MATHEMATICS

Complete Formula Book

Class 12 — All 7 Chapters

Chapters Covered:
1. Functions and Limits 2. Differentiation
3. Integration 4. Analytic Geometry
5. Linear Inequalities & LP 6. Conic Sections
7. Vectors

Exam 2026 — All Formulas in One Place

Contents
1 CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS 4
1.1 Functions — Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Types of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Composition and Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Hyperbolic Functions — Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Limits — Properties and Standard Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENTIATION 10
2.1 Definition of Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Basic Rules of Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 Derivatives of Exponential & Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 Hyperbolic Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.8 Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives (Complete) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.9 Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.10 Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.11 Maclaurin & Taylor Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.12 Maxima & Minima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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3 CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATION 15
3.1 Indefinite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Basic Integration Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Trigonometric Identities for Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Inverse Trig Integrals (Complete) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Hyperbolic Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.10 Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.11 Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.12 Area Under Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 CHAPTER 4: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 20

4.1 Distance and Midpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Section Formula (Ratio Formula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Centroid and Collinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4 Slope of a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5 Equations of a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.7 Distance Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8 Angle Between Two Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.9 Conditions for Parallelogram and Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.10 Pair of Straight Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.11 Two Lines — Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.12 Translation and Rotation of Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5 CHAPTER 5: LINEAR INEQUALITIES & LINEAR PROGRAMMING 24

5.1 Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 Graphing Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6 CHAPTER 6: CONIC SECTIONS 25

6.1 Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Parabola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3 Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.4 Hyperbola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.5 Conic Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7 CHAPTER 7: VECTORS 27
7.1 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2 Position Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.3 Vector Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.4 Direction Angles and Direction Cosines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.5 Dot Product (Scalar Product) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.6 Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.7 Cross Product (Vector Product) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.8 Areas Using Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.9 Scalar Triple Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.10 Vector Triple Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.11 Physical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.12 Section Formula in Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.13 Summary of All Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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8 QUICK REVISION CARDS 34

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CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS AND LIM-

ITS
Functions — Basic Definitions
Function
A function f from set X to set Y is a rule that assigns each element of X to a unique element of
Y.
f : X → Y, y = f (x)

• Domain: Set of all input values (X)

• Range: Set of all output values

• Codomain: Set Y

Types of Functions
Function Classifications
• Polynomial: f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + . . . + a0

• Linear: f (x) = ax + b

• Quadratic: f (x) = ax2 + bx + c

• Constant: f (x) = c

• Identity: f (x) = x

• Exponential: f (x) = ax or ex

• Logarithmic: f (x) = loga x or ln x

• Even Function: f (−x) = f (x)

• Odd Function: f (−x) = −f (x)

Composition and Inverse

Composite and Inverse Functions

Composition:
(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))

Inverse Function: If y = f (x) then x = f −1 (y)

f (f −1 (x)) = x = f −1 (f (x))

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Trigonometric Identities
Sum-to-Product Formulas (Corrected)

   
P +Q P −Q
sin P + sin Q = 2 sin cos (1)
2 2
   
P +Q P −Q
sin P − sin Q = 2 cos sin (2)
2 2
   
P +Q P −Q
cos P + cos Q = 2 cos cos (3)
2 2
   
P +Q P −Q
cos P − cos Q = −2 sin sin (4)
2 2

Product-to-Sum Formulas

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) (5)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) (6)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) (7)
2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B) (8)

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Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

Double Angle:

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x (9)

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x (10)
2 tan x
tan 2x = (11)
1 − tan2 x
Useful Rearrangements:

1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x (12)

1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x (13)

1 − cos 2x
= sin2 x (14)
2
1 + cos 2x
= cos2 x (15)
2

Half Angle Forms:

x
1 − cos x = 2 sin2 (16)
2
x
1 + cos x = 2 cos2 (17)
2

General Form:

pθ
1 − cos pθ = 2 sin2 (18)
2

pθ
1 + cos pθ = 2 cos2 (19)
2

Sum and Difference of Angles

sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β (20)

cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β (21)

tan θ1 − tan θ2
tan(θ1 − θ2 ) = (22)
1 + tan θ1 tan θ2

tan θ1 + tan θ2
tan(θ1 + θ2 ) = (23)
1 − tan θ1 tan θ2

Pythagorean Identities

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (24)

2 2
1 + tan x = sec x (25)
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x (26)

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Hyperbolic Functions — Definitions

Hyperbolic Function Definitions (Corrected)

ex − e−x
sinh x = (27)
2

ex + e−x
cosh x = (28)
2

ex − e−x sinh x
tanh x = = (29)
ex + e−x cosh x

ex + e−x cosh x
coth x = x −x
= (30)
e −e sinh x

2 1
sech x = −x
= (31)
ex +e cosh x

2 1
csch x = = (32)
ex − e−x sinh x

Hyperbolic Identities

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 (33)

1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x (34)
coth2 x − 1 = csch2 x (35)
sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y (36)
cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y (37)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x (38)
cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x (39)

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Limits — Properties and Standard Limits

Definition and Properties of Limits

lim f (x) = L
x→a

Properties:

lim [f (x) · g(x)] = lim f (x) · lim g(x) (40)

x→a x→a x→a
 
f (x) limx→a f (x)
lim = , g(x) ̸= 0 (41)
x→a g(x) limx→a g(x)
lim [k · f (x)] = k · lim f (x) (42)
x→a x→a
h in
lim [f (x)]n = lim f (x) (43)
x→a x→a

Limit exists ⇐⇒ Left-hand limit = Right-hand limit.

Important Standard Limits (Complete)

sin x
lim =1 (44)
x→0 x

tan x
lim =1 (45)
x→0 x

1 − cos x
lim =0 (46)
x→0 x

1 − cos x 1
lim 2
= (47)
x→0 x 2

xn − a n
lim = n an−1 (48)
x→a x − a

lim (1 + x)1/x = e (49)

x→0

1 n
 
lim 1 + =e (50)
n→∞ n
 a x
lim 1+ = ea (51)
x→∞ x

ex − 1
lim =1 (52)
x→0 x

ax − 1
lim = ln a (53)
x→0 x

ln(1 + x)
lim =1 (54)
x→0 x

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Continuity
Continuity at a Point

f (x) is continuous at x = a if:

1. f (a) is defined

2. limx→a f (x) exists

3. limx→a f (x) = f (a)

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CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENTIATION
Definition of Derivative
First Principle / Ab-initio Method

f (x + δx) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
δx→0 δx
df dy
Notation: f ′ (x), , , Df, y′
dx dx

Basic Rules of Differentiation

Differentiation Rules

d
(c) = 0 (Constant Rule)
dx
d n
(x ) = nxn−1 (Power Rule)
dx
d
[c · f (x)] = c · f ′ (x) (Constant Multiple)
dx
d
[f (x) · g(x)] = f ′ (x) g(x) + f (x) g ′ (x) (Product Rule)
dx
f ′ (x) g(x) − f (x) g ′ (x)
 
d f (x)
= (Quotient Rule)
dx g(x) [g(x)]2

Chain Rule
Chain Rule (Corrected Replacement Form)

dy dy dx
= ×
du dx du
Standard Chain Rule:
d
[f (g(x))] = f ′ (g(x)) · g ′ (x)
dx
Extended Chain Rule:
dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Trig Derivatives

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
(cot x) = − csc2 x
dx
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
(csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trig Derivatives

d 1
(sin−1 x) = √
dx 1 − x2
d −1
(cos−1 x) = √
dx 1 − x2
d 1
(tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2
d −1
(cot−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2
d 1
(sec−1 x) = √
dx |x| x2 − 1
d −1
(csc−1 x) = √
dx |x| x2 − 1

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Derivatives of Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

Exponential & Log Derivatives

d x
(e ) = ex
dx
d x
(a ) = ax ln a
dx
d λx
(a ) = λ aλx ln a
dx
d f (x)
(e ) = ef (x) · f ′ (x)
dx
d 1
(ln x) =
dx x
d 1
(loga x) =
dx x ln a
d f ′ (x)
(ln f (x)) =
dx f (x)

Hyperbolic Derivatives
Hyperbolic Function Derivatives

d
(sinh x) = cosh x
dx
d
(cosh x) = sinh x
dx
d
(tanh x) = sech2 x
dx
d
(coth x) = −csch2 x
dx
d
(sech x) = −sech x tanh x
dx
d
(csch x) = −csch x coth x
dx

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Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives (Complete)

Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives (All Six)

d 1
(sinh−1 x) = √
dx x2 + 1
d 1
(cosh−1 x) = √
dx 2
x −1
d 1
(tanh−1 x) = , |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2
d 1
(coth−1 x) = , |x| > 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1
(sech−1 x) = √ , 0<x<1
dx x 1 − x2

d −1
(csch−1 x) = √ , x ̸= 0
dx |x| 1 + x2

Binomial Theorem
Binomial Theorem
For positive integer n:
n  
n
X n
(a + b) = an−k bk
k
k=0
       
n n n n−1 n n−2 2 n n
= a + a b+ a b + ... + b
0 1 2 n
Where:  
n n!
=
k k!(n − k)!
Special Cases:

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3

General Term ((r + 1)th term):

 
n n−r r
Tr+1 = a b
r

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Higher-Order Derivatives
Higher Order

dy d2 y d3 y dn y
y′ = , y ′′ = , y ′′′ = , y (n) =
dx dx2 dx3 dxn

Maclaurin & Taylor Series

Series Expansions

Maclaurin Series (about x = 0):

f ′′ (0) 2 f ′′′ (0) 3

f (x) = f (0) + f ′ (0)x + x + x + ...
2! 3!
Taylor Series (about x = a):

f ′′ (a)
f (x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + . . .
2!
Common Expansions:

x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ...
2! 3!
x3 x5
sin x = x − + − ...
3! 5!
x2 x4
cos x = 1 − + − ...
2! 4!
x2 x3
ln(1 + x) = x − + − . . . , |x| ≤ 1
2 3

Maxima & Minima

Critical Points and Extrema
Step 1: Find f ′ (x) = 0 to get critical points.
Step 2 — Second Derivative Test:

• f ′′ (c) < 0 ⇒ Maximum at x = c

• f ′′ (c) > 0 ⇒ Minimum at x = c

• f ′′ (c) = 0 ⇒ Test fails (use first derivative test)

Point of Inflection: f ′′ (x) = 0 and sign of f ′′ changes.

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATION
Indefinite Integral
Definition
d
If [F (x)] = f (x), then:
dx Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

Basic Integration Formulas

Power, Exponential & Log

xn+1
Z
xn dx = + C, n ̸= −1 (55)
n+1
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C (56)
x
Z
ex dx = ex + C (57)

eax
Z
eax dx = +C (58)
a

ax
Z
ax dx = +C (59)
ln a
Z
k dx = kx + C (60)

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Trigonometric Integrals
Trig Integration

Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z
csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Z
csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
Z
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C
Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C
Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Z
csc x dx = ln | csc x − cot x| + C

Trigonometric Identities for Integration

Important Identities Used in Integration

1 − cos 2x
sin2 x = (61)
2

1 + cos 2x
cos2 x = (62)
2

1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x (63)

1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x (64)

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x (65)

x
1 − cos x = 2 sin2 (66)
2
x
1 + cos x = 2 cos2 (67)
2

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Inverse Trig Integrals (Complete)

Inverse Trigonometric Results

Z
1
√ dx = sin−1 x + C
1 − x2
−1
Z
√ dx = cos−1 x + C
1 − x2
Z
1
dx = tan−1 x + C
1 + x2
Z
1 x
√ dx = sin−1 + C
a2 − x2 a
Z
1 1 x
dx = tan−1 + C
a2 +x 2 a a
Z
1 1 x
√ dx = sec−1 + C
x x2 − a2 a a

Hyperbolic Integrals
Hyperbolic Integration

Z
sinh x dx = cosh x + C
Z
cosh x dx = sinh x + C
Z
sech2 x dx = tanh x + C
Z
1 x
√ dx = sinh−1 + C
x2 + a 2 a
Z
1 x
√ dx = cosh−1 + C
x2 − a 2 a

Integration by Substitution
Substitution Method
Z Z
′
f (g(x)) · g (x) dx = f (u) du, where u = g(x)

Trig Substitutions:
√
• For a2 − x2 : Let x = a sin θ
√
• For a2 + x2 : Let x = a tan θ
√
• For x2 − a2 : Let x = a sec θ

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Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts (Updated Formula)
Z Z Z Z  
d
f1 · f2 dx = f1 f2 dx − f2 dx · (f1 ) dx
dx
where f1 is the first function and f2 is the second function.
Choice of f1 and f2 (ILATE Rule):
Choose f1 (first function) in this priority order:

1. Inverse Trigonometric

2. Logarithmic

3. Algebraic

4. Trigonometric

5. Exponential

The function that comes first in ILATE is chosen as f1 .

The other function becomes f2 .

Partial Fractions
Partial Fraction Decomposition

Case 1 — Distinct Linear Factors:

1 A B
= +
(x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b

Case 2 — Repeated Linear Factors:

1 A B
2
= +
(x − a) x − a (x − a)2

Case 3 — Irreducible Quadratic Factor:

1 A Bx + C
= +
(x − a)(x2 + bx + c) x − a x2 + bx + c

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Definite Integrals
Definite Integral Properties

Fundamental Theorem: Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
Properties:
Z a
f (x) dx = 0 (68)
a
Z b Z a
f (x) dx = − f (x) dx (69)
a b
Z b Z c Z b
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx (70)
a a c
Z a Z a
f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx (71)
0 0

Differential Equations
First Order DE — Separable Variables
Z Z
dy dy
= f (x) g(y) ⇒ = f (x) dx
dx g(y)

Area Under Curve

Area Applications

Area between curve and x-axis:

Z b
A= f (x) dx
a

Area between two curves:

Z b
A= [f (x) − g(x)] dx, f (x) ≥ g(x)
a

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

CHAPTER 4: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Distance and Midpoint
Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Distance between A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ):

p
d= (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

Midpoint:  
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
M= ,
2 2

Section Formula (Ratio Formula)

Internal Division (Ratio k1 : k2 )

Point P dividing A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ) in ratio k1 : k2 internally:

k 1 x2 + k 2 x1
x=
k1 + k2

k1 y2 + k2 y1
y=
k1 + k2
External Division:
k 1 x2 − k 2 x1 k1 y2 − k2 y1
x= , y=
k1 − k2 k1 − k2

Centroid and Collinearity

Centroid of Triangle

For triangle with vertices A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ), C(x3 , y3 ):

 
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
G= ,
3 3

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Area of Triangle and Collinearity

Area of triangle:

1
Area = |x1 (y2 − y3 ) + x2 (y3 − y1 ) + x3 (y1 − y2 )|
2

Collinearity of three points:

Three points A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ), C(x3 , y3 ) are collinear if and only if:

x1 (y2 − y3 ) + x2 (y3 − y1 ) + x3 (y1 − y2 ) = 0

Or equivalently:
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1

Slope of a Line
Slope Formulas
y2 − y1
m= = tan θ
x2 − x 1
Special cases:

• Horizontal line: m = 0, θ = 0

• Vertical line: m = undefined, θ = 90

• Parallel lines: m1 = m2

• Perpendicular lines: m1 · m2 = −1

Equations of a Line
All Forms of Line Equations

1. Slope-Intercept Form:
y = mx + c
2. Point-Slope Form:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
3. Two-Point Form:
y − y1 y2 − y 1
=
x − x1 x2 − x 1
4. Intercept Form: (a = x-int, b = y-int)

x y
+ =1
a b

5. Normal Form:
x cos α + y sin α = p
6. General Form:
a
ax + by + c = 0, slope = −
b

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Position of a Point w.r.t. a Line

Point Position (Corrected)

For line ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0:

Substitute point (x0 , y0 ) into the expression ax + by + c:

• If ax0 + by0 + c > 0: Point is above the line

• If ax0 + by0 + c < 0: Point is below the line

• If ax0 + by0 + c = 0: Point is on the line

Distance Formulas
Distances
Distance from point (x0 , y0 ) to line ax + by + c = 0:

|ax0 + by0 + c|
d= √
a2 + b2

Distance between parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0:

|c1 − c2 |
d= √
a2 + b2

Angle Between Two Lines

Angle Formula

m1 − m 2
tan θ =
1 + m 1 m2

Conditions for Parallelogram and Square

Quadrilateral Conditions

For quadrilateral ABCD:

Parallelogram:
AB = CD and BC = AD
(Opposite sides are equal)
Rectangle: Parallelogram + all angles 90
Rhombus: All four sides equal
Square: All four sides equal AND diagonals are equal:

AC = BD

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Pair of Straight Lines

Pair of Lines through Origin

ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0

• Real and distinct: h2 − ab > 0

• Coincident: h2 − ab = 0

• Imaginary: h2 − ab < 0

• Perpendicular: a + b = 0

Angle between pair of lines:

√
2 h2 − ab
tan θ =
a+b

Two Lines — Conditions

Conditions for Two Lines
Lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0:
a1 b1 c1
Parallel: = ̸=
a2 b2 c2
Perpendicular: a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0
a1 b1 c1
Coincident: = =
a2 b2 c2
Concurrent (three lines):
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3

Translation and Rotation of Axes

Transformations
Translation (shift origin to (h, k)):

X = x − h, Y =y−k

Rotation by angle θ:
x = X cos θ − Y sin θ
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

CHAPTER 5: LINEAR INEQUALITIES

& LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Linear Inequalities
Rules of Inequalities

• Add/subtract same number: inequality preserved

• Multiply/divide by positive number: inequality preserved

• Multiply/divide by negative number: reverse the inequality

Graphing Linear Inequalities

Graphing Method

Step 1: Draw the boundary line

• Solid line for ≤ or ≥

• Dashed line for < or >

Step 2: Test a point (usually origin)

Step 3: Shade the correct region

Linear Programming
Key Terms and Method

Objective Function: f = ax + by (maximize or minimize)

Constraints: Linear inequalities restricting variables
Non-negative: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 (First Quadrant)
Corner Point Method:

1. Write objective function and constraints

2. Graph all inequalities

3. Identify feasible region

4. Find all corner points (vertices)

5. Evaluate objective function at each corner point

6. Largest value = Max; Smallest value = Min

Theorem: Optimal value occurs at a corner point.

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

CHAPTER 6: CONIC SECTIONS

Circle
Circle Formulas
Standard form:
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
General form:
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
p
Centre = (−g, −f ), r = g 2 + f 2 − c
Diameter form:
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) + (y − y1 )(y − y2 ) = 0
Tangent at (x1 , y1 ) on x2 + y 2 = a2 :

xx1 + yy1 = a2

Length of tangent from (x1 , y1 ):

q
L = x21 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c

Position of point: S1 > 0: Outside; S1 = 0: On; S1 < 0: Inside

Parabola
Four Standard Parabolas

Equation Opens Focus Directrix Vertex

y 2 = 4ax Right (a, 0) x = −a (0, 0)

y 2 = −4ax Left (−a, 0) x=a (0, 0)

x2 = 4ay Up (0, a) y = −a (0, 0)

x2 = −4ay Down (0, −a) y=a (0, 0)

Latus Rectum = 4a, Eccentricity e = 1

Parametric: x = at2 , y = 2at

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Ellipse
Ellipse (a > b, major axis along x-axis)

x2 y 2 c
+ 2 =1, c2 = a2 − b2 , e= , 0<e<1
a2 b a

Vertices (±a, 0)
Foci (±c, 0)
Major axis 2a
Minor axis 2b
2b2
Latus rectum a

Hyperbola
Hyperbola (Horizontal)

x2 y 2 c
− 2 =1, c2 = a2 + b2 , e= , e>1
a2 b a

Vertices (±a, 0)
Foci (±c, 0)
Transverse axis 2a
Conjugate axis 2b
Asymptotes y = ± ab x
2b2
Latus rectum a

Conic Comparison
Master Table

Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola

e 0 1 0<e<1 e>1

Relation — 4a c2 = a2 − b2 c2 = a2 + b2

Foci 0 1 2 2

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

CHAPTER 7: VECTORS
Basic Definitions
Vector Representation and Magnitude

Vector: ⃗a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂
Magnitude:
q
|⃗a| = a21 + a22 + a23

Unit Vector:
⃗a
â =
|⃗a|

Standard Unit Vectors: î = (1, 0, 0), ĵ = (0, 1, 0), k̂ = (0, 0, 1)

Zero Vector: ⃗0 = (0, 0, 0), |⃗0| = 0

Position Vector
Position Vector
Position vector of point P (x, y, z):

⃗ = xî + y ĵ + z k̂
OP

Vector from A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) to B(x2 , y2 , z2 ):

⃗ = (x2 − x1 )î + (y2 − y1 )ĵ + (z2 − z1 )k̂

AB

Distance: p
⃗ =
|AB| (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

Vector Operations
Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Multiplication

⃗a + ⃗b = (a1 + b1 )î + (a2 + b2 )ĵ + (a3 + b3 )k̂

⃗a − ⃗b = (a1 − b1 )î + (a2 − b2 )ĵ + (a3 − b3 )k̂
k⃗a = (ka1 )î + (ka2 )ĵ + (ka3 )k̂

Properties:

• Commutative: ⃗a + ⃗b = ⃗b + ⃗a

• Associative: (⃗a + ⃗b) + ⃗c = ⃗a + (⃗b + ⃗c)

• Distributive: k(⃗a + ⃗b) = k⃗a + k⃗b

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Direction Angles and Direction Cosines

Direction Angles of a Vector

For ⃗a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂:
Direction cosines:
a1 a2 a3
cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
|⃗a| |⃗a| |⃗a|
where α, β, γ are angles with x-axis, y-axis, z-axis.
Direction angles:
a1 a2 a3
α = cos−1 , β = cos−1 , γ = cos−1
|⃗a| |⃗a| |⃗a|
Fundamental Property:
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
Direction ratios: a1 : a2 : a3

Dot Product (Scalar Product)

Dot Product — Complete

Definition:
⃗u · ⃗v = |⃗u| |⃗v | cos θ
Component form:
⃗u · ⃗v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3
Cosine of angle between vectors:

⃗u · ⃗v
cos θ =
|⃗u| |⃗v |

Properties:

• ⃗u · ⃗v = ⃗v · ⃗u (Commutative)

• ⃗u · (⃗v + w)
⃗ = ⃗u · ⃗v + ⃗u · w
⃗ (Distributive)

• ⃗u · ⃗u = |⃗u|2

• î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ · k̂ = 1

• î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ · î = 0

Conditions:

• If ⃗u and ⃗v are perpendicular: ⃗u · ⃗v = 0

• If ⃗u and ⃗v are NOT perpendicular: ⃗u · ⃗v ̸= 0

• If ⃗u and ⃗v are parallel (same direction): ⃗u · ⃗v = |⃗u| |⃗v |

• If ⃗u and ⃗v are anti-parallel: ⃗u · ⃗v = −|⃗u| |⃗v |

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Projections
Projection Formulas

Projection of ⃗a along ⃗b:

⃗a · ⃗b
proj⃗b⃗a =
|⃗b|

Projection of ⃗b along ⃗a:

⃗a · ⃗b
proj⃗a⃗b =
|⃗a|

Vector projection of ⃗a along ⃗b:

⃗a · ⃗b ⃗
Vector proj⃗b⃗a = b
|⃗b|2

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Cross Product (Vector Product)

Cross Product — Complete

Definition:
⃗a × ⃗b = |⃗a| |⃗b| sin θ n̂

where n̂ is perpendicular to both ⃗a and ⃗b (right-hand rule).

Determinant form:
î ĵ k̂
⃗a × ⃗b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

= (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )î − (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )ĵ + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k̂

Sine of angle:
|⃗a × ⃗b|
sin θ =
|⃗a| |⃗b|

Unit vector perpendicular to both ⃗a and ⃗b:

⃗a × ⃗b
n̂ =
|⃗a × ⃗b|

Properties:

• Anti-commutative: ⃗a × ⃗b = −(⃗b × ⃗a)

• ⃗a × ⃗a = ⃗0

• î × ĵ = k̂, ĵ × k̂ = î, k̂ × î = ĵ

• ĵ × î = −k̂, k̂ × ĵ = −î, î × k̂ = −ĵ

• î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = ⃗0

Conditions:

• If parallel: ⃗a × ⃗b = ⃗0

• If perpendicular: |⃗a × ⃗b| = |⃗a| |⃗b|

• If ⃗u = k w
⃗ (one is scalar multiple of other): vectors are parallel

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Areas Using Cross Product

Area Formulas

Area of parallelogram (adjacent sides ⃗a and ⃗b):

A = |⃗a × ⃗b|

Area of parallelogram (diagonals d⃗1 and d⃗2 ):

1
A = |d⃗1 × d⃗2 |
2

Area of triangle (two sides ⃗a and ⃗b):

1
A = |⃗a × ⃗b|
2

Area of triangle with vertices A, B, C:

1 ⃗ ⃗
A = |AB × AC|
2

Scalar Triple Product

Scalar Triple Product

[⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = ⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c)

Determinant form:
a1 a2 a3
[⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Properties:

• Cyclic: [⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = [⃗b ⃗c ⃗a] = [⃗c ⃗a ⃗b]

• Anti-cyclic: [⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = −[⃗a ⃗c ⃗b]

• Coplanar vectors: [⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = 0

Volume of parallelepiped:
V = |[⃗a ⃗b ⃗c]| = |⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c)|
Volume of tetrahedron:
1
V = |⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c)|
6

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Vector Triple Product

Vector Triple Product

⃗a × (⃗b × ⃗c) = (⃗a · ⃗c)⃗b − (⃗a · ⃗b)⃗c

(⃗a × ⃗b) × ⃗c = (⃗a · ⃗c)⃗b − (⃗b · ⃗c)⃗a

Note: NOT associative: ⃗a × (⃗b × ⃗c) ̸= (⃗a × ⃗b) × ⃗c

Physical Applications
Work and Moment
Work:
W = F⃗ · d⃗
Moment (Torque):
⃗ = ⃗r × F⃗
M

Section Formula in Vectors

Section Formula
Internal division (m : n):
m⃗b + n⃗a
⃗r =
m+n
External division (m : n):
m⃗b − n⃗a
⃗r =
m−n
Midpoint:
⃗a + ⃗b
⃗r =
2

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

Summary of All Conditions

Complete Conditions Table

Condition Result

⃗u · ⃗v = 0 Vectors are perpendicular

⃗u · ⃗v ̸= 0 Vectors are not perpendicular

⃗u × ⃗v = ⃗0 Vectors are parallel

⃗u = k⃗v Vectors are parallel (k is scalar)

⃗u × ⃗v ̸= ⃗0 Vectors are not parallel

[⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] = 0 Vectors are coplanar

[⃗a ⃗b ⃗c] ̸= 0 Vectors are not coplanar

|⃗a| = 1 ⃗a is a unit vector

⃗a · ⃗a = |⃗a|2 Self dot product

⃗a × ⃗a = ⃗0 Self cross product

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12th Math — Complete Formula Book Exam 2026

QUICK REVISION CARDS

CH 1: Limits & Trig
n
−a n
lim sinx x = 1 lim tanx x = 1 lim(1 + x)1/x = e lim x x−a = nan−1
P −Q
sin P − sin Q = 2 cos P +Q
2 sin 2
ex −e−x ex +e−x
1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x, sinh x = 2 , cosh x = 2

CH 2: Differentiation
(xn )′ = nxn−1 (ex )′ = ex (ln x)′ = 1
x (sin x)′ = cos x
dydy dx
Chain: = dx
du · du (sech−1 x)′ = √−1
x 1−x2
P n n−k k
(a + b)n =


k a b

CH 3: Integration
xn+1 ax
xn = eax = ea √ 1 = sin−1 xa
R R R
n+1 a2 −x2
d
R R R
Parts: f1 f2 − ( f2 · dx f1 )dx ILATE: f1 , f2

CH 4: Geometry
|ax0 +by0 +c| k1 x2 +k2 x1
d= √
a2 +b2
Section: x = k1 +k2
Parallelogram: AB = CD, BC = AD Square: AC = BD
Collinear: x1 (y2 − y3 ) + x2 (y3 − y1 ) + x3 (y1 − y2 ) = 0

CH 5: LPP
Variables → Objective → Constraints → Graph → Feasible Region → Corners → Max/Min

CH 6: Conics
Circle: (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 Parabola: y 2 = 4ax
Ellipse: c2 = a2 − b2 Hyperbola: c2 = a2 + b2

CH 7: Vectors
⃗a×⃗b
⃗u · ⃗v = 0 ⇒⊥ ⃗u × ⃗v = ⃗0 ⇒∥ n̂ =
|⃗a×⃗b|

△ = 21 |⃗a × ⃗b| Tetrahedron = 16 |⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c)|

END OF FORMULA BOOK

All 7 Chapters Complete — Best of Luck!

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