State of matter
Solids Liquids Gases
Solids, liquids and gases
are different states of
matter.
Water exists in all three
states of matter.
Ice is solid water.
The water we drink is a
liquid.
Water vapour in the air is
a gas.
❑ When a solid changes into a liquid we say the solid
melts.
❑ We can show how melting happens like this :
Solid + heat liquid
❑ We can show how boiling happens like this:
liquid + heat gas
When water or other
liquids become warm
enough, they change
into a gas.
❑ When a liquid evaporates it changes from the liquid
state to the gas state.
liquid + heat gas
❑ The air you breathe out is warm.
❑ It contains water vapor gas.
❑ When the warm air touches a
cooler surface like the mirror it
cools down.
❑ If the surface is cold enough, the
water vapour gas changes to drops
of liquid water.
❑ The process is called
condensation.
❑ It is the reverse of evaporation.
❑ In the water cycle, water moves from the land and sea to
the air and back again.
❑ The water cycle happens mainly because of evaporation
and condensation.
❑ Freezing and melting can also happen in the water cycle.
❑ The rain and snow that fall
from clouds onto the Earth
are called precipitation.
❑ Sometimes balls of ice
called hail also fall from the
clouds.
❑ Solids that can dissolve
in a liquid are called
soluble solids.
❑ Being able to dissolve is
a property of the solid.
❑ Not all solids can
dissolve, and these
solids are called
insoluble.
❑ Mixtures are made of particles of different substances
mixed together.
❑ Dissolving is a type of mixing because when the solid
dissolves it mixes with the liquid.
❑ We call the mixture a solution.
❑ The solid in the solution is called solute, for example
sugar.
❑ The liquid is called solvent, for example tea.
❑ The particle of the solute
move between the
solvent particles when
they dissolve.
❑ The solute particles
spread evenly in the
solvent.
❑ Because of this you
cannot see the solute in a
solution after it has
dissolved.
❑ We say that a solution
has a uniform
appearance.
❑ This means that it looks
the same throughout.
❑ The picture shows how
the solute particles
spread when they
dissolve in water.
❑ Solution is a mixture of the solute and the solvent.
❑ We can separate most mixtures because the particles of
the substances in the mixture are not chemically joined
together.
❑ We can separate the dissolved solute from a solution by
evaporation.
❑ We call this a reversible process because we can get
back the dissolved solute from the solution.
What are magnetic materials?
Magnetic materials are
materials that are
attracted to a magnet.
Which metals are magnetic?
Silver, gold and platinum
are not magnetic.
Which metals are magnetic?
Iron, steel, aluminum,
copper and chromium
are called alloy which is
made from a mixture of
metals.
What is the difference between a magnet
and a magnetic material?
A magnet is a material that
has an area around it
where magnetic force is
active.
In this area magnet can
attract or repel other
magnets and it can attract
a magnetic material.
What is the difference between a magnet
and a magnetic material?
A magnetic material does
not have an area around it
where magnetic force is
active, like a magnet does.
A magnetic material
cannot attract other
magnetic material.
Satellites
o It is a body which orbits a larger
body in space.
Satellites
o The Moon is a natural satellite of
the Earth.
Satellites
o The Moon and the Earth are
attracted towards each other by
gravity.
o The Earth is larger than the Moon.
o So the Earth exerts a greater force
of gravity on the Moon than the
Moon exerts on the Earth.
Artificial satellites
o A satellite that is not a natural body like
the Moon but an object made by humans.
Artificial satellites
o There are many artificial satellites
which orbit the Earth.
o They have a positive effect on our
lives and environment.
o Some of them take photographs
which help to make weather
predictions.
o Other satellites provide TV signals
and GPS used on ships, aeroplanes
and some cars.
Artificial satellites
o The International Space Station is an
artificial satellite that has scientists
living on it for years at a time.
o The scientists carry out investigations
in space and use their findings back
on Earth.
• Earth revolves (moves around )
on it’s axis.
• Earth revolves around the Sun.
• Orbit the path taken when an
object moves around a larger
object in space .
• The orbit of the Earth around
the sun is shaped like an
ellipse.
• The orbit is not a perfect ellipse,
so scientist call it a slight
ellipse.
• The average distance between
the Earth and the Sun is 150
million km.
• The Earth moves around
the Sun in an anticlockwise
direction.
• It takes 365 ¼ days or 1
year for the Earth to
complete its orbit around
the Sun.
The seasons
Seasons are spring , summer,
autumn and winter
Seasons are caused by the Earth
orbiting the Sun once a year and
the tilt of the Earth’s axis.
The seasons
Hemisphere is a sphere represents
the whole globe.
Hemi means half
Hemisphere is a half of the globe.
In summer, the days are long and the nights
are short.
At the equator, there are no distinct seasons,
and there is equal day and night on every
day of the year.
Adaptation
Humans wear different clothes in
summer and winter, and heat our
home if the winter is cold. We call this
adapting to the changing weather.
How plants and animals are adapted to
the seasons?
Plants leaves are green because they
contain a green substance called
chlorophyll.
The chlorophyll in the leaves helps to
produce food for the tree.
During autumn, days become shorter and
there is less sunlight.
The leaves don’t produce food for the tree
and the chlorophyll breaks down, leaving
the leaves yellow and red and then brown.
And then, fall off the tree.
What is dormant?
During the cold winter months the
tree has no leaves at all. It is
dormant or sleeping.
How animals are
adapted to the
seasons?
Some animals cannot find food to
eat during the winter. These
animals have two choices to stay
alive:
Hibernate (stay where they are)
Migrate (go to a warmer region)
How can a cactus adapt in hot
weather?
• Has thorns instead of leaves allow it
to lose less water.
• Waxy coating stops water from
escaping.
• Deep roots to find water.
• Fat stem to store water.
How camels adapt to hot weather?
• Long eyelashes to keep sand out of
eyes.
• Thick lips so they can eat thorny desert
plants.
• Camels can survive for a week or more
without water and several months with
no food. Humps store fat for energy.
• Wide tough feet so they can walk on hot
sand more easily.
Water lilies
Water lilies and lotus plants live in water.
They have adaptations such as:
1. Large flat leaves which float on the water.
2. Big air spaces in the leaves and stems so
they can float and leaves can absorb
sunlight at the water surface.
3. Weak stems because the water supports
the plant.
4. Small roots because the plant is in the water
all the time and doesn’t need to be anchored in
the soil.
Fish
They are adapted to their
environment because they have:
1. They have gills, which allow fish to
absorb oxygen from the water.
2. Fins which allow the fish to move
through the water.
Ducks and
geese
They have webbed feet to help
them to swim in the water. This is
like wearing flippers when you go
swimming.
seabirds
• They have waterproof feathers
so that they can dive for food.
• They have special glands that
get rid of salt that they take they
drink seawater.
flamingoes
• They live in shallow water
environment.
• Their long, thin legs allow them to
walk through water easily.
• Their long flexible necks allow them
to reach food below the water
surface.
The soil in cold regions
freezes in winter. In summer
the top few centimeters thaw.
Trees and other plants have
adaptations for these
conditions.
Trees have resin on their
bark. This is a sticky
substance that helps to keep
the tree warm and prevents
the tree from losing moister.
All predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. All prey animals have
adaptations to avoid being caught.
Adaptations of predators
• Speed
• Sharp powerful
• Venom
teeth
• Streamlined body shape
• Sharp claws
• Camouflage
• Teamwork
• Trapping very good eyesight
• A good sense of
• A good sense of smell
hearing
Adaptations of prey
• Speed
• Teamwork
• Streamlined body shape
• Hiding
• Camouflage
• Protection (hard
• Seeing sideways
shell)
• Attack (quills, horns, ink)