OckIG QU 11 A student studies a graph of rate against time for both forward and backward reactions in a reversible reaction. Rate Time/s The student makes these statements. 1. 2 3. the reaction reaches equilibrium the forward reaction is fast initially because the concentration of reactants is at its highest the rate of both the reactions at equilibrium is 0.00 mol dm” How many of the statements made by the student are correct? a a a ao A B c D three of the statements two of the statements one of the statements none of the statements (Total for Question 11 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.12 The graph shows the change in concentration against time for a reaction. OCs o 20 QYs 1.6 1.2 Concentration / moldm*> 0.8 04 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time / min What is the best estimate for the value of the rate, in moldm~’ min’', at 4 minutes? 8.00 2.50 0.40 Ooo 90 w > 0.15 (Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)OX 95 22 The Sabatier process uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce methane and water. CO,(g) + 4H,(g) = CH,(g) + 2H,0(g) — A,H=-165kJmol* The process is carried out at a temperature of 400°C and a pressure of 30 atm, in the presence of a nickel catalyst. (2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using such high temperatures and pressures in the process. (5) (b) State how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction. a) (Total for Question 22 = 6 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 40 MARKS ‘VaUY [Link] LON OG W3UV SIHLNI3LIUM LON OG WAU SIHLNI3LIUM1LONOGBHBaaa on ® > SECTIONA oan 96 Qi Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box X.. If you change your mind, put a line through the box 3¢ and then mark your new answer with a cross X. 1 The reaction profile for a reversible reaction is shown. +30kJmol” Enthalpy -40kJ mol" Which statement is correct? the activation energy for the backward reaction is +70kJ mol" the enthalpy change for the backward reaction is -30kJ mol! the enthalpy change for the forward reaction is -70kJ mol! the enthalpy change for the forward reaction is +40 kJ mol" (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) V3YV SIHL NI JLIYUM LON OG WaUYY SIHL NI SLIM LON OGSos F5 his question is about industrial chemistry. (a) The Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia uses the reaction shown. N, + 3H, = 2NH; AH is negative Which change will not increase the rate of the forward reaction? a) decreasing the size of the catalyst pieces increasing the pressure Boaa A B € increasing the temperature D removing the ammonia as it is formed (b) During the Ostwald process, when ammonia is converted into nitric acid, several reactions occur. Which of the reactions has the greatest change in the oxidation number of a nitrogen atom? (1) 2NO + 0; > 2NO, 3NO, + H;0 -» 2HNO, + NO 4NH; + 50, —» 4NO + 6H,0 Boaa on wo > 4NH, + 6NO > SN, + 6H,0 {c) One step in the Contact process to produce sulfuric acid uses the reaction shown. 250; + 0, = 250, AH isnegative The reaction is carried out at 450°C and at a pressure of about 2 atm with a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst. Which statement is correct for this step? a) at a lower temperature the yield of SO, decreases at a lower temperature the catalyst does not work efficiently at a higher pressure the yield of SO, decreases Boaa on o> at a lower pressure the cost of reaction vessels increases (Total for Question 10 = 3 marks) WaUV SIHL NIZLIUM LON OG WaUY SIHLNI SLIM LON OG WaUV SIHLNI LUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Yon 2G 11 The diagram shows Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves for a gas at two W different temperatures. Q Cc D Which represents the most probable energy of molecules at the lower temperature? DA value A O B valueB BD ¢ valuec DD valued (Total for Question 11 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.12 When dissolved in water, compounds of vanadiumi(Il) form a solution that is purple in QXa colour. In a sealed system, the solution formed becomes greener as an equilibrium is established with vanadiumilll) ions, which are green. Vv + HO = V* + %H, + OH” Which change would make the solution more purple after equilibrium has been re-established? addition of a reagent that removes V** by precipitation addition of an acid BHoaaa A B C_ allowing hydrogen to escape as it forms D_ increasing the pH of the solution (Total for Question 12 = 1 mark) WIV SIHILNIZLINMILON OGSECTION A OO. ‘Answer ALL the questions int section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and puta cross in the box X- If you change your mind, put a line through the box 3% and then mark your new answer with a cross Xi. [Fecum carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid. CaCO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) > CaCL(aq) + H,0(l) + CO,(g) Which factor does not affect the rate of this reaction? © A concentration OB pressure 1 © surface area ED temperature (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) ‘The rate ofa reaction doubles for each 10K increase in temperature If the temperature of this reaction is increased from 298K to 358K the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of Hae OB 12 He 36 OD 64 (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. WU SIHLNI SLUM LON 0a V3UY SIHLNISLIUM LON OG Vu SIHI NI LYM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA 3 Alarge amount of P is added to a small amount of Q. A reversible reaction occurs in which P reacts to form Q. P=a Which graph shows how the concentrations of P and Q change as the reaction reaches equilibrium? § a oa § : z & ESSERE Time 5 s 2s P Zh Os g z 5 & ee Time 5 s Pp Q oc § z & L__—"—__, Time 5 P Oo § Q 5 & HESS Ss aeseseCeeee eee Time I for Question 3 = 1 mark)hich equilibrium shifts to the right-hand side when the pressure in the system decreases at constant temperature? © A N,g) + 3H,(g) = 2NH,(g) © B Fg) +H,(g) = 2HF(g) OC CHeg) + 3H2(g) = CcHi2(9) © D = 2NOCK(g) = 2NO(g) + Clg) (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) SIHL NI ILM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA: ITE IN THIS AREA Concentration 0 b a Time Which expression gives the best estimate for the value of the rate of this reaction at time b? OA bec OB d+a Oc e+a OD e+b (Total for Question 17 = 1 mark) Cc Ts 4 17 The graph shows how the concentration of a reactant changes with time. gy?Files 12:24AM Sat 14 Mar DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA (._ went2-01-que-20200308» © ey C3 GC Be > a (1 1A eg Yon 20 relay (b) The hydration of anhydrous coppert) sulfate is reversible, CuSO,(s) + 5H,O() == CuSO,5H,0(s) ‘The forward reaction is exothermic. The temperature changes for both the forward and reverse reactions are difficult to measure. Suggest a reason in each case. @ Forward Reverse (6) Describe the processes that occur when solid copperil) sulfate dissolves in water. @(d) Hydrates of sodium carbonate may be represented by the formula Na,CO,.xH,0. The value of x can be found by making up a solution of sodium carbonate and titrating this with a solution of hydrochloric acid of known concentration, ‘A known mass of Na,CO;.xH,0 was dissolved in water, made up to the mark in a 250.0cm’ volumetric flask and mixed thoroughly. 25.0cm’ portions of the solution were titrated with 0.0900 mol dm™ hydrochloric acid using methyl orange indicator. The mean titre was 25.60cm’*. The equation for the neutralisation reaction is Na,CO;(aq) + 2HCl(aq) —» 2NaCl(aq) + CO,(g) + H.0(l) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate in the 250.0cm’ of solution, (2) ‘V3UW SIHLNISLIUM LON 00 ‘V3UV SIHLNI SLUM LON OG WauV SIHI NI 311M LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA (©) Both urea and ammonium nitrate are made from ammonia. Ammonia is manufactured in the Haber process in which nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 400 °C and a pressure of 200 atm. N,(g) + 3H,(g) = 2NH,(g) (i) Draw on the axes the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies of the reactant gases, showing on your diagram the activation energies for the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions. (3) Number of molecules with a given energy Energy, E (ii) Explain, using your diagram, why the addition of a catalyst changes the rate of the reaction. (2) aii) Explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the eq (d) Urea is also used in reducing harmful emissions from diesel engines which operate at high temperatures and emit nitrogen monoxide, NO. One way to decrease these emissions involves two reactions. A solution of urea is added to the hot exhaust gases, and is hydrolysed. Reaction 1 NH,CONH,(aq) + H,O(l) = 2NH;(g) + CO,(g) ‘The ammonia formed reacts with nitrogen monoxide and oxygen to form harmless products. (i) State why Reaction 1 is not a redox reaction. it is an advantage to carry out Reaction 1 at a high temperature. ium yield of ammonia. (2) a (2) 24 WAY SIHLNISLINM LON OG V8 SIHLNISLUMON OG VauV SIH NIaLIUM LON OGBooaoa on wD 10 The diagram shows a reaction profile for a reversible reaction. Progress of reaction PAG HO Qo (a) Which symbol represents the enthalpy change for the reaction R > P? Bau Oey Ocw Oop x a) (b) Which symbol represents the activation energy of the reaction P -> R? a on wo D> = a a a (©) Hess's Law can be applied to this system. Which expression is correct? vexsutw w+xsu u-wev u-v=x a) a (Total for Question 10 = 3 marks) \VAUV SIHLNI aLIUM LON OG WAU SIH NI LIUM LON OG WAUV SIHL NILIUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Moy 0 11 A solution containing 0.100mol of hydrochloric acid is added to Qu 8.43g of magnesium carbonate. MgCO.(s) + 2HCl(aq) > MgCl{aq) + CO.(g) + H.0(l) (a) What is the total volume (at r:t.p.) of carbon dioxide formed? [M,(MgCO;) = 84.3 Molar volume of a gas at rtp. = 24.0dm’ mol’) A 240dm* OB 1.20dm* Fc 2400dm* OD 1200dm* a) (b) Which sketch graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide (y-axis) plotted against time (x-axis) during the reaction? - Oa i's oc a Rep Oo — (©) Which sketch graph shows the rate of the reaction (y-axis) plotted against, time (x-axis) during the reaction? Ren | a) Oo oe (Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)Way A SECTIONC Qt Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 17 (a) The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is at its highest level for 800.000 years. Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) uses waste carbon dioxide from industrial processes to make green fuels, methanol, plastics or pharmaceuticals. One method uses the reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen to make methanol. €O,(g) + 3H.(g) = CHOH(g) + H.0(9) AH = -49.5kJ mol” ‘The conditions for this industrial reaction are a pressure of 50 atm, a temperature of 250°C and a copper catalyst. (Explain why high pressure is used. (2) (ii) Discuss the factors leading to a choice of 250°C in this process, (3) 20 Po2 5 8 6 202 4 VaUY SIH NI LIM .10N OG ‘VAUY SIHLNI JIM 10N 0 \VaUv SIHLNI ALUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. (ii) Give a reason why using a catalyst to increase the rate makes the process more sustainable. a (b) Methanol can be oxidised to produce methanoic acid. (i) State the reagents and reaction conditions for this oxidation in the laboratory. 2) (ii) Complete the equation to show the products of this oxidation. State symbols are not required. ) [Link] + fo) > (ii) Give a chemical test, and its positive result, that could be used to confirm the functional group in methanoic acid. (2) aTUNE SECTION A Q A Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and puta cross in the box(X. If you change your mind, puta line through the box &% and then mark your new answer with a cross KX. 1. The energy profile for a reaction is shown, 4 y G e uct nergy products reactants Progress of reaction What is the minimum energy needed for this reaction to occur? Gax O spy Gc x-y O p x+y (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) 2. Which of these isomers with the formula C,H,, has the lowest boiling temperature? [A CH,CH(CH,)CH,CH,CH(CH,)CH,, [1B CH,CH(CH,)CH,CH,CH,CH,CH, FI € CH,C(CH,),CH,CH(CH,)CH, GD CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH, (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) WAU SIH NI aLIUM LON OG VaUV SIH NI LIU LON OG WAUV SIHLNI ALUM LON OG xSECTION B DOs * ok Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 19 Ethanol can be made in industry by the reaction of ethene with steam, using a phosphoric(V) acid catalyst. CH,=CH,(g) + H,0(g) = CH,CH,OHig) A,H=-45 kJ mol* The reaction is carried out at 300°C and 60 atm. An initial yield of 5% is achieved when the ethene and steam first pass through the reactor. *(a) Explain the chemical reasons for the conditions used and why such a low initial yield is acceptable in the industrial process. (6) aU SIHLNITLIUM LON OG VU SIHLNI LUM LON OG VaUV SIHLNIALIUM LON OGOX SECTION a gat Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 22 Potassium chlorate(V), KCLO,, is a crystalline solid used in fireworks. It is produced by the Liebig Process in two stages. Stage 1 Chlorine gas is passed through hot calcium hydroxide solution forming calcium chlorate(V), Ca(ClO,);. 6Ca(OH)s(aq) + 6Cl,(g) + Ca(ClO,) (aq) + 5SCaCl (aq) + 6H,O(0) Stage 2 Potassium chloride solution is then added to form potassium chlorate(V). Ca(ClO,),(aq) + 2KCliaq) -» 2KCLO,(aq) + CaCl(aq) The solution is heated to reduce its volume and then allowed to crystallise, The crystals are filtered off. The remaining filtrate is evaporated further to obtain more crystals. (a) (i) Write the overall equation for the Liebig Process. State symbols are not required. (1) (ii) Calculate the overall atom economy by mass for the production of potassium chlorate(V), KCLO,, using your equation in (a)(i). (3) SUV SIHLNIALIUM LON OG VU SIHLNI LUM LON OG WUV SIL NIU LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DD (b) Explain the type of reaction that takes place in Stage 1 of the Liebig Process, using oxidation numbers. 6Ca(OH),(aq) + 6Cl(g) ~» Ca(ClO,),(aq) + 5CaCl,(aq) + 6H,0(0) (3) (0) The crystals of potassium chlorate(V) formed also contain some halide ion impurities. (i) Describe a chemical test on a solution of these crystals to confirm that the impurities present are chloride ions rather than bromide ions. Include the expected results. (3)(e) Explain, using the diagram, how a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction. Number of particles with energy, E (2) Energy, E (Total for Question 22 = 22 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 22 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS VaUY SIHJ NI ALIUM LON OG VauV SIHJNI LUM LON OG WAUY SIHLNI LM LON OGSECTION A. WN D— Et Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box Xi. If you change your mind, put a line through the box 5% and then mark your new answer with a cross KX. 1 Which is the correctly labelled reaction profile for an exothermic reaction? Enthalpy Oa Enthalpy Oe Enthalpy Bc Enthalpy Oop J) \ AH |\ rode Reaction pathway 4 \ Products Reaction pathway 4 Products Reactants / Reaction pathway ae \ Products Reaction pathway (Total for Question 1 = 1 mark) WAUV SIH NI LIM LON OG WAU SIHINI LYM LON Oa WAU SIH NI ALUM LON OG XDO! ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ond, 4X Aas (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) 3. The graph shows how the concentration of iodine changes with time in a reaction. 0.30 0.25 0.20 U O15 HA /mol dm? 0.10 ff 0.05 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 Time/s What is the value for the rate of reaction, in mol dm” s“', at 8 seconds? GO aA oo G B 002 G c 003 G pb 025 (Total for Question 3 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.ws} 4 The solid line on the graph below shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for an uncatalysed reaction. E, is the activation energy of this reaction. Number of particles with energy, E E, Z Energy /E Which row shows the correct Maxwell-Boltzmann curve and activation energy for the reaction at a higher temperature with a catalyst? Maxwell-Boltzmann curve _ Activation energy Oa x w Oo Bs x z oc Y w a) ¥ Zz (Total for Question 4 = 1 mark) VaUv SIHL NI aLIUM LON 0a VaUV SIH NIALIUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA woe a the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. SECTION Answer 22 Phosgene (COCL,) is a colourless gas used in the pharmaceutical industry. Phosgene has a boiling temperature of 8°C and is extremely toxic. (2) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in phosgene. (2) (b) Phosgene can be formed from carbon monoxide and chlorine, using a catalyst of activated carbon. CO(g) + [Link]) = COCLg) AH = -107.6 kJ mol (i) State and explain how the reaction conditions could be changed to maximise the equilibrium yield of phosgene in this reaction. (4){e) In UV light, trichloromethane (CHCL,, boiling temperature 61°C) reacts with ‘oxygen to form phosgene and hydrogen chloride. (i) Write an equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required a L (ii) Ina closed bottle, the rate of this reaction decreases with time. Give a reason for this. a) Suggest a precaution that should be taken when opening a bottle of trichloromethane. (1) (iv) Trichloromethane can be used as an anaesthetic. Suggest whether an old bottle of trichloromethane can still be used for medical treatment, giving a reason for your answer. ) (Total for Question 22 = 20 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 20 MARKS V3UV SIHL NI ALUM LON OG VaUv SIHLNI LUM LON OG ee NI3LIUM LON OGotk gy 290. (id) The rate of this reaction is increased by using a catalyst of phosphoric acid. Label the axes on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve and use it to explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction, VaUV SIHLNI311YM10N OG VaUV SIHLNI SLUM LON OG Wau SIHLNI3LIYM1ON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA {f) Catalysts such as phosphoric acid are bonded to a support material that contains lots of pores. support material pores (i) Suggest the advantage of using support materials containing lots of pores. () (ii), Under these conditions, only about 5% of the ethene is converted into ethanol as it passes over the catalyst. Suggest how the overall yield of this process can be improved to make it economically viable. (2) (Total for Question 22 = 19 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C TOTAL FOR PAPE!Hoaoaa one > So Dh Gre 17 Four tests used to identify ions are shown: 1 2 3 4 flame test addition of acidified barium nitrate solution addition of acidified silver nitrate solution addition of sodium hydroxide solution, then testing any gas with indicator paper Which tests could be used to positively identify the ions in ammonium chloride? a a a a A land2 B land3 © 2and4 D 3and4 (Total for Question 17 = 1 mark) 18 Which conditions give the highest yield for the forward reaction? NH,Cl(s) = NH,(g) + HC\(g) AH=+176kK)mol” high temperature, high pressure high temperature, low pressure low temperature, high pressure low temperature, low pressure (Total for Question 18 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. ‘VauV SIHNi aLIM LON OG VauV SIHLNIALIUM LON OG VauV SIHLNIALIYM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA 19 Nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide exist in equilibrium. brown gas don 22 Qia N,O.(g) colourless gas When an equilibrium is set up in a gas syringe, the mixture is pale brown. When the mixture is compressed the colour becomes, a oa a a A B c D darker lighter darker and then lighter lighter and then darker (Total for Question 19 = 1 mark) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKSDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA typ B% {c) State why NO, emissions are harmful to the environment, {(d) An infrared spectrum of urea is shown. Refer to your Data Booklet. (1) 100 Transmittance Ta 50, 0. 4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber / cm () Drawa circle around an absorption in the spectrum that could be due to the stretching of the N—H bond. (i) Identify the bond responsible for the absorption at 1683cm'. Y,(©) Ina diesel car exhaust system, the urea reacts with water to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. The enthalpy change for this reaction is +133 kJ mol’ (i) Complete the equation for this reversible reaction, State symbols are not required (NH,),CO + H,0 (1) qv) 0)(ii) Sketch the reaction profile for the forward reaction on the axes provided. Include labels for AH and the activation energy (E,). Energy Reaction progress (3) (f) The catalytic converter contains metal oxides. When the exhaust gases pass through the catalytic converter, ammonia reacts with NO, gases to form nitrogen and water. {) Explain why it is not correct to state that urea is acting as a catalyst in the reaction. Wau SIHL NIaLIUM LON OG Wau SIHLNIaLIUM LON OG Wau SIHL NI 3LIUMLON OG‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA YS (ii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Use the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shown and refer to the collision theory. (3) Number of particles with energy, E — Energy, E {(g) The catalytic converter works best at a temperature of around 350 °C. (i) Suggest how the catalytic converter reaches this temperature. a)DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOTWRITEINTHIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA eID 7: Which electron movement causes the yellow colour produced in a sodium chloride aq flame test? (1 A addition of an electron to a sodium ion (1B anelectron moving from a 3p to a 3s orbital © anelectron moving from a 3s to a 3p orbital (1D removal of an electron from a sodium atom (Total for Question 7 = 1 mark) 8 20g of an impure sample of calcium carbonate is heated and decomposes completely. 3.6dm’ of carbon dioxide is produced at room temperature and pressure ([Link].). What is the percentage purity of the sample? Assume that the impurities do not produce carbon dioxide when heated. (M,CaCO,=100 molar volume of a gas = 24dm? mot ' at rp] BoA 15% BB 20% Bc 25% OD 75% (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) In an experiment to measure the rate of reaction, a sample of magnesium ribbon, of mass 0.24g, was added to 25cm’ sulfuric acid, of concentration 1.00moldm”. In a second experiment, a sample of magnesium powder, of mass 0.24g, was added to 50cm’ sulfuric acid of the same concentration. What are the expected differences in observations in the second experiment? Rate of reaction | Total volume of hydrogen produced 1 A | nochange no change Os no change increases oc increases no change O op increases increases (Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)pRoysS Qo 10: Which change increases the proportion of particles in a reaction that have sufficient energy to react? al A anincrease in reaction temperature OB adecrease in reaction temperature ( € anincrease in reactant concentration (_ D adecrease in reactant concentration (Total for Question 10 = 1 mark) 11: In the production of sulfuric acid, sulfur(IV) oxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur(VI) oxide. 280,(g) + 0g) = 250.(g) Ina closed system, the mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium, (2) Which of the following statements must be correct? 5A thereactions stop [JB _ the sum of the masses of sulfur(IV) oxide and oxygen is equal to the mass of sulfur(VI) oxide © C the rate of formation of sulfur(VI) oxide is equal to the rate of its decomposition © D theconcentration of sulfur(IV) oxide is equal to the concentration of sulfur(Vl) oxide (b) How does the use of a catalyst affect the equilibrium? a) A. only the rate of the forward reaction increases the position of equilibrium moves to the right a a the position of equilibrium moves to the left a oa ® there is no effect on the posi Nn of equilibrium (Total for Question 11 = 2 marks) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. Wau SIHLNI3LIUM LON OG ‘VaUV SIHLNI3LIUM LON OG ‘VaUV SIHLNI3LIUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOTWRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Mar, 9S SECTIONB at Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 14: This question is about nitrogen, hydrogen and their compounds. {a) Ammonia is produced in the Haber process. Nitrogen and hydrogen react at a pressure of 200 atmospheres and a temperature of 725K, using an iron catalyst. Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction, using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shown, and the collision theory. Number of particles with energy, E gE Energy, E (3)On FO} On0 10 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes as shown. 2H,0,(aq) -> 2H,0(N) + 0,9) (a) A catalyst increases the rate of decomposition by (1) increasing the average kinetic energy of the H,0; molecules increasing the activation energy of the reaction Hoaoaoag A B decreasing the average kinetic energy of the H:0; molecules c D decreasing the activation energy of the reaction (b) A bottle of hydrogen peroxide is labelled as‘10 volume’, This means that 1 cm’ of hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes to produce 10cm’ oxygen at room temperature and pressure (rt What is the concentration of 10 volume hydrogen peroxide, in moldm?? 2H,0,(aq) — 2H,0() + 0,(9) [Molar volume of gas at rtp. = 24000cm’mol""] (a) GA 0.100 OB 0208 Q c¢ o47 OD 0833 (Total for Question 10 = 2 marks) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no cre Wau SIHI NI JLIM LON OG VaUV SIHLNIALIYM LON OG au SIH NIZLIYM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Navy 92 11 A mixture of hydrogen and iodine is left in a sealed container at 300°C until equilibrium is established. Qa\\ Hg) + 1g) = 2HI(g) The equilibrium mixture is then cooled and the colour of the mixture darkens. Which is correct? Change in position of sauithum whan the | “Tread reactor Qa left endothermic BBs left exothermic oe right endothermic Bo ight exothermic (Total for Question 11 = 1 mark) 12 The structure of ethylamine is shown. HH td fe, Ha What type of reagent will attack the C** atom? DA electrophile OB free radical ¢ nucleophile DD oxidising agent (Total for Question 12 = 1 mark) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.mei 2 of 28 — G (ii) The results of the student's experiment are shown on the graph. 100 80 ete] ae Volume of CO, Jom? 0 120 240 360 480 600 Time/s Calculate the initial rate of this reaction. You must show your working on the graph. Include units in your answer. (3) (ii) The student repeats the experiment but uses hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.250moldm-*. All other variables are kept the same. ‘State what would happen to the initial rate of reaction and the final volume of carbon dioxide collected. (1) Initial rate of reaction Final volume of carbon dioxide collected (Total for Question 15 = 10 marks) Vad SIHL NI ALUM LON OG ‘Va¥V SIHLNILIUM LON OG Wad SIHL NI ALUM LON OGDO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA 27 of 28 CNOO- Q \K (d) Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene with steam. Gig) + H,0(g) = [Link](g) AH= -45kImot" This reaction is usually carried out in industry at 300°C and [Link] pressure using a catalyst. Explain the effect on the equilibrium position and the equilibrium yield of ethanol if the reaction is carried out at 300°C and 200 atm pressure. (2) (Total for Question 1 10 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 20 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS.DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE INTHIS AREA arg 8 An experiment measuring the concentration of a reactant over time produced the Oo graph shown. 0.005 0.004. Concentration 9,993 /units 0.002 0.001 0. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time/s (a) What is the approximate value of the initial rate of reaction? ) 45x10 18x 10% 13x 10% Boaoaa on w > 20x 10° (b) What are the units for the rate of reaction? 0) o mols moldm’?s" A Os © ¢ moldm* O op dm’ mols (Total for Question 8 = 2 marks) Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.SECTIONB Yan % 701 Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided, 17 Rhubarb stems contain ethanedioic acid, Ethanedioic acid reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VIl), KMnO,, and decolorises the solution. (a) The ionic equation for this reaction is shown. 2Mn0O; + 6H’ + 5C,H,O, -» 2Mn’* + 10CO, + 8H,O () Deduce the oxidation number changes for manganese and carbon. (2) Manganese from to Carbon from to (ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction. (1) (iii), Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation. (1) (b) A student carried out an experiment using rhubarb juice as a source of ethanedioie acid, The student used different volumes of rhubarb juice and a constant volume of manganate(VIl) as shown. An indication of rate was calculated using 1 + t. (i) Complete the table (1) a Acidified aa Rhubarb juice | manganatetviy | Deionized | tmeyy/s | Vet | 0+ 0x10 Tem? 5 1 5 398 0.00251 251 6 1 4 329 0.00304 3.04 7 1 3 289 0.00346 3.46 8 1 Z 261 9 1 1 249 0.00402 4.02 10 1 oO 245 0.00408 4.08 eT Wau SIHLNI3LIUM LON OG WaUV SIHLNI3LIUM LON OG VaUV SIHLNI3LIUM LON OGQ) (ii) Plot a graph of the rate of reaction, as represented by (1 +t) x 10°, against the volume of rhubarb juice. (4) (ii) Explain why a rate of reaction is greater at higher concentrations.(©) Another student suggested that the reaction between manganate(Vil) and thubarb juice could be used to find the concentration of ethanedioic acid in thubarb juice. Outline an experiment that could be carried out to find this concentration. Details of the apparatus and calculations are not needed. (2) (d) The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for the particles in a reaction is shown. {() Draw a curve to represent the distribution at a higher temperature. 0) Fraction of particles witha specific energy Energy gE (ii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction. (3) (Total for Question 17 = 17 marks) Wav SIHLNI 3LNMLONOG ‘VaUV SIHINIALIYM LON OG WAU SIHLNI 3LINM LON OG