman Khan in 2008 it's mission was to provide free world class education to anyone
anywhere.
Project management web based application development

The process of generating web apps is included in web based application development. A software that is kept on
a distant server is known as a web application. It is accessible online and supplied via a web browser interface. A
web application could be of various types, such as a game, quiz, or calculator for bills.

A project is a task that is carried out to produce an original good, service, or outcome.

Characteristics of project are –

a. A project has a beginning and an end. The extent of the project is defined. It has boundaries.

b. Aproject requires finite resources that are required to complete the project.

c. Aproject has a specific time frame. It has a definite beginning and end dates.

d. A project is complete when its end objectives are achieved. The objective is specific and identifiable.

1TheFourPhasesofaWebApplicationProject

Web-based application development can be broadly divided into four phases. In the development

1) Requirements Definition Phase

2) Design Phase

3) Implementation Phase

4) Testing Phase

Requirement Definition Phase

In this phase we identify the problem statement for which the web application is to be developed.

Feasibility : Is the project feasible?

(i) Check whether the project is technically feasible (is it possible to do it?).

(ii) Check whether the project is economically feasible (is it profitable?).

(iii) If feasible, proceed further, otherwise there is no need to proceed with the project.
Scope : The focus is on “what” the application must do. To define the scope of the application,

(i) Compile a detailed list with a clear description of application features.

(ii) Establish the goals that the solution must achieve.

(iii) Recognizing the limitations that are placed on the project.

Design Phase

The focus is on “how” the application is to be designed. This consists of design of –

A Map of the Web Application Site – A site map for a web application comprises crucial details about the site’s
structure, including the pages and the connections between them.

Page Structure – Design the structure of page. Identify the main sections of the page like header, main content
and sidebar.

ImplementationPhase:The”building”phase.

•BackendDevelopment:Createthedatabaseandserver-sidecode(e.g.,usingSQL,PHP).

•FrontendDevelopment:Buildtheuserinterfacethatuserswillinteractwith(e.g.,usingHTML,CSS,)

Identify the inputs that are required to be taken from the user in the Front-End of the application. Decide the kind
of buttons you will provide to the user, to minimize the user’s typing effort, like, Radio buttons, checkbox, list and
combo box.

Data Connectivity – Establish the data connectivity between the Front-End interface and Back-End Database.

Testing Phase

Test the complete application

Find and fix errors

Test again after corrections

Give the final application to user after correction

Test the front end and back end of the entire programme using various example data sets. Find and fix any
application bug you can.

Case study ---online game, online quiz on textbook page 102.

Explore the following sites for online shopping:

1. [Link]

2. [Link]

Answer –

[Link] – An online store and web service company, [Link] Inc. The company offers goods in a variety
of categories, including clothing, auto and industrial equipment, beauty and health care, electronics, groceries,
books, games, jeweler, kids’ and infant products, movies, music, sporting goods, toys, and tools, among
[Link]

[Link] – While being one of the most popular and well-established e-commerce sites online, eBay doesn’t
actually sell anything. Users can instead offer goods for sale, and other users can then place bids on those goods in
auctions. eBay recently added the ability to purchase products at face value or to make price offers for them.

Practice Questions

2.1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. An application accessed via a web browser is called a:

(A) Desktop Application

(B) Mobile Application

(C) Web-based Application

(D) System Software

Answer: (C)

2. Which of the following is an example of an online reservation system?

(A) Khan Academy

(B) IRCTC
(C) [Link]

(D) [Link]

Answer: (B)

3. The ’s’ in https:// stands for:

(A) System

(B) Standard

(C) Secure

(D) Service

Answer: (C)

4. The use of ICT by the government to provide services to citizens is known as:

(A) E-Commerce

(B) E-Learning

(C) E-Banking

(D) E-Governance

Answer: (D)

5. In online shopping, where do you place items you want to buy before payment?

(A) Wishlist
(B) Shopping Cart

(C) My Account

(D) Checkout

Answer: (B)

6. A live, real-time online lecture is called a:

(A) Tutorial

(B) Webinar

(C) E-book

(D) Blog

Answer: (B)

7. Which phase of web application development focuses on ”what” the application must do?

(A) Design

(B) Implementation

(C) Testing

(D) Requirement Definition

Answer: (D)

8. In which phase are the database tables planned?

(A) Design Phase

(B) Testing Phase

(C) Implementation Phase

(D) Requirement Phase

Answer: (A)

9. [Link] is an example of:

(A) An e-governance site

(B) An e-learning site

(C) An e-commerce site

(D) An online reservation site

Answer: (C)

10. Which of the following is an advantage of online reservation for consumers?

(A) Requires less staff

(B) Global access

(C) 24/7 convenience

(D) No spatial restrictions

Answer: (C)
11. Building the user interface with HTML and CSS happens in which phase?

(A) Design

(B) Requirement

(C) Testing

(D) Implementation

Answer: (D)

12. What is the National Portal of India?

(A) [Link]

(B) [Link]

(C) [Link]

(D) [Link]

Answer: (C)

13. What is the primary purpose of the Testing Phase?

(A) To design the database

(B) To write the code

(C) To find and fix bugs

(D) To define the scope

Answer: (C)

14. MOOC stands for:

(A) Major Online Open Courses

(B) Massive Open Online Courses

(C) Modern Open Online Courses

(D) My Online Open Courses

Answer: (B)

15. Creating a flowchart of all the web pages and their links is called a:

(A) Page Structure

(B) Site Map

(C) Database Design

(D) Frontend