SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS

Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 01/15

Important Instruction to Examiners:-

1) The answers should be examined by key words & not as word to word as
given in the model answers scheme.
2) The model answers & answers written by the candidate may vary but the
examiner may try to access the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.
4) While assessing figures, examiners, may give credit for principle components indicated in the
figure.
5) The figures drawn by candidate & model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credit may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed contact values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other programme based on
equivalent concept.

Important notes to examiner

1) There is alternate solution is provided for Q-3(a). The examiner may give credit
according to that.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 02/15

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Q1. a) Attempt ANY SIX of following: ( 06 x 02 ) 12
(i) State physical characteristics of solid waste. Explain any one. 02
Physical characteristics of solid waste: ½ each
1. Specific weight or weight of waste per unit volume.
2. Particle size and size distribution
3. Field capacity/percentage of moisture in wet solid.
Field capacity: It is defined as total amount of moisture held in a waste matter under
gravity. It is important as it controls the rate of leachate generation and permeability. ½ for
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation so credit may be given explanation
accordingly.)
(ii) Explain solid waste management hierarchy. 02

1 for neat
labeled
sketch

Solid waste management hierarchy

The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum amount of waste and obtain
maximum benefits from products.
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:
1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which
produces maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize
the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different
techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and then
¼ for each
they are manufactured into new products. (Any four)
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 03/15

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(iii) State factors affecting selection of site for transfer station. 02
Factors affecting selection of site for transfer station:
1. Waste scattering/ Pollution: It should be selected such that it should not create
nuisance to nearby areas.
1 marks
2. Haul distance: It should be constructed at suitable locations so as to minimize
each
the haul distance.
3. Electricity: Electricity should be available.
4. It should be away from heritage place.
State organizational setup of Solid waste Management (SWM) administration for
(iv) 02
city having population between 5-10 lacs.

2 for neat
labeled
sketch

Organizational setup of Solid waste Management (SWM) administration

(v) Define biomedical waste. State components of Biomedical Waste (BMW). 02
Biomedical waste: “The waste generated by hospitals, nursing or maternity homes,
clinics, dispensary, veterinary institutions, pathological laboratory, blood banks which 1
is potentially infectious to human health and the environment is called as Biomedical
waste. ”
Components of Biomedical Waste:
1. Sharps: needles, broken glass, blades, razors etc.
¼ each
2. Plastic waste: IV sets, tubing, blood & urine bags, syringes.
3. Infectious waste: soiled bandages, dressings, pathological tissues. (Any four)
4. Cytotoxic waste
5. Chemical waste
6. Radioactive waste etc.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 4/15

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(vi) Enlist sources of Biomedical waste 02
Following are the sources of Biomedical waste:
1. Waste generated by Hospitals
2. Waste generated by nursing homes
3. Waste generated by clinics ½ marks
4. Waste generated by pharmacies each
5. Waste generated by pathological laboratory (Any four)
6. Waste generated by blood banks
7. Waste generated by medical research laboratory.
8. Waste generated by funeral homes etc.
(vii) Define communicable and non-communicable diseases. 02
Communicable diseases: The diseases that spread from one person to another through
1
airborne bacteria or viruses or through direct contact with infected person.
Non-communicable diseases: The diseases that cannot transmitted from infected person
to other person through air, water or direct contact and hence are non infectious. 1
(viii) Explain sorting at source and (MSW) Municipal Solid Waste. 02
Sorting at Source: It is the most efficient technique that reduces the mixing of various
biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes together. In this process different types of
wastes are stored in different containers like plastic waste, biodegradable waste, E- 1
waste, Glass, Paper, etc. Based on the nature of waste collected appropriate treatment is
given, which automatically reduces the time and cost of treatment.
Municipal Solid Waste: It is the waste collected from various sources like household,
institutions, commercial centers, etc. and then taken to the nearest transfer stations, 1
which after transferred to Municipal Solid Waste Plants by hauling vehicles for further
treatment.
b) Attempt any TWO of the following: ( 04 x 02 = 08) 08
(i) State the factors affecting generation of MSW 04
Factors affecting generation of MSW:
1. Living standard
2. Rate of generation of waste
1 each
3. Population growth
4. Improper guidance (Any four)
5. Lack of awareness
6. Industrialization growth etc.
(ii) Define transfer station. State necessity of transfer station. 04
Transfer station: These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority at
various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred 1
to these stations.
Necessity of transfer stations: Transfer stations are necessary due to following reasons
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW. 1 each
2. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations. (Any 3)
3. To prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area.
4. To reduce the haul distance.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 5/15

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(iii) State biomedical waste rules having six schedules and their content 04
Rules for BMW:
1. Rules for duty of occupier.
2. Rules for treatment and disposal.
3. Rules for segregation, packaging, transportation and storage.
4. Rules for prescribed authority.
½ each
5. Rules for authorization.
(Any 8)
6. Rules for advisory committee.
7. Rules for annual report.
8. Rules for maintenance of records.
9. Rules for accident reporting.
10. Rules for [Link]
Q.02 Attempt ANY FOUR of the following: ( 04 x 04 = 16 ) 16
a) State factors affecting composting process. Explain any one factor. 04
Factors affecting composting process:
1. Particle size
2. Moisture content ½ for each
3. pH (Any Four)
4. Temperature
5. Carbon Nitrogen ratio
6. Blending and seeding
7. Air circulation
Blending and seeding: It is required to maintain the moisture content and to accelerate
biological decomposition of waste and hence affect the rate of composting. 2 for
Proper timing should be followed for blending and seeding. explanation
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation for Any factor so credit
may be given accordingly.)
b) State the factors affecting selection of site for land filling of solid waste. 04
Factors affecting selection of site for land filling of solid waste:
1. Site should be easily approachable.
2. It should be located away from community area.
3. Sufficient quantity of soil should be available nearby site.
1 each
4. Waterlogged and flood prone areas should be avoided.
5. Local climate should be considered while selecting site for land filling. (Any four)
6. Ground water should be very deep; it should not be less than 5m.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation for Any factor so
credit may be given accordingly.)
c) Explain use and byproduct of incineration method of solid waste (SW). 04
Use and byproduct of incineration method of solid waste:
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for
preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as
road metal.
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing. 1 each
3. Also the steam generated during incineration can be used for electricity
generation by running the turbines.
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation for Any factor so credit may be
given accordingly.)
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 6/15

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d) Explain the methods of collection and segregation of biomedical waste. 04
Following are the various methods of collection and segregation of BWM in colour
coded bags or containers:
1. Yellow bags: All the infectious wastes are collected into these bags. It may
include soiled bandage, cotton or any other thing which is infected. The waste
from these bags is treated by incineration only.
2. Red bags: All the plastic wastes such as injections, syringes, I. V. tubing,
Bottles are collected into these bags. They are treated by incineration only.
3. Blue bags: It consists of all the types of glass bottles and broken glass articles.
It is classified as hazardous waste and treated by incineration only.
1 each
4. Black carboy: All sharps of metal are collected into these bags like blades,
(Any four)
needles without syringes, etc.
5. Purple container: It consists of Cytotoxic and cytostatic wastes, clinical waste.
It is hazardous waste and has to be treated by incineration only.
6. Yellow and Black containers: It consists of offensive but hygiene waste from
health centers. It’s non hazardous and can be treated by incineration, landfill.
7. Black containers: It consists of domestic waste mixed with municipal waste
which is classified as non hazardous waste.
8. White containers or bags: It consists of dental amalgam and mercury such as
spent and expired capsules.
e) Discuss importance of public involvement and participation in SWM 04
Public involvement and participation in SWM is very important because of following
points:
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and
implementation of solid waste management.
3. To understand the planning importance and significance.
1 each
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous waste
(Any four)
as well as municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal
authorities for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.
f) State steps in recycling of solid waste. Explain any one method. 04
Steps in recycling of solid waste:
1. Collection of recyclables.
2. Sorting 2
3. Manufacturing
4. Purchasing the Recycled products.
Collection of recyclables:
There are number of systems implemented to collect the recyclables from the genera waste
stream. There are four methods of collecting the recyclables like 1. Drop out centers, [Link]
back centers, 3. Curbside collection and 4. Single stream collection.
In drop out centers, the producers are required to carry recyclables to the centers. 2
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 7/15

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In Buy back centers, the clean recyclables are purchased thus providing a clear incentive for
use and creating a stable supply.
In curbside collection method bins are placed at curbside for collection.
In Single stream collection, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection
and sorting which is handled later at a central facility.
Q-3 Attempt ANY TWO of the following: ( 08x 02 = 16 )

a) i) Principles of composting of Solid Waste.

Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste such as food or plant
material by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic 2 Marks
(occurring in the presence of oxygen) conditions. The end result of composting is an
accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus.
ii) Differentiate between Indore and Bangalore method with sketch.
No. Bangalore method No Indore method
1 The Bangalore method functions 1 The Indore composting system
aerobically for several days and relies on aerobic activity although 1 Marks for
Each Point
then becomes anaerobic, because portions of the pile or pit will
(Any Six)
no turning occurs. likely become anaerobic between
turnings.
2 Fly breeding and odor problems 2 This method has better fly control.
are often associated with this
method
3 Slow method 3 more rapid
4 Non-uniform decomposition 4 uniform decomposition
5 After 4 to 5 months the 5 During the period of active
composting process is complete. composting the contents are turned
from 1-5 times over a period of 16
months.
6 More labor intensive method. 6 Less labor intensive method.
7 moisture control problems 7 less moisture control problems

Alternate Solution for Q-3 (a)

OR
a) I) Indore method
 Indore method layers of vegetable and night soil is alternative piled into 4 Marks
trench, the depth of pile is 1.5-2m and widths is about 3-8m or above the
ground form a mound called windrow.
 Normally windrows are conical in shape and about 50m in length.
 The aeration is achieved by periodically turning the piles. Manual turning is
Adopted for small plants and mechanical turning is adopted for larger plants.
 Refuse should be turn once or twice per week which introduce oxygen and
helps to control temperature.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 8/15

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 Turning continued for about 4-5 weeks during which biodegradable organic
are consumed. The solid waste is allowed to keep for 2-8 weeks with turning the
composting in windrow may take 21-28 days for stabilization.
 The composted waste is removed from windrow and allowed to mature in
maturing yards for 1-3 months, after which the compost becomes ready for being
taken out for use.

II) Bangalore method

 Bangalore method is commonly used anaerobic method used for biological
used anaerobic method used for biological conversion of organic component
of municipal solid waste. 4 Marks
 In this method underground earthen trench is excavated and alternate layer of
waste and soil is filled in trench or pit to control [Link] layer of soil is
provide at top.
 The soil cover not only prevent odour but also prevents breeding of files.
 Within 2-3 days of burial intensive biological action starts taking place and
organic matter beings to be destroyed. After 4-5 months complete stabilization
of waste takes placed.
 During biological action head is evolved which rises temperature of
decomposing mass.
b)
i) Definition
Leachate is any liquid that in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended 2 Marks
solids or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
ii) Effect of Leachate 3 Marks
 Problems including clogging with mud or silt. (Any
 growth of micro-organisms in the conduit Three)
 The chemical composition of leachate can weaken pipe walls, which may then
fail.
 The percolation of leachate will cause the soil pollution
 Lechate will also contaminate the shallow ground water source in rainy
season.
 It affect the DO Content water which is harmful for aquatic life
 It will leads to the growth of waterborne diseases.
iii) Control measures. 3 Marks
 Leachate is carefully collected and shall be treated before its release on ground (Any
if possible. Three)
 Prevention of migration of leachate from landfill sides and landfill base to the
sub-soil by a suitable liner system should be provided.
 used leachate treatment methods like Natural system, Biological treatment
Physicochemical treatment
c) i) Principles of Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the one of the most common methods in thermal conversion technology of
biomass. In Pyrolysis, biomass is heated to moderate temperatures, 400-600°C, In the 2 Marks
absence of oxygen to produce oil. In gasification, biomass is heated to high
temperatures, >700°C, to produce a synthesis gas(H2 and CO), which can be
converted in a catalytic step to liquid transportation fuels.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 9/15

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ii) Merits of Pyrolysis 3 Marks
 Reduces greenhouse gas emissions and waste going to landfill (1 Mark
 Produces a marketable product like gases, a bio-oil, bio-chemicals, for Each)
and charcoal.
 Low risk of water pollution.
 Low risk of odors.
 High recovery rate of resources.
 Minimal risk of health consequences.
 Commercially proven technology.
iii) Demerits of Pyrolysis
 Less capacity. 3 Marks
 Less efficiency. (1 Mark
 More expensive for Each)
 Technology is still evolving
 Markets are yet to be developed for char product and pyrolysis liquids
Q.4 a) Attempt ANY TWO of the following: ( 08x 02 = 16 ) 1 Marks
each for
Classification of biomedical waste in tabular for with their treatment and disposal. any 8
Category Waste Type Treatment and Disposal points
Category-1 Human Anatomical waste(Tissues, Incineration/Deep Burial
Body Part, organs)
Category-2 Animal waste Incineration/Deep Burial
Category-3 Microbiology and Biotechnology Incineration/Microwave
waste /Autoclaving
Category-4 Sharps Disinfection/Microwaving
/Autoclaving/Shredding
Category-5 Discarded medicine and cytotoxic Incineration/destruction and
Drugs drugs disposal in land fill
Category-6 Contaminated solid waste Incineration/Microwave
/Autoclaving
Category-7 Solid waste (other items than sharps) Disinfection/Microwaving
/Autoclaving/Shredding
Category-8 Liquid waste(generated from Disinfection and discharge in
laboratory washing, cleaning and to Drains.
housekeeping and disinfecting
activates
Category-9 Incineration Ash Disposal in municipal landfill
Category-10 Chemical Waste Disinfection and discharge in
to Drains and secured landfill
for solid.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 10/15

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b Effects of e-waste on human health and environment 4 Marks
i) Effects of e-waste on human health (1 Mark
 Beryllium causing human carcinogens for Each)
 Cadmium causing damage to kidney and bones.
 Lead Damage to nervous system
 Mercury Damage to central nervous system
 Polychlorinated biphenyls liver damage and cancer promotion and damage to
reproductive system. etc
ii) Effects of e-waste on environment 4 Marks
 Pollution of ground water (1 Mark
 Air Pollution for Each)
 Acidification of soil
 E-Waste account for 40% lead and 75% metal in land fills etc

c Waste minimization approach for treating industrial solid waste. 2 Marks

each (for
 Optimization of resources: waste reduction at individual and institutional level any 4
goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials. points)
 Using again the Scrap Material: this is the process in which individual and
industry reuse the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from
becoming a waste material.
 Quality control improvement and process monitoring: this technique is to
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by the
inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
 Exchanging Waste: this is the technique in which the waste product, which
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is
another way for reducing waste.
 Point of use from ship: to maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials
to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with fewer
packages and wrappings can save from the waste production.
 Zero waste: this is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the
source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing
no waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as
opposed to end of pipe waste management.

Q.5 Attempt ANY FOUR of the following: ( 04 x 04 = 16 )

a State sources of solid waste and types of solid waste 2 Marks
Sources of solid waste: (1/2 marks
 Residential for each
 Commercial write any
 Institutional four
 Construction and Demolition points
 Municipal Services
 Treatment Plant Sites
 Industrial
 Agricultural
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 11/15

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Types of solid waste: 2 Marks
 Municipal Waste (1/2
 Hazardous Waste marks for
 Biomedical Waste each
 Electronic Waste write any
four
points
b Explain four characteristics of hazardous waste. 4 Marks
[Link] - Ignitable wastes create fires under certain conditions or are (1 Marks
Spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F). each)
2. Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2 or
greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as
storage tanks, drums, and barrels.
3. Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal" conditions. They can
cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with water.
4. Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g.,
containing mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,
contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water.
Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure.

c Explain issues regarding transportation of solid waste. 4 Marks

 Compactors and properly covered dump trucks were to be utilized to transport the waste
to the landfill site.
 Separate vehicles were to be employed for transportation of biodegradable waste and
mixed recyclable waste.
 Compactor loaders directly lift the bin, unload the waste and replace it in the original
position.
 Choice of vehicle depends on the access roads to individual sites.
Dump trucks are fitted with hydraulic equipments which enable them to unload waste without
the help of manual labour.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation so credit
may be given accordingly.)
d Enlist tools and equipment for collection and transportation of a solid waste. 1/2
1. Litter bin Marks
2. Broom For Each
3. Shovels write any
4. Handcarts 8 point
5. Animal carts
6. Tractors and Trailers
7. Auto vehicle
8. Trucks.
9. Dumper
10. Compactors vehicles.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 12/15

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e As a civil engineer how will you promote four R (4R) principle of SWM. 4 Marks
1. Reduction: Waste reduction can be achieved in three ways: i) reducing the (1 Mark
amount of material used per product without sacrificing the utility of that each
product. ii) Increase lifetime of a product. iii) Eliminating the need of the point)
product.
To reduce waste we usually have to make significant lifestyle changes.
Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft
reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available
electronically.
Improve product design to use less material.
Switch to reusable transport containers
2. Reuse: Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.
3. Recycle: Recycling turns the material that would otherwise become waste into
valuable resources and generates a combination of environmental, financial and
social benefits.
After collection of these materials (eg. Glass, metal, plastics, paper etc.) are
separated and sent to facilitates that can process them into new products and
materials.
4. Recovery: Recovery of solid waste means recovering material from solid waste
to useful purposes. Composting is a way to return nutrient back into the environment by
allowing micro organisms to turn the waste into manure.
f Explain resource recovery through solid waste processing. 4 Marks
Biological and thermal treatment of waste can result in recovery of useful product such
as energy or compost.
Biological Processes: In this treatment involves using micro-organisms to decompose
the biodegradable components of waste.
Two types of process are use:
i) Aerobic processes: Windrow composting, aerated static pile composting and
in vessel composting, vermiculture etc. Utilizable product is compost.
ii) Anaerobic processes: Low solids anaerobic digestion, high solids anaerobic
digestion. Utilizable product is methane gas.
In India, aerobic composting plants have been used to process up to 500 tons per day of
waste.
Thermal processes: Thermal treatment involves conversion of waste into gaseous, solids
and liquid conversion products with subsequent release of heat energy.
Three types of systems are as follows:
i) Combustion systems: Thermal processing with excess amounts of air.
ii) Pyrolysis systems: Thermal processing in complete absences of oxygen.
iii) Gasification systems: Thermal processing with less amounts of air.
Note-: (Resource recovering is nothing but recycling practice so if student
write about recycling appropriate credit may be given accordingly.)
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 13/15

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Q.6 a) Attempt ANY FOUR of the following: ( 04 x 04 = 16 ) 4 Marks
(1 Mark
for each)
Explain proximate analysis of solid waste.
Determination of fixed carbon, volatile combustible matter, moisture and ash content of
the Waste in order to estimate its capability as a fuel.
-The fixed carbon, volatile combustible matter can be burnt while moisture and ash not.
The Vaporization of the moisture consumes heat.
Method of analysis (tests):
1. Moisture: Determination from the loss of weight by heating at 105 °C for one hour.
2. Volatile combustible matter: the additional loss of weight after ignition at 950 °C in a
Covered crucible (O2 is excluded).
3. Fixed carbon: combustible residue after the volatile combustible matter is removed;
ignition At 600 to 900 °C.
4. Ash: the weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible.
% fixed carbon=100 %-% moisture -% ash-% volatile matter
It does not provide any information of possible pollutants emitted during combustion.
These data are determined by ultimate analysis.
b Described impact of solid waste on human health and environment 2 Marks
Impacts of solid waste on health (1/2
 Low birth weight marks for
 Cancer each
 Neurological disease write any
 Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers. This is four
Harmful for human health. points
 Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation.
 Nausea and vomiting 2 Marks
 Increase in hospitalization of diabetic resident living near waste site (1/2
Impacts of solid waste on Environment. marks for
 Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas. each
 Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable write any
Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid waste four
enter soil and ground water and contaminating them points

c Explain present scenario of collection of MSW. 4 Marks

 No bins for storage of domestic, trade or institutional waste are kept at source.
Very few people keep personal bins for storage of waste. The percentage of
these people is very insignificant.
 Most of the situations domestic waste as well as waste from shops, offices and
establishment including hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, restaurants, garden etc.
come on the street or is disposed of open plot or even discharge in the drains. Its
result is clogging of drains, pollution of water resources and increasing
insanitary condition in urban areas.
 Hence there is no practice of storing the waste at sources in scientifically
segrated way.
 Citizens have not been educated to keep domestic, trade and institutional bins for
storage of waste at source.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation so credit may be given accordingly.)
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 14/15

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d State role of mass education in SWM. 4 Marks
 Advertisement may be given in a planned manner to educate the masses and
local newspapers can also be requested to insert the given messages on SWM at
regular intervals.
 Slides in cinema theaters can be displayed to inform and motivate the public.
 Use of TV/ Cable TV/ Radio/ Websites this is very powerful medium and can
be used through local programs to inform the citizen about new waste collection
arrangement by local bodies.
 Attractive posters with good photographs and messages with a very few words,
should be prepared and displayed in various parts of the city.
 Newspapers may be especially encouraged to give coverage to successful
initiatives that have overcome SWM problems.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation so credit may be
given accordingly.)
e Explain storage methods of Garden waste and construction Demolition waste. 2 Marks
I) Storage methods of Garden waste
1. Private garden should as far as possible compost all plant on site. Where it is not
possible to dispose of garden waste within the premises and the waste is required to be
disposed of outside the premises, it shall be stored in large bags or bins on site and
transferred into a municipal waste.
2. Waste should be stored in the premises and kept ready for handling over to the
municipal authority.
3. Garden waste and fallen leaves from avenue trees within large public parks and
gardens should be composted to the extent possible. If such waste has disposed of, large
containers may be kept, which match with the municipal transportation system for
transportation of such waste.
II) Construction demolition waste: 2 Marks
Construction waste shall be stored only within the premises of building or in container.
If storage facility is not available on premises, such waste producers shall take prior
permission of local authority as may be applicable for temporary storage of such waste,
may stored such waste in such a way that it does not hamper the traffic, the waste does
not get spread on the road and does not block the surface drains or water drains.
Provide container on rent for storage and transportation of construction and demolition
waste.
Suitable sites may be identified in various parts of the city and people notified to deposit
small quantities of construction and demolition waste.

f Described present status of recycling of solid waste in India. 4 Marks

 In India, there is no formal recycling system but informal recyclers are there and
play an important role in SWM. Recycling by means of repair, reprocessing, and
reuse of waste materials is a common practice in India.
 These comprise of unorganized and unrecognized establishments which are
difficult to be monitored by governmental agencies. However resource recovery
through material recycling is taking place in India in a big way, through
unorganized ways.
 SUMMER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 15/15

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

 Material recycling is done through sorting of waste into different streams at
source or at a centralized facility. At present recycling of dry recyclables does
take place at the household level in India.
 Waste is accessible to waste pickers; they segregate it into saleable materials such as
paper, plastics, glasses, metal pieces, textile, etc.
 Pickers segregate the wastes directly from the dumps and bins with no precautions and
they are exposed directly to harmful wastes.
 The separated waste is sold to a small waste dealer, from where the waste is transferred
to a medium sized dealer or wholesaler.
 All these activities are not regulated or monitored by any governmental organisation.
Due to this informal segregation, volume reduction is achieved, while it ignores social,
economic, environmental, and health aspects.
(Note: Student may Wright any appropriate explanation so credit
may be given accordingly.)
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 01/23

Important Instruction to Examiners:-

1) The answers should be examined by key words & not as word to word as
given in the model answers scheme.
2) The model answers & answers written by the candidate may vary but the
examiner may try to access the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.
4) While assessing figures, examiners, may give credit for principle components indicated in the
figure.
5) The figures drawn by candidate & model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credit may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed contact values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other programme based on
equivalent concept.

Important notes to examiner

1) In Q.5. f) Student may write any recycling of any industrial waste so credit
may give according to that.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 02/23

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

Q1. Attempt Any Ten of the following: 20M
a) State the principles of aerobic composting. 02 M
In Aerobic composting, aerobic micro-organism oxidizes organic compounds to carbon 02M
dioxide, nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as source of energy
while nitrogen is recycled. Due to Exothermic Reaction, temperature of the mass rises.
b) How C/N ratio affects composting process? 02 M
i) If the C/N ratio is too high, the composting time increases because the available 02M
nitrogen is used up quickly and the micro-organisms must find it elsewhere.
ii) If the C/N ratio is too low, the nitrogen is released as gas, causing an unpleasant odour
of ammonia.
c) Define: i) Leachate ii) Pyrolysis 02 M
i) A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of time passing through matter, extracts soluble or 1 M each
suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
ii) Pyrolysis can be defined as the thermal decomposition of organic material through the
application of heat without the addition of extra air or oxygen.
d) What is Biogas? 02 M
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of 02M
organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials
such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste
or food waste.
e) What is Vermicomposting? 02 M
Vermicomposting is the breaking down of organic material through the use of worms, 02 M
bacteria, and fungi. In nature, organic matter is decomposed through these organisms.
By managing vermicomposting you are essentially speeding up mother nature's process
of breaking down organic matter.
f What is Incineration of solid waste? 02 M
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic 02 M
substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
g State the objectives of Biomedical waste management. 02 M
 Define Medical Waste, Regulated Medical Waste and Infectious Waste. ½ each
 Discuss the Regulations Applicable to Medical Waste. Write
 Discuss the Components of an Infectious Waste Management Plan. any Four
 Outline an Exposure Control Plan.
 Discuss Steps to take if exposed to Infectious Waste.
 Discuss the Problem of Mercury.
 Discuss Records to Maintain.
 Recommend Inspection Items.
 Discuss Use of Contractors.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 03/23

h What is Biomedical waste? 02 M

In this course, medical waste includes all infectious waste, hazardous (including low-level 02 M
radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care
institutions, including hospitals, clinics, doctor’s (including dental and veterinary) offices
and medical laboratories.
i Define E waste. Give examples. 02 M
i) E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic devices and components as well 1M
as substances involved in their manufacture or use.
ii) Examples-: computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, 1M For
mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. Example
j Give the colour coding used for sorting of biomedical waste. 02 M
½ each
Write
any
Four

k) What are dangerous constituents of E-waste? 02 M

E-waste-connected health risks may result from direct contact with harmful materials ½ each
such as lead, cadmium, chromium, brominated flame retardants or polychlorinated Write
biphenyls (PCBs), from inhalation of toxic fumes, as well as from accumulation of any
chemicals in soil, water and food. Four
l) Enlist different industrial wastes. 02 M
Examples of industrial wastes are ½ each
 Chemical solvents, Write
 Paints any
 Sandpaper Four
 Paper products
 Industrial by-products
 Metals
 Radioactive wastes
NOTE-Examiner may judge any other waste mentioned by students give.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 04/23

m) What are the types of environmental and health hazards? 02 M

Hazards can be categorized in five types: ½ each
 Chemical Write
 Physical any Four
 Mechanical
 Biological
 Psychosocial
n) What is centralized sorting of solid waste? 02 M
centralized sorting of solid waste the separation of bulky items, separation of waste 02 M
components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, and
separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
o) What is the purpose of recycling? 02 M
 To Make Environment Clean ½ each
 Conservation of Materials Write
 To Save Energy any Four
 Reduce Garbage in Landfills
 Reduce the pollution.
Q No.2 Attempt Any FOUR of the following 16 M
a) State the factors affecting the generation of solid waste. 04 M
Factors affecting on solid waste generation. ½ each
 Source reduction/recycling Write
 Geographic location any
 Season Eight
 Collection Frequency
 Per capita income
 Public attitudes
 Size of households
 Population density
 Population increase
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 05/23

b) Classify solid wastes. Give meaning of each with examples. 04 M

½ each
Write
any
Eight
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 06/23

c) What do you mean by solid waste management hierarchy? 04 M

02 M
For
Diagram

Solid waste management hierarchy

The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum amount of waste and obtain
maximum benefits from products. 02 M
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy: For
1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces Explain-
maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials. ation
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize
the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different
techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and then
they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.
d) Describe physical and chemical characteristics of solid wastes. 04 M
1) Physical characteristics 1M For
i) Specific Weight (Density) Each
 Specific weight is defined as the weight of a material per unit volume (e.g. Physical
kg/m3, lb/ft3) Properties
 Usually it refers to uncompacted waste.
 It varies with geographic location, season of the year, and length of time in Write
storage. ANY
TWO
ii) Moisture Content
 The moisture in a sample is expressed as percentage of the wet weight of the
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) material.
iii) Particle Size and Distribution.
 The size and distribution of the components of wastes are important for the
recovery of materials, especially when mechanical means are used, such as
trommel screens and magnetic separators.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 07/23

iv) Field Capacity

 The total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the
downward pull of gravity.
 Field capacity is critically important in determining the formation of leachate in
landfills
 It varies with the degree of applied pressure and the state of decomposition of
wastes, but typical values for uncompacted commingled wastes from residential
and commercial sources are in the range of 50 - 60%.
v) Permeability of Compacted Waste
 The permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of compacted solid waste is an
important physical property because it governs the movement of liquids & gases
in a landfill.
2) Chemical characteristics
 Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but can
also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviors. 1M
 Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials (i.e. For Each
glass). Chemical
Proximate Analysis Properties
 Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 °C)
 Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 °C, closed crucible) Write
 Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM) ANY
TWO
 Ash (temp = 950°C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
 Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation temperature, 2000 °C to
2200 °C
Ultimate Analysis
 Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
 Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters.
e) Describe the impact of solid waste on environment. 04 M
 Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas. 04 M
Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful to
the environment.
 Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
 Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid
waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them and Pollute water
bodies.
 Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the people.
 Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating pungent odor.
 Promotes spreading of diseases.
 The situation further aggravated by the indiscriminate disposal of Hospital and
Clinical Waste.
 Presence of extremely high level of total and Facial E-coli form.
f) Enlist different sources of solid waste. 04 M
1) Residential 2) Commercial 3) Institutional 4) Construction and Demolition ½ Each
5) Municipal Services 6) Treatment Plant Sites 7) Industrial 8) Agricultural
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 08/23

Q No-3 Attempt Any FOUR of the following: 16 M

a) Describe transfer station with meaning, necessity and location. 04 M
i) Transfer station: These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority
at various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred
to these stations.
ii) Location-: A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary
deposition of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste
collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles. 02 M
These larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal in
an incinerator, landfill, or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling.
Necessity of transfer stations: Transfer stations are necessary due to following reasons
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW.
2. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations.
3. To prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area.
To reduce the haul distance.
b) What are the measures to be taken to improve the transportation system for SWM? 04 M
Solid waste collected at several locations in the city is required to be transported to
treatment and disposal site. Guidelines of Solid Waste Management Act in respect of
transportation is given below
 Vehicle used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
 Waste should not be visible to public nor exposed to open environment
preventing their scattering.
The following criteria shall be met :
 The storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be daily attended for 04 M
cleaning of wastes.
 Collection and transportation vehicles shall be so designed such that multiple
handling of wastes, prior to final disposal is avoided.
 Transportation system for solid waste management is designed keeping above
requirement in mind.
 The transport Vehicle should be strong durable and water tight, it should made of
steel with smooth interior surface.
c) Explain the organizational pattern of solid waste management. 04 M
 Solid Waste Management activity has been decentralized zone wise.
 At the Head Office the Chief Engineer is in charge for establishment of
processing and disposal sites 02 M
 The zonal officers look after the collection and transportation of solid waste. For
 About 80 % of the MSW activity has been outsourced Explain-
 Small numbers of Self Help Group’s (SHGs) are engaged in door to door ation
collection in some of the new areas.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 09/23

c)
Cont.

02 M
For
Diagram

Organizational setup of Solid waste Management (SWM) administration

d) Describe different methods of collection of solid wastes. 04 M
• Municipal Collection Service
• Although a variety of collection services are available the three most common are
curb, alley and backyard collection. Curb collection has gained popularity
because labour costs for collection can be minimized. In the future, it appears that
the use of large container which can be emptied mechanically with an articulated
container pickup mechanism will be the most common method used for the
collection of municipal wastes.
• Curb Service: The house owner is responsible for placing the solid waste
containers at the curb on the scheduled day. The workmen come, collect and
empty the container and put back at the curb. The house owner is required to take
back the empty containers from the curb to his house.
• Alley Service: The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are 2M (For
picked up by workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty Any 2
container. Method)
• Set out Set Back Service: Set out man go to the house collect containers and
empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the
house owner’s yard
• Backyard Service: The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or
sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel
barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 10/23

d) • Set out-the workers with refuse vehicles collect containers from individual
Cont. houses and empty then in refuse vehicles. the empty containers are collected by
house owners
• Storage bin-An empty storage container (Known as a drop-off box) is hauled to
the storage site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled
to the processing point, transfer station or disposal site.
e) What are the arrangements to be made for the efficient storage of household waste? 04 M
 All Householders must only present waste for collection by a permitted waste
collector.
 All householders must present waste for collection if they are on a collection
route or retain all records i.e. receipts/dockets as proof of the proper disposal of
their household waste.
 All waste must be stored and presented in appropriate receptacles in a manner
that would not endanger health, create a risk to traffic, harm the environment or
create a nuisance such as odour or litter. (1/2
 All recyclables must be separated at source and presented for collection in mark for
appropriate receptacle. each
 If a separate organic collection service is made available this waste shall also be point)
separated at source for collection Write
 Receptacles must not be overfilled and lids must be closed at all times. any Eight
 Householders must not present waste for collection prior to 6pm on the eve of
collection day.
 Householder must remove any waste containers and/or uncollected waste from
point of collection within 12hrs of the designated collection time.
 It is advised for the storage of bio-degradable or wet waste the container should
be of capacity 15 lit.
f) State the goals/requirements applicable to transportation vehicles for solid waste. 04 M
 The waste is transported from the storage depots to the disposal sites in tractor
trolleys or ill designed open trucks.
 Though it has been instructed by the law that the transportation must be done in
closed containers only.
 The industrial waste must be transported separately and must be disposed in a (1M for
safe way after suitable treatment. each
 Any type of the Hazardous waste should be labeled and coded so that in case of point)
an accident the emergency services know how to handle a spillage. Write
 The loading height of vehicles receiving the contents of containers emptied any Four
manually should not exceed 1.6m.
 Transportation system has to be so design that it is efficient and cost effective.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 11/23

Q No-4 Attempt Any FOUR of the following: 16 M

a) Describe Indore and Bangalore methods of composting. 04 M
I) Indore method
 Indore method layers of vegetable and night soil is alternative piled into trench,
the depth of pile is 1.5-2m and widths is about 3-8m or above the ground form a
mound called windrow.
 Normally windrows are conical in shape and about 50m in length.
 The aeration is achieved by periodically turning the piles. Manual turning is
 Adopted for small plants and mechanical turning is adopted for larger plants.
 Refuse should be turn once or twice per week which introduce oxygen and helps
to control temperature.
 Turning continued for about 4-5 weeks during which biodegradable organic are
Consumed. The solid waste is allowed to keep for 2-8 weeks with turning the
Composting in windrow may take 21-28 days for stabilization. 2M for
 The composted waste is removed from windrow and allowed to mature in each
maturing yards for 1-3 months, after which the compost becomes ready for being Method
taken out for use.
II) Bangalore method
 Bangalore method is commonly used anaerobic method used for biological used
anaerobic method used for biological conversion of organic component of
municipal solid waste.
 In this method underground earthen trench is excavated and alternate layer of
waste and soil is filled in trench or pit to control [Link] layer of soil is
provide at top.
 The soil cover not only prevent odour but also prevents breeding of files.
 Within 2-3 days of burial intensive biological action starts taking place and
organic matter beings to be destroyed. After 4-5 months complete stabilization of
waste takes placed.
 During biological action head is evolved which rises temperature of
decomposing mass.
b) Describe mechanical composting. 04 M
 In the process of stabilization is expiated by mechanical device of turning the
compost. It is recommended to use refuse of 1.5cm particle size in this method.
The moisture content and aeration of refuse are continually adjusted. Care is
taken to see that quantity of air should not exceed 2m3/kg of volatile solid per
day.
 It requires small area compare to trenching and open windrow composting. 02 M
 The stabilization of waste takes 3 – 6 days. For
 The operation involved are Explain-
• Reception of refuse ation
• Segregation
• Shredding
• Stabilization
• Marketing
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 12/23

b)
Cont.

02 M
For
Diagram

Mechanical Composting
c) Describe any one method of land filling. 04 M
Land filling methods
 Area method
 Trench method
 Ramp method
Area method
 The Area Method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of
trenches in which to place the solid wastes. The filling operation usually is started
by building an earthen bund against which wastes are placed in thin layers and
compacted as the fill progresses until the thickness of the compacted wastes
reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of day’s operation a 150 mm to 300 mm 4 Mark
layer of cover material is placed over the compacted fill. The cover material must for any
be hauled in by truck or earth-moving equipment from adjacent land or from One
borrow-pit areas. A final layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the method
final design height.
OR
Trench method
 The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site
 Where the water table is well below the surface.
 To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is
stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench.
 Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and compacted.
 The operation continues until the desired height is reached.
 Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the
trench that is being filled.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 13 / 23

c) OR
cont... Depression Landfills
 At locations where natural or artificial depression exists, it is often possible to use
them effectively for land filling operations.
 Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and quarries have all used for this purpose.
 The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills vary with
the geometry of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology
and geology of the site, and the access to the site.
d) Describe any one leachate control method with a neat sketch. 04 M
Leachate Control methods
1) Single-Liner Systems
2) Composite-Liner Systems
3) Double-Liner Systems

1) Single-Liner Systems
 Single liners consist of a clay liner, a geosynthetic clay liner, or a geomembrane
(specialized plastic sheeting)
 Single liners are sometimes used in landfills designed to hold construction and 02 M
demolition debris. For
 Construction and demolition debris results from building and demolition Explain-
activities and includes concrete, asphalt, shingles, wood, bricks, and glass. ation
 These landfills are not constructed to contain paint, liquid tar, municipal garbage,
or treated lumber; consequently, single-liner systems are usually adequate to
protect the environment.
 It is cheaper to dispose of construction materials in landfill than in a municipal
solid waste landfill because Construction and demolition debris landfills use only
a single liner and are therefore cheaper to build and maintain than other landfills.

02 M
For
Diagram

OR
2) Composite-Liner Systems
 A composite liner consists of a geomembrane in combination with a clay liner.
 Composite-liner systems are more effective at limiting leachate migration into the
subsoil than either a clay liner or a single geomembrane layer.
 Composite liners are required in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills.
 Municipal solid waste landfills contain waste collected from residential,
commercial, and industrial sources.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 14 / 23

 These landfills may also accept C&DD debris, but not hazardous waste.
 The minimum requirement for MSW landfills is a composite liner. Frequently, 02 M For
landfill designers and operators will install a double liner system in MSW Explain-
landfills to provide additional monitoring capabilities for the environment and the ation
community.

02 M For
Diagram

OR
Double-Liner Systems
 A double liner consists of either two single liners, two composite liners, or a
single and a composite liner.
 The upper (primary) liner usually functions to collect the leachate, while the
lower (secondary) liner acts as a leak-detection system and backup to the primary
liner.
 Double-liner systems are used in some municipal solid waste landfills and in all
hazardous waste landfills.
 Hazardous waste landfills also referred to as secure landfills are constructed for
the disposal of wastes that once were ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, or are
designated as hazardous.
02 M For
 These wastes can have an adverse effect on human health and the environment, if
Explain-
improperly managed.
ation
 Hazardous wastes are produced by industrial, commercial, and agricultural
activities.
 Hazardous wastes must be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills. Hazardous
waste landfills must have a double liner system with a leachate collection system
above the primary composite liner and a leak detection system above the
secondary composite liner.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 15 / 23

02 M For
Diagram

e) Describe the working of a municipal incinerator. 04M

 Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste
at 1000°C. 02 M
 Waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat. For
 The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to Explain-
organic waste. ation
 The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.

02 M For
Diagram

Municipal incinerator
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 16 / 23

f) State any four advantages and Disadvantages of incineration process 04M

Advantages:
i) This is most hygienic method, since it ensures the complete destructions of pathogens 2M(
ii) There is no odour trouble or dust nuisance Write
iii) The heat generated can be used for raising the steam power any Two
iv) Clinkers produce can be used for the road purpose Point)
Disadvantages:
i) Large initial expenditure
ii) Improper operation results air pollution problems and incomplete reduction of waste
materials 2M(Write
iii) Disposal of remaining residue is required any Two
iv) High stacks are needed for the natural draft chimneys present safety problems Points)
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 17 /23

SOLUTION MARKS
Q .NO 5 Attempt ANY FOUR of following: ( 04x04) 16 M
a) Describe provisions in the law for safe disposal of biomedical waste. 04 M

 Disposal of biomedical waste is now a legal requirement in India. The ministry

of environment and forests notified the bio medical waste rules, 1998 in July
1998. In accordance with these rules following provisions are made:
 It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is
handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.
 The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories etc.
are therefore required to set in places the biological waste treatment facilities.
 Bio medical waste rules have six schedules as briefed in table.
Schedule Contents
Schedule I Classification of biological waste in various 04 M
categories
ScheduleII Color coding ant types of containers to be used
for each category of biomedical waste
ScheduleIII Proforma of the label to be used on
container/bag
ScheduleIV Proforma of label for transport of waste
container/ bag
Schedule V Standards for treatment and disposal of waste
Schedule VI Deadline for creation of waste treatment
facilities

b) What are the components of biomedical waste? 04 M

Following are the components of biomedical waste:
1) Human anatomical waste (tissues, organ, body parts etc)
2) Animal waste ( as above, generated during research/ experimentation, from
veterinary hospital etc)
3) Microbiological and biotechnological waste such as laboratory cultures, (1/2
microorganisms, human and animal cell cultures, toxins etc. mark for
4) Waste sharps, such as hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass etc. each
5) Discarded medicines and cyto-toxic drugs. point)
6) Soiled waste such as dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated Write
with blood etc. any
7) Solid waste ( disposal items like tubes, catheters etc excluding sharps) Eight
8) Liquid waste generated from any of the infected area.
9) Incineration ash
10) Chemical waste
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 18 / 23

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

c) What are ill effects of hazardous substances that come out of E- Waste? 04
Following are ill effect of hazardous substances that come out of E-waste:
1) Mercury causes chronic damage to the brain, memory loss, and muscle
weakness.
2) Sulphur causes liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, and eye and throat
irritation. (1 mark
3) Cadmium causes neutral damage, toxic irreversible effects on human health. for each
4) BFRs disrupt endocrine system function. point)
5) Lead damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems and Write
kidney damage. any Four
6) Lead affects the brain development of children.
7) Cadmium also accumulates in kidney and liver, teratogenic.
8) The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and also
causes kidney damage.
d) Describe disposal method of E-waste. 04
Disposal of E-waste is done by following four method:
1) Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil is
excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered
by thick layer of soil. Now a day’s secure land filling are provided with some
facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate collection
basin that collect and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant.
Environmental risk from land filling of e-waste cannot be neglected because the
condition of land filling site are different from a native soil, particularly
concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
2) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high
temperature. Advantage of incineration of e-waste are the reduction of waste
2 mark
volume and utilization of the energy content of combustible materials.
for any
Disadvantages of incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping
Two
flue gas cleaning and the large amount of residue from gas cleaning and
Methods
combustion.
3) Recycling of e-waste: Monitors and CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems,
telephone bards, hard drives, floppy drives, compact disk, mobiles, fax
machines, printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be
recycled. Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable materials.
Recycling is the best possible option for the management of e- waste because
the existing dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity
and it is difficult to get new dumping sites due to Scarcity of land.
4) Re-use: It is commonly used for electronic equipments like computers, cell
phones etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modification
to the original functioning equipment. This method also reduces the volume of
e-waste generation.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 19/ 23

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e) Describe the waste minimization approach measures of industrial waste. 04 M
 Optimization of resources: waste reduction at individual and institutional level
goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
 Using again the Scrap Material: this is the process in which individual and
 Industry reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from
becoming a waste material.
 Quality control improvement and process monitoring: this technique is to
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by
the inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
 Exchanging Waste: this is the technique in which the waste product, which
04 M
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is
another way for reducing waste.
 Point of use from ship: to maintain and making deliveries for the raw
materials to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly
with fewer packages and wrappings can save from the waste production.
 Zero waste: this is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at
the source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of
producing no waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste
prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management.
f) Describe recycling of any four industrial wastes. 04 M
Following table Contains the Industrial Waste and Area of Recycle:
Sr. Waste Area of recycle
no
1 Fly ash  Cement
 Raw material in ordinary Portland cement
 Cellular concrete bricks and blocks lime and
cement fly ash concrete.
 Precast fly ash concrete building units.
 As a plasticizers.
2 Blast Furnace  As a aggregate in concrete
(1 mark
Slags  Non- Portland cement
for each
 Manufacture of slag cement, super sulphated
point)
cement, metallurgical cement
 As a structural fill ( air- cooled slag)
3 Red Mud  As a binder
 Making construction blocks
 Colored composition for concrete
 Making heavy clay product and red mud bricks.
4 Lime Sludge  For recycling in parent industry
 Manufacture of building lime
 Manufactured of masonry cement
 Manufacture of lime pozzolana bricks/ binders
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 20 / 23

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Q No-6 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) Describe the strategy of public participation in solid waste management. 04 M
The following strategy may be adopted by the urban local bodies:
Identification of Peoples Groups:
Community may be classified into three categories:
1. High Income Group: The affording
2. Middle Income Group: Educated, sensitive, less affording.
3. Low Income Group: Un-affording
Sensitivity of each group is different and therefore needs to be tackled differently.
Markets/ Commercial Areas/ Offices/Banks etc:
These places may be classified into three broad categories:
1. Vegetables market
2. Shopping Areas
3. Offices/ Institutional areas.
Identification of Problems: Identification of problems of waste management through
sites visits and consultation with local population at the time when the community is
generally available for interaction.
Peoples Participation is essential in the following areas: 04 M
 Reduce Reuse and Recycling of waste.
 Not to throw the waste / litter on the streets, drains, open spaces, water
bodies etc.
 Primary collection of waste.
 Managing excreta of pet dogs and cats appropriately.
 Pay adequately for the services provided.
Finding out Optional Solutions:
Having identified the deficiencies in the systems and known the public
perceptions, the next essential steps are to think of optional solutions to
tackle the problems, workout the cost implications and level of public
participation needed.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation so credit
may be given accordingly.)

b) What are the measures to be taken to bring about a change in public? 04 M

The following measures are therefore proposed to be taken to reduce, reuse, and
recycling of waste by all concerned:
1. All manufactured producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic products,
food as well as non- food should be persuaded to seriously Endeavour to use
re-useable packaging materials so that after the delivery of goods, the
packaging materials could be collected back and used over and over again. 04 M
They could also consider minimizing or avoiding use of unnecessary
packaging material by innovative method.
2. Incentives and product discount should be given to consumers for the return
of packaging or bottling material in good condition, to the waste producers
or retailers to promote reuse.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 21 /23

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3. The cost of packed articles and article without the packaging material could be
kept different with a choice to the consumers to take the article without the
packaging material at low cost.
4. One person’s waste material can be useful material for others. All such material
is collected through waste collectors, waste producers, NGOs and private sectors
etc. and can be reused.
5. Excessive packaging material being used, a lot of recyclable waste is generated,.
All such material are retrieve from households, shops and establishments and fed
to the recycling industries through intermediaries such as waste purchasers,
waste collectors/ NGOs etc.
6. Participation of public in primary collection of waste.
7. Use of community bins wherever directed.
8. Storage of wet food/ bio-degradable waste and dry recyclable waste separately at
source.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation so credit
may be given accordingly.)
c) Describe the health aspects involved in handling and processing of solid waste. 04 M
Health aspects involved in handling and processing of solid waste:
 There is potential risk to environment and health from improper handling of
solid wastes. Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who
need to be protected, as far as possible, from contact with waste.
 Traffic accidents can result from toxic spilled wastes.
 Air pollution can be caused from the inefficient burning of wastes, either in open
air, or in plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the gaseous effluents.
 Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal wastes
create potential risk to human health.
 The most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid wastes is
aesthetic, the ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban environment and
beauty of city.
 There is specific danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain, a (1 mark
problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid wastes and for each
liquid industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a drainage/ point)
sewerage system and/ or open dumping sites of municipal solid wastes and the Write
wastes discharged thereby maintains a vicious cycle. any Four
 Municipal Solid Wastes Management Systems involves various activities like
storage, collection, transportation, disposal etc. These activities even if properly
controlled and with proper precautionary measures adopted, may have adverse
impact on land, water and air environment, human and environmental health
aesthetics and quality of life.
 The main risk to health is indirect and arises from the breeding of disease
vectors, primarily files and rats.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 22 / 23

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d) Describe thermal processes of resources recovery through waste processing. 04 M
Thermal processes: Thermal treatment involves conversion of waste into gaseous, solids
and liquid conversion products with subsequent release of heat energy.
Three types of systems are as follows:
i) Combustion systems: Thermal processing with excess amounts of air.
ii) Pyrolysis systems: Thermal processing in complete absences of oxygen.
iii) Gasification systems: Thermal processing with less amounts of air.
Combustion systems are the most widely adopted thermal treatment process worldwide
for MSW. Though Pyrolysis is a widely used industrial process, the Pyrolysis of
municipal solid waste has not been very successful.
Three types of combustion systems have been extensively used for energy recovery in 04 M
different countries namely: mass- fired combustion systems, Refused Derived Fuel
(RDF), fired combustion systems and fluidized bed combustion systems are mostly
used.
To be viable for energy recovery through thermal processing, the municipal solid waste
must possess a relatively high calorific value. In the MSW generated in developed
countries, presences of significant quantity of paper and plastic yields a high calorific
value of the MSW which makes it suitable for thermal processing.
In Indian MSW, the near absence of paper and plastic as well as the presences of high
quantities of inert material, all combine to yield a low calorific value of the MSW. In its
mixed from, such waste may not be suitable for thermal processing.
Removal of inert from Indian MSW as well as development of combustion system for
low- calorific value wastes can result in a reversal of this position in future.

Note-: (Resource recovering is nothing but recycling practice so if student

write about recycling appropriate credit may be given accordingly.)
e) What are benefits of recycling? 04M

 Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators. 1 Mark

 Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals. for Each
 Saves energy.
 Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials.
 Helps sustain the environment for future generations.
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate
change.
 WINTER – 15 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 23/23

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f) Describe methods of collection of recyclables. 04
Following are the methods of collection of recyclables:
[Link] Collection:
 Curbside Collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste.
 A curbside collection of recyclable material is a method of collection whereby
the resident sorts their domestic waste according to type of material.
 This is collected in the household in specially provided bins. The bins are then
placed on the kerb side or nearest collection point outside the property by the
householder on a fortnightly basis.
[Link]-back Centers :
 When it comes to Buy-back Centers, the recyclers are similarly required to bring
the recyclables to a central location. However, at the Buy-back Centers, the
Cleaned recyclates are purchased from the recyclers.
 This method of recycling waste collection provides an incentive for recyclers to
send their used items for recycling, hence ensuring a stable supply of
recyclables.
 In turn, the post-processed materials are then sold, hopefully with a profit. Given
that the resale value of post-processed materials may sometimes be lower than
2 mark
the processing cost, government subsidies may be required for the system of
for any
Buy-back Centers to be viable.
Two
[Link]-off Centers:
Methods
 These centers require the recyclers (e.g. the homemaker) to bring the
recyclables to a central location, either an installed or mobile collection station
or the reprocessing plant itself.
 This form of recycling waste collection is the easiest to establish. However,
since the use of such centers is on a voluntary basis, it often suffers from Low
and unpredictable supply of recyclables.
[Link] Programs:
 Customers pay an additional fee when purchasing beverage containers but
receive fee back once they return the container to the purchase point.
 As an incentive, the deposit beverage Container Program places a certain
amount as redeemable deposit on each beverage container.
 Consumers get back their amount when they return their containers to a
redemption Centre.
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 01/ 18

Important Instruction to Examiners:-

1) The answers should be examined by key words & not as word to word as given
in the model answers scheme.
2) The model answers & answers written by the candidate may vary but the
examiner may try to access the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.
4) While assessing figures, examiners, may give credit for principle components indicated in the figure.
5) The figures drawn by candidate & model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credit may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed contact values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other programme based on
equivalent concept.

Important notes to examiner

 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 02/18

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Q1. Attempt Any Five of the following: 20M
a) Define the following: 04 M
(i) E-waste
(ii) Biomedical waste
(i) E-waste 02M
i) E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic devices and components as well
as substances involved in their manufacture or use.
ii) Examples-: computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics,
mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators.
(ii) Biomedical waste
In this course, This is medical waste and includes all infectious waste, hazardous 02M
(including low-level radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are generated from all
types of health care institutions, including hospitals, clinics, doctor’s (including dental
and veterinary) offices and medical laboratories.
b) State various methods of storage of municipal solid waste. 04M
 Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps. ½M
 Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L, Each
 Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped with (Write
handles any
 Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70 L, Eight)
 Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages.
 Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard boxes,
kerosene cans, and containers made out of truck tires.
 DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of a
large garage.
 ENCLOSURES an enclosure is probably the most common communal storage
method in Asia. Enclosures can have capacities from 1 to 10 m3
 FIXED storage bins this type of container usually is built from concrete blocks.
c) What are the sources of solid waste? 04 M
 Residential ½M
 Commercial Each
 Institutional
 Construction and Demolition
 Municipal Services
 Treatment Plant Sites
 Industrial
 Agricultural
d) List the various transportation equipment of municipal waste. 04 M
 Animal carts 01M
 Auto vehicles Each
 Tractors or Trailers
 Trucks
 Dumper
 Compactor vehicles
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 03/ 18

e) State the factors affecting the solid waste generation 04 M

 Source reduction/recycling ½M
 Geographic location Each
 Season
 Collection Frequency
 Per capita income
 Public attitudes
 Size of households
 Population density
 Population increase
f) Draw the organization pattern of solid waste management. 04M

04M
For
Diagram
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 04/18

g) State the impact of solid waste on environment. 04 M

 Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas.
Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful to
the environment.
 Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
 Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid
waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them and Pollute water 04M
bodies.
 Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the people.
 Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating pungent odor.
 Promotes spreading of diseases.
 The situation further aggravated by the indiscriminate disposal of Hospital and
Clinical Waste.
 Presence of extremely high level of total and Fecal E-coli forms.
Q No.2 Attempt Any FOUR of the following 16 M
a) Define Industrial waste and Biomedical waste. 04M
i. Industrial waste-: 02M
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any
material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of
factories, mills, and mining operations. It has existed since the start of the
Industrial Revolution
ii. Biomedical waste. 02M
In this course, This is medical waste and includes all infectious waste,
hazardous (including low-level radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are
generated from all types of health care institutions, including hospitals, clinics,
doctor’s (including dental and veterinary) offices and medical laboratories.
b) What is transfer station and state its necessity. 04M
i) Transfer station: These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority 02M
at various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred
to these stations.
Necessity of transfer stations: Transfer stations are necessary due to following reasons
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW. 02M
2. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations.
3. To prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area.
4. To reduce the haul distance.
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 05/18

c) Explain-solid waste management techniques. 04 M

02 M
For
Diagram

Solid waste management hierarchy

02 M
The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum amount of waste and obtain
For
maximum benefits from products.
Explain-
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:
ation
1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces
maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize
the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different
techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and then
they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.
d) Explain waste prevention and waste management. 04M
i) Waste prevention-: 02M
 Waste prevention is often called source reduction which means reducing waste by
not producing it.
 Waste prevention actually avoids waste generation, it is the preferred waste
management activity
 Overall, waste prevention conserves resources, protects the environment, and
prevents the formation of greenhouse gases.
ii) waste management-:
 Solid Waste Management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or 02M
disposal and monitoring of waste materials

OR
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 06/18

d) Explain waste prevention and waste management. 04M

02 M
For
Diagram

Solid waste management hierarchy

02 M
The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum amount of waste and obtain
For
maximum benefits from products.
Explain-
ation
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces
maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.

2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize
the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different
techniques.

3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.

4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and then
they are manufactured into new products.

5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.

6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.
 SUMMER – 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 07/18

e) Describe the process of Indoor method of composting. 04M

 Indoor method layers of vegetable and night soil is alternatively piled into
trench, the depth of pile is 1.5-2m and a width is about 3-8m or above the ground
forms a mound called windrow.
 Normally windrows are conical in shape and about 50m in length.
 The aeration is achieved by periodically turning the piles. Manual turning is
 Adopted for small plants and mechanical turning is adopted for larger plants. 04M
 Refuse should be turn once or twice per week which introduce oxygen and helps
to control temperature.
 Turning continued for about 4-5 weeks during which biodegradable organic are
Consumed. The solid waste is allowed to keep for 2-8 weeks with turning the
Composting in windrow may take 21-28 days for stabilization.
 The composted waste is removed from windrow and allowed to mature in
maturing yards for 1-3 months, after which the compost becomes ready for being
taken out for use.
f) State the products of incineration process with their use. 04M
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for
Preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as Road metal.
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing.
3. Also the steam generated during incineration can be used for electricity generation by 1M
running the turbines. Each
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation for Any factor so credit may be
Given accordingly.)
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-08/18

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Q3. Attempt Any Four of the following: 16M
a) Describe the process of disposal of solid waste by trench method of land filling. 04 M
Trench method 04 M
 The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site
 Where the water table is well below the surface.
 To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is
stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench.
 Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and compacted.
 The operation continues until the desired height is reached.
 Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the
trench that is being filled
b) State the factors affecting on composting process of solid waste. 04 M
i) Particle size: Smaller particle size increases conversion rate during composting.
ii) Moisture content:
 The moisture of the compost influences temperature and aeration, as well as the
types and activity of micro-organisms. Optimal moisture conditions are around
60% (wet weight). If the level is below 40%, the activity of micro-organisms falls
sharply and the organic matter does not compost quickly.
If the moisture content is too high, anaerobic conditions may set in.
iii) Carbon nitrogen ratio:
 Micro-organisms consume between 15 and 30 times more carbon than nitrogen
during the composting process. They use carbon as a source of energy, while
nitrogen is used to produce the protein they need to develop.
 If the C/N ratio is too high, the composting time increases because the available
nitrogen is used up quickly and the micro-organisms must find it elsewhere.
 If the C/N ratio is too low, the nitrogen is released as gas, causing an unpleasant 1mark
odour of ammonia for any
 The C/N ratio decreases during the composting process because carbon is Four
consumed more quickly and is lost as CO2.
 It It has often been shown that green, moist matter contains a high level of
nitrogen, while brown, dry matter tends to contain more carbon.
iv) pH:
 During the composting process, the pH level will fluctuate according to the
different reactions produced by the micro-organisms. For example, the pH will
fall when the thermophilic phase begins, because the micro-organisms produce
CO2 and lactic acids. It subsequently rises again to neutral or alkaline.
In practice, this factor is not a cause for concern because it stays within
acceptable limits for the development of micro-organisms (a pH level of
approximately 6 to 7.5).
v) Temperature:
 Composting is most efficient when the temperature of the composting material is
with in the two ranges known as Mesophilic (80o-120o F) and Thermophilic
(105o-150o F).
 To providing oxygen, aeration removes heat, water vapor and other gases trapped
within the composting materials.
vi) Air circulation: Air is important for aerobic composting.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-09/18

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vii) Nutrients
 Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the primary
nutrients required by the microorganisms involved in composting. Nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium are also the primary nutrients for plants, so nutrient
concentrations also influence the value of the compost.
c) State four advantages and four disadvantages of landfilling method. 04 M
Advantages:
 Volume can increase with little addition of equipment. 02 M
 Filled land can be reused for other community purposes.
 Low cost and ease of application, no high-tech.
 Absorb massive amounts of solid wastes.
 Replanting the area with trees.
 Access to methane.
Disadvantages:
 Leakage of air pollutant gases: methane, carbon dioxide. 02 M
 Possibility of contamination of water sources by waste water resulting from
landfill.
 Requires proper planning, design, and operation
d) What do you mean by Pyrolysis of waste and State its methods? 04 M
Pyrolysis can be defined as the thermal decomposition of organic material through the 02 M
application of heat without the addition of extra air or oxygen.
In this process thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature take place.
Pyrolysis is an endothermic process which requires heat for an external source.
In this method solid waste material is heated in specially designed chamber which is
called as pyrolysis reactor.
In pyrolysis reactor, heating is carried out in closed environment which is almost oxygen
free at an average temperature above 650o c which may rise to 1000o c. The end products
are Hydrogen, methane, carbon mono-oxide, tar or oil, char, inert material.
Methods of Pyrolysis:
1. Dry pyrolysis
 Process of thermal decomposition without access of oxygen (O₂)
 Products of dry pyrolysis are gas with high heat of combustion, liquid and solid
carbon residue. 1M
 Type of dry pyrolysis depend on the temperature of the process i.e. Low for
Temperature Analysis ,Medium Temperature Analysis ,High Temperature Two
Analysis Method
2. Oxidizing pyrolysis
 It’s impossible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.
 Thus, a small amount of oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials
are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.
 Thermal decomposition of industrial waste by its partial burning or direct contact
with end product of fuel combustion
This method is used for neutralization of most wastes including “inconvenient”
ones for burning are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.
 Thermal decomposition of industrial waste by its partial burning or direct contact
with end product of fuel combustion
 This method is used for neutralization of most wastes including “inconvenient”
ones for burning
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 10/18

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e) What is vermi-composting? State its concept. 04 M
 Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, 2M
usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms to create a
heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding
materials, and vermicast.
Vermicomposting- Concept
 Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit.
 Spread a net on your box.
 Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand.
 Put some kitchen wastes such as peels of fruits etc., to cover the sand. 2M
 Use green leaves to cover over the sand.
 Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
 Buy some red worms and put them in your pit.
 Give them vegetable and fruit wastes as food.
 After 3 to 4 weeks you will see loose, soil like material in the pit.
 Remove the material from the box, dry it in the sun.
 Use this as manure.
f) What is leachate? How it can be controlled. 04 M
Leachate is the liquid that drains or ‘leaches’ from a landfill. It varies widely in 02 M
composition regarding the age of the landfill and the type of waste that it contains. It
usually contains both dissolved and suspended material.

Control measures.
 Leachate is carefully collected and shall be treated before its release on ground if
02 M
possible.
 Prevention of migration of leachate from landfill sides and landfill base to the
sub-soil by a suitable liner system should be provided.
 Used leachate treatment method like Natural system, Biological treatment
physicochemical treatment.
Q4. Attempt Any Four of the following: 16M
a) Explain the types of incinerators. 04 M
i) Mass burner Incinerator:
 This incinerator consists of two or three incineration unit ranging from 50 to 1000 02 M
tons per day. These are design to incinerate the municipal solid waste as collected each
without prior processing. It is flexible and convenient. Write
 It is continuously fed to a grate system the waste in take are usually includes Any
tipping floor a pit, a crane and sometimes a conveyors. Truck dumps solid waste Two
on floor or directly into a pit.
 When waste is dumped on floor bulldozer is used to push them into a pit or
conveyor and the its is fed to grate system which moves waste through
combustion chamber
ii) RDF based incinerator:
 RDF is homogeneous system and better control on combustion and can recover
more energy.
 Various components like metal, glass and non-combustible material can be
removed to produce RDF.
 In this system process solid waste refuse derived fuel is burnt.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 11/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

iii) Modular Incinerators:
These are prefabricated units with relatively small capacities.
The capacity range between 5 to 120 tones solid day.
The capital cost per tone of capacity is lower than other MSW incineration option.
Modular incinerator includes two combustion chambers, which ensures complete 02 mark
combustion. It has better control of pollution. for any
iv) Fluidized bed incineration: TWO
This type of combustion system includes steel vertical cylinder lined from inside with
bricks and sand is placed as bed.
Air nozzles are provided to inject air at high pressure.
Solid fuel is injected into chamber along with natural gas or oil initially to increase
temperature of incinerator.
This system is suitable for burning sewage sludge and other chemical waste.
b) State the control measures of industrial waste. 04 M
 Treatment before disposal of waste materials.
 Using alternative source such as petrol.
 Awareness and educational program.
 Managing and treating industrial waste by using modern technology such as 04 M
electrostatic convertor.
 Control use of pesticides and fertilizers.
 Law, regulation and enforcement.
 Manufacturing and use of ozone depleting chemicals should be stopped.
 Toxic gases should be treated before they released into the air.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation so credit may
be given accordingly.)
c) What are the sources and generation of bio-medical waste? Give its health aspect. 04 M
Following are the various sources and generation of biomedical waste: ½M
 Waste generated by hospitals. each
 Waste generated by nursing homes. Write
 Waste generated by funeral homes. ANY
 Waste generated by clinics. Four
 Waste generated by dentist clinic.
 Waste generated by blood bank.
 Waste generated by pathological laboratory.
 Waste generated by pharmacies.
Health aspect of bio- medical waste during handling: 02 M
 There is skin and blood infection caused with direct contact or handling with
waste and from infected wounds.
 There is eye and respiratory infections caused by the exposure to infected dust
especially during land fill operation.
 There are intestinal infections which are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
 Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-12/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

d) Define E-Waste. State the dangers of E-waste. 04 M
i) Define E-Waste 01 M
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used
electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also
considered e-waste.

01 M
Each
Write
Any
Three
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 13/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

e) State the benefits of recycling of Industrial waste. 04 M
 Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators.
 Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals.
 Saves energy. 01 M
 Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials. Each
 Helps sustain the environment for future generations. Write
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate any
change. Four
f) Describe method of collection and disposal of E-Waste. 04 M
Disposal of E-waste is done by following four method:
1) Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil is
excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered
by thick layer of soil. Now a day’s secure land filling are provided with some
facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate collection 02 mark
basin that collect and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant. for any
Environmental risk from land filling of e-waste cannot be neglected because the Two
condition of land filling site are different from a native soil, particularly Methods
concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
2) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature.
Advantages of incineration of e-waste are the reduction of waste volume and
utilization of the energy content of combustible materials. Disadvantages of
incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping flue gas cleaning and
the large amount of residue from gas cleaning and combustion.
3) Recycling of e-waste: Monitors and CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems,
telephone bards, hard drives, floppy drives, compact disk, mobiles, fax machines,
printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be recycled.
Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable materials. Recycling is
the best possible option for the management of e- waste because the existing
dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity and it is
difficult to get new dumping sites due to Scarcity of land.
4) Re-use: It is commonly used for electronic equipments like computers, cell
phones etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modification to
the original functioning equipment. This method also reduces the volume of e-
waste generation.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-14/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

Q.5 Attempt any FOUR of the following 16 M
a) Describe Biomedical waste management and handling as per rule 1998 04 M
Rules for BMW: ½M
1. Rules for duty of occupier. Each
2. Rules for treatment and disposal. Write
3. Rules for segregation, packaging, transportation and storage. any
4. Rules for prescribed authority. Eight
5. Rules for authorization.
6. Rules for advisory committee.
7. Rules for annual report.
8. Rules for maintenance of records.
9. Rules for accident reporting.
10. Rules for [Link]
b) List the various types of special waste. 04 M
Following are the various types of special waste 04 M
1. Biomedical waste
2. E- waste
3. Industrial waste
c) Explain the various variety of E-waste. 04 M

Telecommunication Waste:
1 M for
•Mobile phones each
•Telephones types
•Telephone exchanges Wireless Equipment cables and related scrap
material
•PC and TV

Electrical Waste:

•Switches
•Relays
•Connectors and related Scrap Material.

Electronic Waste:

•Electronic – metal waste

•Printed Circuit Boards
•E – Equipment and Machinery
•IC
•Sockets Connectors.

Cable Waste:

•PVC
•Pre Insulated Copper and Aluminium Cable waste.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-15/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

d) State the classification of Biomedical waste. 04 M
04 M

e) State the importance of public involvement in solid waste management. 04 M

Public involvement and participation in SWM is very important because of following points: ½M
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people. For Each
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and Implementation
of solid waste management.
3. To understand the planning importance and significance.
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous waste as well
as municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal authorities
for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.
f) State the benefits of recycling of solid waste. 04 M
 It reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators. 01 M
 It conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals. For Each
 It saves energy. (Any
 It prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials. Four)
 It helps sustain the environment for future generations.
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No-16/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

Q.6 Attempt any FOUR of the following ( 04 x 04 = 16 ) 16 M
a) Explain the health problem during the time of segregation, reuse, and recovery 04 M
recycling of solid waste.
Health problem during the time of segregation 01 M
1. Workers and rag pickers can be infected during picking of biodegradable and Non
biodegradable waste.
2. If biodegradable and non biodegradables or wet and dry wastes are not put
separately, it can creates bad odour
Health problem during reuse 01 M
1. Health risk can be arises from transportation and handling of organic waste,
processing application of organics from mixed municipal waste to soil,
cultivation on old dumps and feeding of animal with waste and hence many factor
are involved over the risk of human –animal disease links. 02 M
Health problem during recovery recycling
1. During the recovery and recycling process of the solid waste, it creates the
various health problems because in production of electricity, there is the
generation of gas evolved in the environment in which some toxic gases are
present, which affects on the respiration system of the surrounding peoples and
working people there on.
2. Recovery and recycling process creates bad odour, particulate matter emissions
that lead to air pollution and also creates metal illness to the humans
b) State hazardous solid waste. 04 M
Following are the hazardous solid waste. 04 M
1. Reactive waste
2. Ignitable waste
3. Medical waste
4. Radioactive waste
5. Corrosive waste
c) Describe the methods of collecting recyclables. 04 M
Following are the methods of collection of recyclables: 01 M
[Link] Collection: For Each
 Curbside Collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households, Method
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste.
 A curbside collection of recyclable material is a method of collection whereby the
resident sorts their domestic waste according to type of material.
 This is collected in the household in specially provided bins. The bins are then
placed on the curb side or nearest collection point outside the property by the
householder on a fortnightly basis.
[Link]-back Centers :
 When it comes to Buy-back Centers, the recyclers are similarly required to bring
the recyclables to a central location. However, at the Buy-back Centers, the
Cleaned recyclates are purchased from the recyclers.
 This method of recycling waste collection provides an incentive for recyclers to
send their used items for recycling, hence ensuring a stable supply of recyclables.
 In turn, the post-processed materials are then sold, hopefully with a profit. Given
that the resale value of post-processed materials may sometimes be lower than the
processing cost, government subsidies may be required for the system of Buy-
back Centers to be viable.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 17/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

[Link]-off Centers:
 These centers require the recyclers (e.g. the homemaker) to bring the
recyclables to a central location, either an installed or mobile collection station
or the reprocessing plant itself.
 This form of recycling waste collection is the easiest to establish. However,
since the use of such centers is on a voluntary basis, it often suffers from Low
and unpredictable supply of recyclables.
[Link] Programs:
 Customers pay an additional fee when purchasing beverage containers but
receive fee back once they return the container to the purchase point.
 As an incentive, the deposit beverage Container Program places a certain
amount as redeemable deposit on each beverage container.
 Consumers get back their amount when they return their containers to a
redemption Centre.
d) State the purpose of recycling 04 M
 To Make Environment Clean 01 M
 Conservation of Materials For Each
 To Save Energy (Any
 Reduce Garbage in Landfills Four)
 Reduce the pollution.
e) Enlist collection methods of municipal solid waste. Explain any one. 04 M
A) Classification of collection system Based on the availability of service 02 M
1. Curb Service For
2. Alley Service Classific
3. Set out Set Back Service ation
4. Backyard Service

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
 Kerbside collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. 02 M
 House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on For
scheduled day. Any One
 The works man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the curb. Method
 House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his Explain
house.
 Quickest/ economical
 Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
 No need to enter property
2. Alley Service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by
workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse
vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the
yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then
taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
 SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Code: 17605 Model Answer- Solid Waste Management Page No- 18/18

Q .NO SOLUTION MARKS

B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:
1. Hauled Container System
2. Stationary Container system

1. Hauled Container System

An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage
site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the
processing point, transfer station or disposal site.

2. Stationary Container System

In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of
collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage
containers, and collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into
the collection vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or
disposal site.
f) State the factor affecting on composting process of solid waste. 04 M
Factors affecting composting process:
1. Particle size 01 M
2. Moisture content For Each
3. pH ( Write
4. Temperature Any
5. Carbon Nitrogen ratio Four)
6. Blending and seeding
7. Air circulation
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

WINTER -2016 EXAMINATION

Subject code: 17605 Model Answer Page No: 1/15

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answer should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.

2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.

3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and communication skill).

4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.

5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In the some cases, the assumed constants
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answer and model answer.

6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding

Question and Model Answers Marks

Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 20 M
a) Define Solid waste and list any four sources of solid waste. 04
Defn.- Solid waste means discarded material including solid, liquid and semi 02M
solid resulting from domestic, Industrial, commercial, Agriculture and Mining operation.
Sources
ÿ Residential:
ÿ Commercial: M
ÿ Institutional: Each
ÿ Municipal: (Write
ÿ Industrial: any
ÿ Agricultural: Four)
ÿ Open areas:
b) Enlist any four transport vehicles with their capacities for transporting 04
municipal waste.
ÿ Handcart- Consist of 6 or 8 bins of 25 lit capacity. 1M (1/2
3
ÿ
Animal cart - 1.5 M for name
3
ÿ
Auto vehicle - 2 M and
ÿ 3 for
Dumper - 12 M
ÿ
Compactor - 5 -10 M3 capacity)
ÿ
Tractor and Trailer- 6 M3 Each
ÿ Truck - 10 M 3 (Write
any
Four)
 c) State various factors affecting composting process. 04
ÿ Temperature
Microorganisms require a certain temperature range known as Mesophiles (20- 1mark
45ºC or 68-113ºF) and thermophiles (45ºC or 113ºF) for optimal activity. Certain for any
temperatures promote rapid composting and destroy pathogens and weed seeds. Four
Thermopiles bacteria can turn waste to compost almost 6 months faster than the
lower temperature bacteria.
ÿ Moisture Level
Microorganisms living in a compost pile need an adequate amount of moisture to
survive. Moisture is very important for a composting [Link] moisture, no
bacteria can perform the processes necessary for composting.
ÿ Air Circulation or Oxygen Level
Aerobic conditions are important for proper composting and odor control. If
anaerobic (no air present) conditions are allowed to exist, then foul and offensive
odors. Providing proper ventilation by designing the composting toilet with a vent pipe.
ÿ Particle size: Smaller particle size increases conversion rate during
composting.
ÿ pH: During the composting process, the pH level will fluctuate according
to the different reactions produced by the micro-organisms.
ÿ Carbon/Nitrogen Nutrient Ratio
The proper balance of nutrients is vital to the composting process. A good
carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio for a compost toilet is 20/1 to 35/1. This means far more
carbon must be present in the vault to the nitrogen for good composting to proceed.
Because of the composition of feces and urine, a lot of carbon in the form of hay, straw,
wood chips, and sawdust have to be added to the compost toilet.
d) Define Biomedical Waste and enlist any four sources of generation of 04
biomedical waste.
Defn.- Bio-medical waste means any solid and or liquid waste including its 02 M
container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment of human beings or animals or in research and testing.
Sources M
ÿ Hospital Each
ÿ Health clinic (Write
ÿ Nursing home any
ÿ Research laboratories Four)
ÿ Offices of physicians
ÿ Dentists
ÿ Doctors offices
ÿ Veterinary hospitals

e) State the purpose of recycling of solid waste. 04

ÿ To Make Environment Clean 1mark
ÿ Material volume reduction for any
ÿ Toxicity reduction Four
ÿ Conservation of Materials
ÿ To Save Energy
ÿ Reduce Garbage in Landfills
ÿ Reduce the pollution
ÿ Natural resources conservation
 f) Explain the health problem during time of segregation of solid waste. 04
Health problem during the time of segregation
1. Workers and rag pickers can be infected during picking of biodegradable and Non 1M
biodegradable waste. each
2. If biodegradable and non biodegradables or wet and dry wastes are not put separately,
it can creates bad odour.
3. Possible health hazard include raised level of infant mortality, non communicable
disease such as hand/leg injury by sharp edge material, respirational infections, eye
infection,.
4. Comunicable diseases such as Diarrhoea & dysentery(due to flies), skin disease
Q.2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) State the various factor affecting on solid waste generation. 04
ÿ Living standard M
ÿ Awareness of people Each
ÿ Source reduction/recycling (Write
ÿ Geographic location any
ÿ Collection Frequency Eight)
ÿ Per person income
ÿ Public attitudes
ÿ Size of households
ÿ Population density
ÿ Population increase
b) Give the physical characteristics of solid waste. 04
3
ÿ Density -50-290 Kg/m 1M
ÿ Moisture Content – 5-60% each
ÿ Particle Size of Waste Constituents -1cm-50cm
ÿ Calorific Value
c) Give the impact of solid waste on environment. 04
ÿ Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the 1mark
waste dump Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump for any
ÿ Bad odour, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the Four
waste dump Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump
ÿ Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft
ÿ Fires within the waste dump
ÿ Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump
ÿ Epidemics through stray animals
ÿ Acidity to surrounding soil and Release of green house gas.
d) Explain the principle of composting process. 04
Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon.
Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and anaerobically.
During aerobic composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidise organic compounds
to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a 2M
source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to exothermic reaction, temperature of
the mass rises.
During anaerobic process, the anaerobic micro organisms, while metabolizing the
nutrients, break down the organic compounds through a process of reduction. A very 2M
small amount of energy is released during the process and the temperature of
composting mass does not rise much. The gases evolved are mainly Methane and
Carbon dioxide. An anaerobic process is a reduction process and the final product is
subjected to some minor oxidation when applied to land.
 e) Enlist any four factors affecting site selection for landfilling. 04
ÿ No Residential area should be located near the boundaries of landfill site. 1mark
ÿ The site should be provided all facilities such as drinking water, Electricity, each for
Roads for transportation. any Four
ÿ It should be free from Seismic Zone.
ÿ Selection of landfill site should be based upon the examination of
environmental issues.
ÿ Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill
capacity.
ÿ The landfill area having steep gradient (where stability of slope could be
problematic) should not be selected.
ÿ The water level in ground water table should be sufficient below the base of
any excavation to enable landfill development.
ÿ There should not be fault lines and significantly fractured geological structure.
ÿ Landfill site should be away from airports.
f) Give the meaning of following term 04
i. Hazardous waste 1M
Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or
consumer origin which, because of their physical, chemical or biological characteristics
are potentially dangerous to human and the environment. Typical examples are:
solvents, paints and pesticides whose spent containers are frequently mixed with
municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste stream.
ii. Domestic waste 1M
The solid wastes that originate from single and multi-family household
units. These wastes are generated from household activities such as cooking, cleaning,
repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books,
writing/new paper, and old furnishings.
iii. Agriculture waste 1M
This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural
remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
iv. Commercial waste 1M
Solid wastes that are originate in offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants,
hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments.
Q.3 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16 M
a) Enlist various methods of collection of municipal solid waste and explain any 08M
one of them.
A) Classification of collection system Based on the availability of service
1. Curb Service 04 M
2. Alley Service For
3. Set out Set Back Service Classifi
4. Backyard Service cations

B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

1. Hauled Container System
2. Stationary Container system
A) Classification of collection system Based on the availability of service
1. Curb (Kerb-side) 04 M
∑ Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households, For
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. Any
∑ House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on One
scheduled day. Method
∑ The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the curb. Explain
∑ House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to
his house.
∑ Quickest/ economical
∑ Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
∑ No need to enter property

2. Alley Service -
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen
from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.

3. Set out Set Back Service -

Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.

4. Backyard Service -
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and
empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid
waste vehicle where it is emptied.

B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

1. Hauled Container System
An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage site to
replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point,
transfer station or disposal site.

2. Stationary Container System

In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of collection.
The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and collection
crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles and then
transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.

b) Enlist Various Methods of land filling and explain any one of them. Give the 08 M
advantages and disadvantages of land filling.
v Land filling methods
1) Area method 1/2 M
2) Trench method each
3) Slope method
4) Valley method
1) Area method
∑ The Area Method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of
trenches in which to place the solid wastes. The filling operation usually is started
by building an earthen bund against which wastes are placed in thin layers and
2M
compacted as the fill progresses until the thickness of the compacted wastes FOR
reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of day’s operation a 150 mm to 300 mm ANY ONE
METHOD
layer of cover material is placed over the compacted fill. The cover material must
be hauled in by truck or earth-moving equipment from adjacent land or from
borrow-pit areas. A final layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the
final design height.
2) Trench method
∑ The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site.
∑ Where the water table is well below the surface.
∑ To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is
stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench.
∑ Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and compacted.
∑ The operation continues until the desired height is reached.
∑ Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the
trench that is being filled.
3) Slope Method- In hilly regions it is not possible to find flat ground for
landfilling, in such situation waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope.
The wastes are spread on existing slope, compacted & covered. The cover
materials usually come from just ahead of the working face.

4) Valley Method-
∑ At locations where natural or artificial depression exists, it is often possible to use
them effectively for land filling operations.
∑ Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and quarries have all used for this purpose.
∑ The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills vary with
the geometry of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology
and geology of the site, and the access to the site.

v Advantages of Landfilling:
∑ Volume can increase with little addition of equipment.
2M
∑ Filled land can be reused for other community purposes.
∑ Low cost and ease of application, no high-tech.
∑ Absorb massive amounts of solid wastes.
∑ Replanting the area with trees is possible.
∑ Access to methane.
v Disadvantages of Landfilling:
∑ Leakage of air pollutant gases: methane, carbon dioxide.
∑ Possibility of contamination of water sources by waste water resulting from 2M
landfill.
∑ Requires proper planning, design, and operation
 c) Enlist types of incinerators. Explain any one of them. Give the advantages 08 M
and disadvantages of incineration process.
v Types of Incinerators - ½M for
1) Mass burner Incinerator Four
2) RDF (Refuse-Derived fuel) based incinerator Types
3) Modular Incinerators
4) Fluidized bed incineration

i) Mass burner Incinerator:

∑ This incinerator consists of two or three incineration unit ranging from 50 to 1000
tons per day. These are design to incinerate the municipal solid waste as collected
without prior processing. It is flexible and convenient. 02 M
∑ It is continuously fed to a grate system the waste intake are usually includes For
tipping floor a pit, a crane and sometimes a conveyors. Truck dumps solid waste Any
on floor or directly into a pit. One
Explana
∑ When waste is dumped on floor bulldozer is used to push them into a pit or
tion
conveyor and then it is fed to grate system which moves waste through
combustion chamber

ii) RDF based incinerator:

∑ RDF is homogeneous system and better control on combustion and can recover
more energy.
∑ Various components like metal, glass and non-combustible material can be
removed to produce RDF.
∑ The combustible waste is shredded into uniform particle size, then pelletisation is
done to get RDF pellets.
∑ In this system process solid waste refuse derived fuel is burnt.

iii) Modular Incinerators:

∑ These are prefabricated units with relatively small capacities.
∑ The capacity range is in between 5 to 120 tones solid day.
∑ The capital cost per ton of capacity is lower than other MSW incineration option.
∑ Modular incinerator includes two combustion chambers, which ensures complete
combustion. It has better control of pollution.

iv) Fluidized bed incineration:

∑ This type of combustion system includes steel vertical cylinder lined from inside
with bricks and sand is placed as bed.
∑ Air nozzles are provided to inject air at high pressure.
∑ Solid fuel is injected into chamber along with natural gas or oil initially to
increase temperature of incinerator.
∑ This system is suitable for burning sewage sludge and other chemical waste.
v Advantages of Incineration: 02 M
i) This is most hygienic method, since it ensures the complete destructions of For Any
Two
pathogens.
Points
ii) There is no odour trouble or dust nuisance.
iii) The heat generated can be used for raising the steam power.
iv) Clinkers produce can be used for the road purpose.

v Disadvantages of Incineration: 02 M
i) Large initial expenditure. For Any
ii) Improper operation results air pollution problems and incomplete reduction of Two
waste materials. Points

iii) Disposal of remaining residue is required,

iv) High stacks are needed for the natural draft chimneys present safety problems.

Q. 4 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M

a) Explain the term waste prevention and waste reduction. 04
v Waste prevention-: 02 M
∑ Waste prevention is often called source reduction which means reducing
waste by not producing it.
∑ Waste prevention actually avoids waste generation, it is the preferred waste
management activity
∑ Overall, waste prevention conserves resources, protects the environment, and
prevents the formation of greenhouse gases.

v Waste Reduction:
Waste reduction can be achieved in three ways: 02 M
i) Reducing the amount of material used per product without sacrificing the utility
of that product.
ii) Increase lifetime of a product.
iii) Eliminating the need of the product.
∑ To reduce waste we usually have to make significant lifestyle changes. Reduce
office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and
by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.
∑ Improve product design to use less material.
∑ Switch to reusable transport containers
b) Draw the organization pattern of solid waste management. 04 M

04 M
For
Neat
labeled
sketch

c) Explain in brief transfer station. 04 M

v Transfer station:
Defn.- These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority at 01 M
various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially
transferred to these stations prior to loading into large vehicles.
v Location-:
A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposition of
waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles 01 M
will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles.
These larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal in an
incinerator, landfill, or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling.
v Necessity of transfer stations:
Transfer stations are necessary due to following reasons 02 M
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW.
2. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations.
3. To prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area.
4. To reduce the haul distance.
 d) State the methods of storage of solid municipal waste. 04 M
1) Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps.
2) Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L,
3) Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped with
handles ½M
4) Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70 L, Each
5) Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages. (Write
6) Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard boxes, any
kerosene cans, and containers made out of truck tires. Eight)
7) DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of a
large garage.
8) ENCLOSURES an enclosure is probably the most common communal storage
method in Asia. Enclosures can have capacities from 1 to 10 m3
9) FIXED storage bins this type of container usually is built from concrete blocks.

e) What do you understand by Vermi-composting? 04 M

v Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms,
usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms to create a 02 M
heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding
materials, and vermicast.
v Vermicomposting- Concept
∑ Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit. 02M
∑ Spread a net on box.
∑ Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand.
∑ Put some cow dung and kitchen wastes such as peels of fruits etc., to cover the
sand.
∑ Use green leaves to cover over the sand.
∑ Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
∑ Get some red worms and put them on the upper layer of bed.
∑ Feed vegetable and fruit wastes as food.
∑ After 3 to 4 weeks we get loose, soil like material in the pit.
∑ Remove the material from the box, dry it in the sun.
∑ Use this as manure.
f) Explain pyrolysis of waste. 04 M
Pyrolysis can be defined as the thermal decomposition of organic material
through the application of heat without the addition of extra air or oxygen.
In this process thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature take place. 02 M
Pyrolysis is an endothermic process which requires heat for an external source.
In this method solid waste material is heated in specially designed chamber
which is called as pyrolysis reactor.
In pyrolysis reactor, heating is carried out in closed environment which is almost
o o
oxygen free at an average temperature above 650 c which may rise to 1000 c. The end
products are Hydrogen, methane, carbon mono-oxide, tar or oil, char, inert material.
Methods of Pyrolysis:
1. Dry pyrolysis
∑ Process of thermal decomposition without access of oxygen (O₂)
∑ Products of dry pyrolysis are gas with high heat of combustion, liquid and solid
carbon residue.
∑ Type of dry pyrolysis depend on the temperature of the process i.e. Low
Temperature Analysis, Medium Temperature Analysis, High Temperature
Analysis.

2. Oxidizing pyrolysis
∑ It’s impossible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.
∑ Thus, a small amount of oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials 02M For
Methods.
are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.
∑ Thermal decomposition of industrial waste by its partial burning or direct contact
with end product of fuel combustion
∑ This method is used for neutralization of most wastes including “inconvenient”
ones for burning are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur.
∑ Thermal decomposition of industrial waste by its partial burning or direct contact
with end product of fuel combustion
∑ This method is used for neutralization of most wastes including “inconvenient”
ones for burning

Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16M

a) Define E-Waste. State various types of E-Wastes. Explain the methods of disposal 8M
of E-waste.
∑ Defn.- E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic devices and 2M
components as well as substances involved in their manufacture or use.

∑ Types of E-Wastes are

1. Computers, 2M
2. Office electronic equipment,
3. Entertainment device electronics,
4. Mobile phones,
5. Television sets,
6. Refrigerators etc.

∑ Methods of Disposal of E-waste :

1) Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil is
excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered 1M
by thick layer of soil. Now a day’s secure land filling are provided with some each
facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate collection
basin that collect and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant.
Environmental risk from land filling of e-waste cannot be neglected because the
condition of land filling site are different from a native soil, particularly
concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
 2) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature. 1M
Advantage of incineration of e-waste is the reduction of waste volume and each
utilization of the energy content of combustible materials. Disadvantages of
incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping flue gas cleaning and
the large amount of residue from gas cleaning and combustion.
3) Recycling of e-waste: Monitors and CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems, telephone
bards, hard drives, floppy drives, compact disk, mobiles, fax machines, printers,
CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be recycled. Recycling
involves dismantling and recovery of valuable materials. Recycling is the best
possible option for the management of e- waste because the existing dumping
grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity and it is difficult to get
new dumping sites due to Scarcity of land.
4) Re-use: It is commonly used for electronic equipments like computers, cell phones
etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modification to the
original functioning equipment. This method also reduces the volume of e-waste
generation.

b) Describe method of collection and disposal of industrial waste. 8M

Sr Industry Disposal Method
No.
1) Thermal Power Fly ash waste can be recycled for-
Station Industry ÿ Cement
ÿ Raw material in ordinary Portland cement 2M
ÿ Cellular concrete bricks and blocks lime and each
cement fly ash concrete. any
ÿ Precast fly ash concrete building units. four
ÿ As a plasticizers.
2) Sugar Industry Converting waste into manure by composting treatment.
And the bagasse is used as fuel for boiler.
3) Blast Furnace ÿ As a aggregate in concrete
Slags from Metal ÿ Non- Portland cement
Industry ÿ Manufacture of slag cement, super sulphated
cement, metallurgical cement
ÿ As a structural fill ( air- cooled slag)
4) Paper and Pulp Paper cutting Waste is recycled for either same industry or it
Industry is send to cardboard industry as raw material.
5) Food Industry Waste is treated either by Vermi-composting (For small
quantity) and Bio-methenation process (For large quantity)
The collection of industrial solid waste is mainly done by industry itself and differ
with each industrial unit.
(Note: Student may write any appropriate industrial solid waste so credit may be
given accordingly)
c) 8M
i) Explain Recycling of industrial waste. 4M
Following are the Industrial Waste and Area of Recycle:
1 Fly ash
Cement
ordinary Portland cement
 1M
2 Blast Furnace Slags each
any
- Portland cement four
cement, super sulphated cement, metallurgical cement
- cooled slag)
3 Red Mud

4 Lime Sludge
recycling in parent industry

ii) Explain Biomedical waste management and handling Rule 1998. 4M

The ministry of environment and forests notified the bio medical waste rules, 1998 in
July
1998. In accordance with these rules following provisions are made
ÿ It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the 1M
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is each
handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.
ÿ The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories etc.
are therefore required to set in places the biomedical waste disposal & treatment
facilities as per schedule V & VI respectively.
ÿ Segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of BMW according to
schedule1, Schedule 2 &3, Schedule 4 respectively.
ÿ For the effective BMW management the state government shall establish
prescribed authority for granting authorization to concern occupier/operator; who
are required to maintain the annual & accident records of the facility.
Q.6. Atempt any FOUR of the following: 16M
a) Write short note on health aspect during handling and processing of solid waste. 4M
Health aspects involved in handling and processing of solid waste:
handling of solid
wastes. Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be
protected, as far as possible, from contact with waste.

inefficient burning of wastes, either in open air,

or in plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the gaseous effluents.

create potential risk to human health. 1M for

e most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid wastes is each
aesthetic, the ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban environment and beauty of
city.

problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid wastes and liquid
industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a drainage/ sewerage system
and/ or open dumping sites of municipal solid wastes and the wastes discharged thereby
maintains a vicious cycle.
storage, collection, transportation, disposal etc. These activities even if properly
controlled and with proper precautionary measures adopted, may have adverse impact on
land, water and air environment, human and environmental health aesthetics and quality
of life.

primarily files and rats.

b) Describe health problems during time of segregation of solid waste. 4M

Health problem during the time of segregation

1. Workers and rag pickers can be infected during picking of biodegradable and Non 1M
biodegradable waste. each
2. If biodegradable and non biodegradables or wet and dry wastes are not put separately,
it can creates bad odour.
3. Possible health hazard include raised level of infant mortality, non communicable
disease such as hand/leg injury by sharp edge material, respirational infections, eye
infection,.
4. Comunicable diseases such as Diarrhoea & dysentery(due to flies), skin disease

c) State any four benefits of recycling of solid waste. 4M

resources such as timber, water and minerals. 1M

each
any
four

d) Describe the process of recycling. 4M

ÿ Recycling is the process of recovering and reusing waste product from household
use, manufacturing, agriculture and business and thereby reducing their burden on
the environment.
ÿ Recycling is the process of collecting used materials, commonly known as waste 4M
and creating new products to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials.
ÿ Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would
otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling
can benefit your community and the environment.

Collection Sorting Processing New Product

(Note: Student may write any appropriate explanation so credit may be given
accordingly)
e) State the purpose of recycling of solid waste. 4M
ÿ To Make Environment Clean
ÿ Conservation of Materials 1M
ÿ To Save Energy each
ÿ Reduce Garbage in Landfills any
ÿ Reduce the pollution. four

.f) State the importance of mass education in solid waste management. 4M

The mass education in SWM is very important because of following points:

1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and implementation of 1M
solid waste management. each
3. To understand the planning, importance and significance. any
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous waste as well four
as municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal authorities
for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

SUMMER -2017 EXAMINATION

Subject code:17605 (SWM) Model Answer Page No:01/ 17

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answer should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and communication skill).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In the some cases, the assumed constants
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answer and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding

Question and Model Answers Marks

Q.1. Attempt ANY FIVE of the following 20M
a) Define ‘Solid Waste’, also list different types of Solid Waste. 4M

Definition.- Solid waste are all the wastes arising from human and animal
activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. 2M

Types of solid waste-

i. Garbage
ii. Ashes and residues
iii. Combustible and non-combustible wastes 1/2 M
iv. Bulky wastes Each
v. Street wastes (for
vi. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes any
vii. Dead animals Four)
viii. Abandoned vehicles
ix. Construction and demolition wastes
x. Farm wastes
xi. Hazardous wastes
xii. Sewage wastes

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-1 | 17

b) Explain the impact of Solid Waste on environment. 4M
1. Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump
Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump
2. Bad odour, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste dump
Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump
3. Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft
4. Fires within the waste dump.
5. Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump
6. Epidemics through stray animals.
7. Acidity to surrounding soil and Release of green house gas.
8. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas.
Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful 1M each
to the environment. (for any
9. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable Four)
10. Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid
waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them and Pollute water
bodies.
11. Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the people.
Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating pungent odor.
12. Promotes spreading of diseases.
13. The situation further aggravated by the indiscriminate disposal of Hospital and
Clinical Waste.
14. Presence of extremely high level of total and Facial E-coli form.

C) Draw the organization pattern of Solid Waste Management. 4M

03 M
For
Neat
labeled
sketch

1M for
correct
sequence

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-2 | 17

d) State the four disadvantages of landfill method. 4M
Disadvantages of Landfill-
1. Possibility of contamination of water sources by waste water resulting from
landfill. 1M each
2. Requires proper planning, design, and operation (for any
3. The site will look ugly whilst it is being used for landfill Four)
4. Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution
and contribute to global warming.
5. Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment as
it might be too polluted.
6. The trucks delivering the waste to the site are very big and noisy. They will
spoil the peace and quiet in the area and could also contribute to traffic
congestion (traffic jams) in the local area.
7. The gases given off from the site as the waste begins to decompose (break down)
will cause the air in the local area to be smelly.
e) List various types of Special Waste. 4M
Types of Special Waste –
1. Radioactive substance-
(Biomedical research facilities, colleges and university laboratories, offices, hospitals, 1 M each
nuclear power plants, etc. ) (for any
2. Toxic Chemicals- four)
Agricultural chemical companies, battery shops, car washes, chemical shops, college
and university laboratories, construction companies, electric utilities, hospitals and
clinics, industrial cooling towers, newspaper and photographic solutions, nuclear power
plants, pest control agencies, photographic processing facilities, plating shops, service
stations, etc.
3. Biomedical wastes-
Biomedical research facilities, drug companies, hospitals, medical clinics, etc.
4. Flammable wastes-
Dry cleaners, petroleum reclamation plants, petroleum refining and processing facilities,
service stations, tanker truck cleaning stations, etc.
5. Explosive waste-
Construction companies, dry cleaners, ammunition production facilities, etc.

6. E-Waste – Residential, Electronic/Electrical repair shops

7. Industrial waste- Cement, steel, sugar, food industry etc.

f) Explain the health safety measures to be adopted during handling 4M

and processing Solid Waste.
Health safety measures during handling and processing of solid waste:

1. Worker on field should wear hand gloves.

1M
2. They should wear safety shoes.
for each
3. To avoid polluted air they should wear mask.
(any
4. Every month complete medical checkup should be done.
Four)
5. Provide safety goggles to avoid eye disease.
6. Separation of solid waste according to category. (dry, wet, medical, commercial,
residential, etc)

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-3 | 17

g) State the four benefits of recycling of Solid Waste. 4M
1. Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators.
2. Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals. 1M each
3. Saves energy. (for any
4. Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials. Four)
5. Helps sustain the environment for future generations.
6. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.
Q.2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) Explain the various sources of solid waste.
(i) Residential: This refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc., and
consists of leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes, etc.
(ii) Commercial: This refers to wastes consisting of leftover food, glasses,
metals, ashes, etc., generated from stores, restaurants, markets, hotels, motels,
auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc.
(iii) Institutional: This mainly consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc.,
generated from educational, administrative and public buildings such as schools,
1M
colleges, offices, prisons, etc.
Each
(iv) Municipal: This includes dust, leafy matter, building debris, treatment
(For any
plant residual sludge, etc., generated from various municipal activities like
Four)
construction and demolition, street cleaning, landscaping, etc.
(v) Industrial: This mainly consists of process wastes, ashes, demolition
and construction wastes, hazardous wastes, etc., due to industrial activities.
(vi) Agricultural: This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and
vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, orchards,
vineyards, farms, etc.
(vii) Open areas: this includes wastes from areas such as Streets, alleys, parks,
vacant lots, playgrounds, beaches, highways, recreational areas, etc.
b) State the four factors affecting on solid waste generation.
 Living standard
 Awareness of people
 Source reduction/recycling
 Geographic location 1M each
 Collection Frequency ( for any
 Per person income Four)
 Public attitudes
 Size of households
 Population density
 Population increase

c) List the various eight types of collection and transportation

equipment of solid waste.
1. Litter bin 7. Tractors and Trailers
½M
2. Broom [Link] vehicle
Each
3. Shovels [Link].
(For any
4. Container [Link]
Eight)
5. Handcarts [Link] vehicles.
6. Animal carts

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-4 | 17

 d) State the various methods of storage of municipal solid waste.

1) Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps.

2) Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L,
3) Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped
with handles ½M
4) Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70 Each
L, (For any
5) Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages. Eight)
6) Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard
boxes, kerosene cans, and containers made out of truck tires.
7) DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of
a large garage.
8) ENCLOSURES an enclosure is probably the most common communal
storage method in Asia. Enclosures can have capacities from 1 to 10 m3
9) FIXED storage bins this type of container usually is built from concrete
blocks.
e) Explain any two methods of collection of municipal waste.
(A) Collection system Based on the availability of service

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste.
House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on scheduled
day. The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the curb.
House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his house.
2. Alley Service -
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by
workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service -
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
02M
4. Backyard Service -
each
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the
(for any
yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to
TWO
solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
methods)
B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

1. Hauled Container System

An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage
site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing
point, transfer station or disposal site.
2. Stationary Container System
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of
collection.
The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and
collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles
and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-5 | 17

f) Explain principle of composting Process and favourable condition
for it.
Principle of composting
Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural
phenomenon. Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and
anaerobically.
02 M
During aerobic composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidise organic compounds
to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate. During anaerobic process, the anaerobic micro-
organisms, while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the organic compounds
through a process of reduction. A very small amount of energy is released during the
process. The end result of composting is an accumulation of partially decayed organic
matter called humus.
Favourable condition for composting
 Certain temperatures promote rapid composting and destroy pathogens and
weed seeds
 Microorganisms living in a compost pile need an adequate amount of moisture
½M
to survive.
Each
 Providing proper ventilation by designing the composting toilet with a vent
pipe.
 The proper balance of nutrients is vital to the composting process. A good
carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio for a compost toilet is 20/1 to 35/1.

Q. 3. Attempt Any FOUR of the following 16M

a) Differentiate between Bangalore and Indore methods of composting. 4M
Bangalore method of composting Indore method of composting
Bangalore method is commonly used Indore method layers of vegetable and
anaerobic method used for biological night soil is alternative piled into trench,
conversion of organic component of the depth of pile is 1.5-2m and widths is
municipal solid waste. about 3-8m or above the ground form a
mound called windrow.
In this method underground earthen trench Normally windrows are conical in shape
is excavated and alternate layer of waste and about 50m in length. The aeration is
and soil is filled in trench or pit to control achieved by periodically turning the piles. 4M
odour. Final layer of soil is providing at top. Manual turning is adopted for small
plants and mechanical turning is adopted
for larger plants.
The soil cover not only prevent odour but Refuse should be turn once or twice per 1 M each
also prevents breeding of files. week which introduce oxygen and helps for any
to control temperature. four
Within 2-3 days of burial intensive Turning continued for about 4-5 weeks points.
biological action starts taking place and during which biodegradable organic are
organic matter beings to be destroyed. After Consumed. The solid waste is allowed to
4-5 months complete stabilization of waste keep for 2-8 weeks with turning the
takes placed. Composting in windrow may take 21-28
days for stabilization.
During biological action head is evolved The composted waste is removed from
which rises temperature of decomposing windrow and allowed to mature in
mass. maturing yards for 1-3 months, after
which the compost becomes ready for
being taken out for use.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-6 | 17

 Alternate Solution for Q-3 (a)
OR

b) Explain advantages of vermicomposting method also mention its 4M

suitability.
 Advantages of Vermicomposting-
1. Increase moisture and nutrient retention of the soil.
2. It provides efficient conversion of organic wastes. 1/2M
3. Improves aeration and root penetration. each
4. Reduces crusting of soil surface. (for any
5. Micro-nutrients are added. four )
6. Increases the number of beneficial soil microorganisms
 Suitability of Vermicomposting –
1. Vermicomposting plays a vital role in waste management. Hence it is used in
back of the house areas and kitchen.
2. It is eco-friendly technique, hence it can be adopted for organic waste from 1M each
industries (viz. sugar, food industry etc.). (any
3. The nutrients from manure can be used for farms and gardens. two)
4. It improves the quality of fruits and vegetables.
c) State the four factors affecting the site selection for land filling
4M
technique to dispose solid waste.
1. No Residential area should be located near the boundaries of landfill site.
2. The site should be provided all facilities such as drinking water, Electricity,
Roads for transportation.
3. It should be free from Seismic Zone. 1M each
4. Selection of landfill site should be based upon the examination of environmental for
issues. any Four
5. Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity.
6. The landfill area having steep gradient (where stability of slope could be
problematic) should not be selected.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-7 | 17

 7. The water level in ground water table should be sufficient below the base of any
excavation to enable landfill development.
8. There should not be fault lines and significantly fractured geological structure.
9. Landfill site should be away from airports.
d) Explain the mechanical Composting Method. 4M
 In the process of stabilization is expiated by mechanical device of turning the
compost. It is recommended to use refuse of 1.5cm particle size in this method.
02 M
 The moisture content and aeration of refuse are continually adjusted. Care is taken
For
to see that quantity of air should not exceed 2m3/kg of volatile solid per day.
 It requires small area compare to trenching and open windrow composting. Explanat
 The stabilization of waste takes 3 – 6 days. ion
 The operation involved are
 Reception of refuse
 Segregation
 Shredding
 Stabilization
 Marketing

02 M
For
Diagram

Mechanical Composting
OR
Students may draw the flowchart of Dano Process which is called as Mechanical
composting-

Reception of MSW Pre-processing area Compost Pad

Curing shed Preparatory section Monsoon shed

Refinement section Organic manure

(Note- 2M may be given if students draw the flowchart of Dano process.)

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-8 | 17

e) Explain the working of biogas plant with the help of neat sketch. 4M

2M for
neat
labeled
diagram

1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe and sand trap. 2. Digester. 3. outlet chamber. 4.
Gasholder. 5. Gas pipe. 6. Entry hatch, with gastight seal. 7. Accumulation of thick
sludge. 8. Outlet pipe. 9. Reference level. 10. Supernatant scum, broken up by varying
level.

 Working of Biogas Plant -

1. The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of water in the
mixing tank. This forms the slurry.
2. The slurry is fed into the digester through the inlet chamber.
3. When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of slurry is
stopped and the plant is left unused for about two months. 2M
4. During these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decompose or
ferments the biomass in the presence of water.
5. As a result of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts collecting in
the dome of the digester.
6. As more and more biogas starts collecting, the pressure exerted by the biogas
forces the spent slurry into the outlet chamber.
7. From the outlet chamber, the spent slurry overflows into the overflow tank.
8. The spent slurry is manually removed from the overflow tank and used as
manure for plants.
9. The gas valve connected to a system of pipelines is opened when a supply of
biogas is required.
10. To obtain a continuous supply of biogas, a functioning plant can be fed
continuously with the prepared slurry
(Note- If the students draw the flowchart/all steps of biogas plant working then credit
upto 2M may be given)
f) Define –
4M
i) Biomedical Waste ii) E-Waste
i) Biomedical Waste-

Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or 2M

immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or
in the production or testing of biological, and including categories mentioned in
schedule I.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-9 | 17

 ii) E- Waste
E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices 2M
and components as well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair process.

Q.4 Attempt Any FOUR of the following 16 M

a) State the varieties of E-waste and why it is dangerous? 4M
 Varieties of E-Waste-

2M

 Following are dangerous effect of hazardous substances that come

out of E-waste:
1) Mercury causes chronic damage to the brain, memory loss, and muscle weakness. 2M
2) Sulphur causes liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, and eye and throat
irritation. ½M
3) Cadmium causes neutral damage, toxic irreversible effects on human health. Each
4) BFRs disrupt endocrine system function. (for
5) Lead damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems and kidney any
damage. Four)
6) Lead affects the brain development of children.
7) Cadmium also accumulates in kidney and liver, teratogenic.
8) The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and also causes
kidney damage.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-10 | 17

 b) Explain the methods of disposal and recycling of E-waste. 4M
Disposal of E-waste is done by following method:
1) Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on the flat surfaces. Soil
is excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by
thick layer of soil. Now a day’s secure land filling are provided with some facilities like
impervious liner made up of plastic or clay, leachate collection basin that collect and 2M for
transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant. Environmental risk from land filling any one
of e-waste cannot be neglected because the condition of land filling site are different method
from a native soil, particularly concerning the leaching behavior of metals.

2) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which

the waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature.
Advantages of incineration of E-waste are the reduction of waste volume and utilization
of the energy content of combustible materials. Disadvantages of incineration are the
emission to air of substances escaping flue gas cleaning and the large amount of residue
from gas cleaning and combustion.

Recycling of E-waste is done by following method:

1) Recycling of e-waste: Monitors and CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems,
telephone bards, hard drives, floppy drives, compact disk, mobiles, fax machines,
printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be recycled. Recycling 2M
involves dismantling and recovery of valuable materials. Recycling is the best possible
option for the management of e- waste because the existing dumping grounds in India
are full and overflowing beyond capacity and it is difficult to get new dumping sites due
to Scarcity of land.

2) Re-use: It is commonly used for electronic equipments like computers,

cell phones etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modification to
the original functioning equipment. This method also reduces the volume of e-waste
generation.

c) State types and characteristics of Solid Waste from engineering

4M
and chemical type of industries.
Types of Solid waste from Engineering and Chemical type Industries-
 Pulp and Paper Industry-
Sr. No. Types of Solid Waste Characteristics of Solid Waste
1 Grit Oil and Grease 2M
2 Fly ash Fine dust
3 Sludge High solids
4 Bleached pulp High pH
 Chemical Industry-
Sr. No. Types of Solid Waste Characteristics of Solid Waste
1 Slag Acidic or Alkaline
2M
2 Mud High suspended Solid
3 Residues of refining High alkalinity
4 Scraps Metal parts

(Note: Student may write any appropriate industrial solid waste so credit
may be given accordingly)
SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-11 | 17
 d) Explain various control measures of industrial waste. 4M
1. Optimization of resources: waste reduction at individual and institutional level
goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
2. Using again the Scrap Material: this is the process in which individual and
3. Industry reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from
becoming a waste material.
4. Quality control improvement and process monitoring: this technique is to
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by the
inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection. 01 M
5. Exchanging Waste: this is the technique in which the waste product, which each
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is (any
another way for reducing waste. four)
6. Point of use from ship: to maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials
to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with fewer
packages and wrappings can save from the waste production.
7. Zero waste: this is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the
source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing
no waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as
opposed to end of pipe waste management.
e) Explain four salient features mentioned in biomedical waste
4M
management and handling as per 1998.
The ministry of environment and forests notified the bio medical waste rules in
July1998.
Following are the features-
1. It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is
handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.
2. The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories etc.
01M for
are therefore required to set in places the biomedical waste disposal & treatment
each
facilities as per schedule V & VI respectively.
point.
3. Segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of BMW according to
schedule1, Schedule 2 &3, Schedule 4 respectively.
4. For the effective BMW management the state government shall establish
prescribed authority for granting authorization to concern occupier/operator; who
are required to maintain the annual & accident records of the facility.
(Note- The students may explain any of the provision or schedule of the BMW rule-
1998 then accordingly the credit may be given. )
f) What are the different types of health problems during time of
segregation, reuse, recovery and recycling of Solid Waste 4M
possible to human being?
Health problems during time of segregation, reuse, recovery and recycling of Solid
Waste- The scavengers or rag-pickers work under extensive health risks, which are 01 M
largely undocumented, and suffer severe exploitation and deprivation. The possible
health hazards to human being include-
1. Communicable diseases- Houseflies may be important in the transmission of 01 M
enteric infections, particularly responsible for infant diarrhea and dysentery.
2. Non-Communicable diseases- Solid waste during its segregation, 01 M
reuse/recovery/recycling may cause eye irritation, respiratory diseases, hand/leg
injuries, poisoning, hearing defects etc.
3. Aesthetics- Solid waste causes odour, visibility and dust problem to human 01 M
being.
SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-12 | 17
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16 M
a) Explain the Hierarchy of solid waste management. 8M

2M for
Dia

Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which
produces maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then
minimize the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing
different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are
repeatedly used again and again for same purpose.
The following measures are therefore proposed to be taken to Reduce, 1M for
Re-use and Recycling of waste by all concerned: Each
 All manufacturers producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic Method
products, food as well as non-food should be persuaded to seriously
endeavour to use re-usable packaging materials so that after the delivery
of goods, the packaging materials could be collected back and used over
and over again.

 Incentives and product discount should be given to consumers for the
return of packaging or bottling materials in good condition, to the waste
producers or retailers to promote re-use. 

 The cost of packed articles and article without the packaging material
could be kept different with a choice to the consumers to take the article
without the packaging material at low cost. 

4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and
then they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-13 | 17

 b) What is meaning of transfer station? And explain its Necessity 8M
and suitable Location.
Defination.- These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority
at various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred 2M
to these stations prior to loading into large vehicles.
Necessity of transfer stations:
Transfer stations are necessary due to following reasons 1M
1. They prevent the scattering of MSW. For each
2. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations. (any
3. To prevent nuisance due to scattered solid waste to nearby area. three)
4. To reduce the haul distance.
Location
1. It should be near to disposal site. 1M for
2. It should be in the area where traffic flow is smooth. each
3. It should be in area where land and property rates are cheap. (any
4. It should not be in thickly populated and residential area. three)
c) Describe the process of incineration and product of it with their
use.
Process of Incineration
 Incineration is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and other elements
in the waste, mix with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat.
 The air requirements for combustion of solid wastes are considerable. Usually,
excess air is supplied to the incinerator to ensure complete mixing and combustion 4 M for
and to regulate operating temperature and control emissions. process
 Excess air requirements, however, differ with moisture content of waste, heating
values and the type of combustion technology employed.
 Many incinerators are designed to operate in the combustion zone of 900°C –
1100°C. This temperature is selected to ensure good combustion, complete
elimination of odours and protection of the walls of the incinerator.
 Incinerator systems are designed to maximise waste burn out and heat output,
while minimising emissions by balancing the oxygen (air) and the three “Ts”, i.e.,
time, temperature and turbulence.
 Complete incineration of solid wastes produces virtually an inert residue, which
constitutes about 10% of the initial weight and perhaps a larger reduction in volume.
 The residue is generally landfilled. The incineration facility along with
combustion of waste emits air pollutants (i.e., fine particulate and toxic gases),
which are an environmental concern, and, therefore, their control is necessary.
Product with their use
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for
Preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as Road
metal. 1M for
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing. each
3. Also the steam generated during incineration can be used for electricity
generation by running the turbines.
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material or blending in
cement.
(Note- The students may write any appropriate incineration process, the credit of
maximum 4M may be given accordingly)

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-14 | 17

Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16M
a) Describe methods of collection and disposal of biomedical waste. 8M
Collection of biomedical waste are to be done by color coded bag as per
schedule II as below. It is also collected separately according to category of
medical waste.

Colour Type of Container -I Waste Category Treatment options as per

Coding Schedule I
02 M
Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, Cat. 2, and Cat. 3, Incineration/deep burial
Cat. 6.

Red Disinfected Cat. 3, Cat. 6, Cat.7. Autoclaving/Microwaving/

container/plastic bag Chemical Treatment

Blue/White Plastic bag/puncture Cat. 4, Cat. 7. Autoclaving/Microwaving/

translucent proof Container Chemical Treatment and
destruction/shredding

Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and Disposal in secured landfill
Cat. 10. (solid)

( Note- Treatment option in table is optional )

Disposal of Biomedical waste-

1. Autoclaving

Thermal treatment is typically used for sharps and certain other types of
infectious waste. An autoclave is like a large pressure cooker that uses high 02M
temperatures and steam to deeply penetrate all materials and kill any microorganisms. for each
Depending on the type and amount of waste you will need to sterilize. (any
Modern autoclaves are also automated to minimize human involvement and three)
therefore reduce needle-stick injuries and contamination.

2. Chemical Treatment

Often used to deactivate liquid waste, chemical treatment is designed to

decontaminate or deactivate certain wastes on site rather than packaging and sending
them to a separate facility.
Chemical treatment can also be applied to some non-liquid infectious wastes, but
they would typically need to be shredded first to ensure that all portions of the waste are
exposed to the chemicals.
Depending on the type of waste, chemicals like chlorine, sodium hydroxide or
calcium oxide can be used. Chemical treatment has to be executed carefully and by
knowledgeable staff.

3. Microwave Treatment

A microwave treatment system, similar to an autoclave, also uses heat to

decontaminate medical waste. These systems work best for waste that is not 100% dry
or solid, as the moisture allows the heat to penetrate deeper, and the steam sterilizes.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-15 | 17

 4. Incineration

Incineration is typically used for pathological and pharmaceutical waste.

Incineration of medical waste should be performed in a controlled facility to ensure
complete combustion and minimize any negative effects for the environment.

5. Land Disposal

Land disposal is typically used for shredded, treated and decontaminated waste.
In certain cases, it can also be used for hazardous waste or other untreated waste that can
not be decontaminated by other means. Specialized sanitary landfill sites exit to reduce
the risk of soil and water contamination and provide a safe space for medical waste
disposal.

6. Deep Burial

A pit or trench is excavated about 2m deep. It is half filled with waste, and then
covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, then filling the remaining portion with
soil. Cover is provided at top with lock facility

b) Explain the importance of public involvement and participation

in solid waste management.
Public involvement and participation in SWM is very important because of
following points:
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people. 1M
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and for each
Implementation of solid waste management.
3. To understand the planning importance and significance.
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous
waste as well as municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal
authorities for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the ‘3R’principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.
c) State the benefits of recycling and marketing strategies for
recyclable.
Benefits

 Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators. 4M

 Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals. ( 1M
 Saves energy. for each)
 Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials. benefit)
 Helps sustain the environment for future generations.
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.

Marketing strategies for recyclable

There are a number of techniques for recycling business could use to reach
potential new customers. These include:

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-16 | 17

1. Mailshots by post or email. If you use bought business mailing lists, it is important to
ensure that these are as up to date as possible with valid contact details for key decision-
makers. 04 M
(1M for
2. Advertising in the press, radio, billboards and even television. While useful in terms each
of raising awareness services. strategy)

3. Public relations and press releases. As with advertising, this may help increase
awareness, but may not lead to many new enquiries.
Collection vehicle branding to promote services. This is relatively cheap and is
important in presenting a professional image to current and potential customers.

4. Online marketing via a dedicated website or search engines ads. A well-designed

website can be a relatively low-cost way of attracting new customers.

SWM-17605 Summer-2017 Model Answer Page-17 | 17

!"#$%&!
17605
11718
3 Hours / 100 Marks Seat No.

Instructions : (1) All questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication
devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any ten of the following : (2×10=20)
i) Define ‘solid waste’.
ii) List types of solid waste.
iii) List various transportation equipments in solid waste management system.
iv) List methods of collection of municipal solid waste.
v) List the types of disposal of solid waste.
vi) State principle of vermi composting.
vii) State principle of composting.
viii) Define biomedical waste. State its components.
ix) Enlist sources of biomedical waste.
x) State any two features of Biomedical Waste Management of Handling Rule, 1998.
xi) Write any two precautions to be taken during handling and processing of solid waste.
xii) Enlist any two methods of mass education in SWM.
xiii) State any two benefit of recycling of solid waste.
xiv) State any two steps in recycling of solid waste.
2. Attempt any two : (8×2=16)
a) List the characteristics of solid waste. Explain any two characteristics of solid waste along with
solid waste management hierarchy.
b) Define transfer station. State necessity of transfer station. State the factors affecting selection of
site for transfer station.
c) State the factors affecting composting. State the different methods of composting. Explain any
one in detail with neat labelled sketch.

P.T.O.
17605 !"#$%&!
Marks

3. Attempt any two : (8×2=16)

a) State the sources of solid waste. Write impact of solid waste on environment. State the factors
affecting generation of solid waste.
b) State the methods of storage of (MSW) municipal solid waste. State current practice of solid
waste management in India in brief.
c) State the factors affecting selection of site for land filling of solid waste. State advantages and
disadvantages of landfill method.

4. Attempt any two : (8×2=16)

a) i) State various ways of solid waste prevention and reduction.
ii) Draw the organisation pattern of solid waste management.
b) Describe pyrolysis method of incineration w.r.t. meaning, principle, merits and demerits.
c) Define E-waste. State varieties of E-waste. Explain effects of E-waste on human health and
environment.

5. Attempt any two : (8×2=16)

a) i) Explain use of by-product of incineration method of solid waste.
ii) Explain control measures taken for industrial waste.
b) Classify biomedical waste treatment w.r.t. option, category, treatment and disposal.
c) Explain the following :
i) Leachate from land filling
ii) Industrial waste
iii) Reuse of solid waste
iv) Purpose of recycling.

6. Attempt any two : (8×2=16)

a) Explain disposal and recycling of E-waste.
b) Define communicable and non-communicable diseases. Discuss the importance of public
involvement and participation in SWM.
c) State methods of collecting recyclables. Describe current status of recycling of SW in India.

––––––––––––––
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: SsolidWaste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence
if the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Q. Marking
Answer
No. N. Scheme

Q-1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) State the classification of solid waste. 02
Ans. Hazardous waste
• Reactivity waste 1M
• Ignitable waste
• Medical waste each
• Radioactive waste
• Corrosive waste
Non-Hazardous waste
• Biodegradable waste
• Non-Biodegradable waste
b) List collection methods of Municipal Solid Waste 02
Ans. Collection system Based on the availability of service 1
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley Service -
3. Set out Set Back Service -
4. Backyard Service -
Collection Method Based on mode of operation: 1
One
1. Hauled Container System mark
2. Stationary Container System for each

Page 1 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: SsolidWaste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

c) List the tools &equipment for storage and collection of Municipal solid Waste. 02
Ans. 1. Litter bin
2. Broom
3. Shovels
4. Container
5. Handcarts 02
6. Animal carts Any
7. Tractors and Trailers four
8. Auto vehicle
9. Trucks.
10. Dumper
11. Compactors vehicles.
d) Define Aerobic Composting 02
Ans. Aerobic composting is decomposition of organic matter using microorganisms that 02
require oxygen.
OR
In an aerobic composting aerobic micro-organism oxidize organic compounds to
Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate.
e) List the existing legal provisions made for SWM (Any Two) 02
Ans. 1. Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on the 1
Streets, Open Defecation. Mark
2. Duty of Occupiers of Premises to Store Solid Waste at Source of Generation. For
3. Duty of Occupier not to Mix Recyclable /Non-Bio-degradable Waste and Each
Domestic Hazardous Waste with Food Waste etc.
Write
4. Duty of Societies/ Associations/ Management of Commercial Complexes to Clean any Two
their Premises and to Provide Community Bins.
5. Community Bins to be Kept in Good Condition.
6. Duty of Occupiers to Deposit Solid Waste in Community Bins.
7. Duty of Local Body to Provide and Maintain "Waste Storage Depots“
8. Duty of Occupier of Households/Shops/Establishment to Hand Over the
Recyclable Material/Non-Bio-degradable Waste to the Waste Collectors/ Waste
Purchasers/Recyclers.
9. Duty of Occupier of Households, Shops and Establishments to Deposit Domestic
Hazardous/Toxic Waste in Special Bins Provided by the Local Body.
10. Duty of Local Bodies to Collect Waste from Community Bins and to Deposit it
at Waste Storage Depots for Onward Transport.
11. Duty of Local Bodies to Clean All Public Streets, Open Public Spaces and Slum
Areas.
12. Duty of Local Body to Transport the Waste Stored at the Waste Storage Depots
Regularly.
13. Duty of Local Body to Arrange for Processing of Food/Biodegradable Waste
through Appropriate Technology and Disposal of Rejects.
14. Prohibition Against Deposition of Building Rubbish.
15. Prohibition on Disposal of Carcasses, etc.
16. Punishment for Littering on Streets and Depositing or throwing any Solid Waste
in Contravention of the Provisions of this Act.

Page 2 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

f) State the characteristics of Hazardous Solid Waste' 02

Ans. [Link] 1/2
2. Corrosivity marks
3. Reactivity for
4. Toxicity each
g) Define Biomedical waste' 02
Ans. “The waste generated by hospitals, nursing or maternity homes, clinics, dispensary, 02
veterinary institutions, pathological laboratory, blood banks which is potentially
infectious to human health and the environment is called as Biomedical waste.
Q-2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
a) Explain solid waste management techniques hierarchy 4
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces
maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize the 3
use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are repeatedly One
used again and again for same purpose. marks
The following measures are therefore proposed to be taken to Reduce, Re-use and for each
Recycling of waste by all concerned:
•All manufacturers producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic products, food as
well as non-food should be persuaded to seriously endeavor to use re-usable packaging
materials so that after the delivery of goods, the packaging materials could be collected
back and used over and over again.
•Incentives and product discount should be given to consumers for the return of
packaging or bottling materials in good condition, to the waste producers or retailers to
promote re-use.
•The cost of packed articles and article without the packaging material could be kept
different with a choice to the consumers to take the article without the packaging
material at low cost.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and then they
are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may include incineration, dumping.
Page 3 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

b) Explain any one method of collection of Municipal Solid Waste 4

A) Classification of collection system Based on the availability of service
1. Curb Service
2. Alley Service
4
3. Set out Set Back Service For
Any one
4. Backyard Service Explaination
B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:
1. Hauled Container System
2. Stationary Container system

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
• Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste.
• House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on
scheduled day.
• The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the curb.
• House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his
house.
• Quickest/ economical
• Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
• No need to enter property

2. Alley Service -
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by
workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.

3. Set out Set Back Service -

Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.

Page 4 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

4. Backyard Service -
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard
and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to
solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:
1. Hauled Container System
An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage site
to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing
point, transfer station or disposal site.
2. Stationary Container System
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point
ofcollection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers,
and collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection
vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.

c) Differentiate between Area method and Trench method of landfill 4

Sr No Area method Trench method 1
Marks
The Area Method is used when The trench method is suited to areas For
the terrain is unsuitable for the where an adequate depth of cover Each
1 point
excavation of trenches in which material is available at the site.
to place the solid wastes.
The filling operation usually is To start the process, a portion of the
started by building an earthen trench is dug with a bulldozer and
2
bund, against which wastes are the dirt is stockpiled to form an
placed in thin layers embankment behind the first trench.
The cover material must be Wastes are then placed in the trench,
hauled in by truck or earth- spread into thin layers and
3
moving equipment from adjacent compacted.
land or from borrow-pit areas.
wastes are placed in thin layers The operation continues until the
and compacted as the fill desired height is reached.
progresses until the thickness of
4 the compacted wastes reaches a
height of 2 to 3 m at the end of
day’s operation a 150 mm to 300
mm

Page 5 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

d) Draw a neat labelled sketch of any one method of Leachate control 4

1) Single-Liner Systems 4
Such system comprises a single primary barrier overlain by leachate collection system Any one
with appropriate separation/ protection layer. fig

OR
2. Single composite Liner system
A composite liner comprises two barriers, made of different materials, placed in
intimate contact with each other to provide a beneficial combined effect of both the
barriers.
Usually a flexible geo membrane is placed over a clay or soil barrier.

Page 6 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

OR
3. Double Liner system
In an double liner system a single liner system is placed twice, one beneath other.
The top barrier (primary barrier) is overlaid by a leachate system. Beneath the
primary barrier. Another leachate collection system (leak collection layer) is placed
by second barrier (secondary barrier). This type of system offers double safety and
used for industrial waste landfill.

Q-3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Suggest the measures to be adopted in execution of vermicomposting. 4M
Following are the Measures adopted in execution of vermicomposting.
1. Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit.
2. Spread a net on box.
3. Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand.
4. Put some cow dung and kitchen wastes such as peels of fruits etc., to cover the
sand. Use green leaves to cover over the sand. 4
5. Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
6. Get some red worms and put them on the upper layer of bed.
7. Feed vegetable and fruit wastes as food.
8. After 3 to 4 weeks we get loose, soil like material in the pit. Remove the material
from the box, dry it in the sunlight. Use this as manure.

Page 7 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

b) State classification of Biomedical waste as per BMW (Management) Rules, 2016. 4M

c) Explain health problems to persons during handling municipal solid waste. 4M

Following are the Health problems to person during handling of solid waste:
1) Infections- Skin and blood infection due to direct contact with solid waste.
- Eye and respiratory infections due to infected dust.
- Various diseases due to bites of animals feeding on waste.
- Intestinal infection transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
2) Chronic diseases- The incinerator operators are at the risk of chronic respiratory 4
diseases including cancer due to exposure of incinerated products and hazardous
compounds
3) Accidents – During handling of heavy containers, it causes bone or muscle
Disorders.
- Cutting caused due to sharp objects present in the waste
- Burning caused due to hazardous chemicals mixed in the waste
d) Suggest improvements in present practices of recycling of municipal solid 4M
Waste.
1. Suggestions for improvement in present practices of recycling of municipal solid
Waste.
2. Recycling and developing programs have to take into consideration the markets for
recovered materials, collection infrastructure and overhead. 4
3. The processing / recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, One
water bodies, monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important Mark
cultural, historical or religious interest. for each
4. Recycling processing units should place their processing plants in densely
populated areas where large amounts of reusable and recyclable wastes are
generated.

Page 8 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

4)In the case of E waste, few companies have organized a waste reception system of electrical
and electronic household waste, and generally, of bulky equipment. Due to the high content of
hazardous material and substances in these types of waste, the potential for contamination of
household waste, and of the storage where they go if they are collected mixed with domestic
waste is high.
5)The compulsoriness of handing over old car accumulators at the acquisition of new products
led to a high rate of collection of such waste. Instead, the collection of batteries is done
occasionally, very few traders taking initiatives for the purpose of recycling these products.
From this point of view it would be recommended that the law applicable at this time only to
car accumulators be extended to all electrochemical power sources.
Q-4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
a) Enlist varieties of Industrial solid waste. 4M
The varieties of Industrial Solid Waste are as follows:
1) Coal Ash
2) Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag
3) Phosphogypsum
4) Red Mud
5) Lime Mud
6) Waste Sludge and Residues
7) Potential Reuse of Solid Wastes.

1) Coal Ash: The research and development carried out in India for utilization of fly ash for
making building materials has proved that fly ash can be successfully utilized for
production of bricks, cement and other building materials.
2) Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag: The Blast Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop
(SMS) slags in integrated iron and steel plants are at present dumped in the surrounding
areas of the steel plants making hillocks encroaching on the agricultural land.
3) Phosphogypsum: Phosphogypsum is the waste generated from the phosphoric acid, 4
ammonium phosphate and hydrofluoric acid plants. One
4) Red Mud: Red mud as solid waste is generated in non-ferrous metal extraction industries mark
like aluminum and copper. The red mud at present is disposed in tailing ponds for settling, for each
which more often than not finds its course into the rivers, especially during monsoon.
5) Lime Mud: Lime sludge, also known as lime mud, is generated in pulp & paper mills
which are not recovered for reclamation of calcium oxide for use except in the large mills.
6) Waste Sludge and Residues: Treatment of industrial wastes/effluents results in generation
of waste sludge/residues which, if not properly disposed, may cause ground and surface
water pollution.
7) Potential Reuse of Solid Wastes: Research and Development (R&D) studies conducted by
the R&D Institutions like Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (CBRI) and the
National Council for Building Research, Ballabgarh (NCBR) reveal that the aforesaid solid
wastes has a very good potential to be utilized in the manufacture of various building
materials.
Note: Students are expected to enlist all variety of Industrial Solid Waste and have to explain
any 3 in brief.

Page 9 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

b) State control measures taken for industrial waste. 4M

Following are the Control measures taken for industrial waste:
1. Optimization of resources: Waste reduction at individual and institutional level goes
side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
2. Using again the Scrap Material: This is the process in which individual and industry
reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from becoming a
waste material.
3. Quality control improvement and process monitoring: This technique is to ensure
that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by the inspection of
frequency and monitoring point’s inspection. 4
4. Exchanging Waste: This is the technique in which the waste product, which comes Any
out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is another way for four
reducing waste.
5. Point of use from ship: To maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials to
be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with less packages
and wrappings can save from the waste production.
6. Zero waste: This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the
source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no
waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as opposed to end
of pipe waste management.
c)
Explain provisions regarding duties of waste generator, made in MSW Rules, 4
20I6.
The provisions regarding duties of waste generator, made in MSW Rules, 20I6 are as
follows.
1)Segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely
biodegradable, non-bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and
handover segregated wastes to authorized waste pickers or waste collectors as per the
directions or notification by the local authorities from time to time.
2)Wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc.,
3)Store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his
own premises and shall dispose of as per the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016
4)No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on 4
streets, open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies. Any
5)All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified four
in the bye-laws of the local bodies.
6)No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at
any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days in
advance and such person or the organizer of such event shall ensure segregation of
waste at source and handling over of segregated waste collector or agency as specified
by the local body.
7)Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated
during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans,
wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such
waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.

Page 10 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

8)All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of
notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of
waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules facilitate collection of
segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the
authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers.
9)All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within
one year from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership with the local
body, ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these
rules, facilitate collection segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable
material to either the authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers.
10)All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the date of notification of
these rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source
as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate
streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorized waste pickers or the
authorized recyclers.
d)
Explain major provisions of Construction and Demolition Waste Management 4
Rules 2016.
The Provisions for Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 are
as follows.
[Link] of waste Generators
•Every waste generator shall segregate construction and demolition waste and deposit
at collection center or handover it to the authorized processing facilities
•Shall ensure that there is no littering or deposition so as to prevent obstruction to the
traffic or the public or drains.
•Large generators (who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per
project in a month) shall submit waste management plan and get appropriate approvals
from the local authority before starting construction or demolition or remodeling work,
•Large generators shall have environment management plan to address the likely
4
environmental issues from construction, demolition, storage, transportation process and
Any
disposal / reuse of C & D Waste.
four
[Link] of Service providers and Contractors
•The service providers shall prepare a comprehensive waste management plan for
waste generated within their jurisdiction, within six months from the date of
notification of these rules,
•Shall remove all construction and demolition waste in consultation with the concerned
local authority on their own or through any agency.
[Link] of State Government and Local Authorities
•The Secretary, UDD in the State Government shall prepare their policy with respect to
management of construction and demolition of waste within one year from date of final
notification of these rules.

Page 11 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

•The concerned department in the State Government dealing with land shall provide
suitable sites for setting up of the storage, processing and recycling facilities for
construction and demolition waste with one-and-a-half years from date of final
notification of these rules.
•The Town and Country planning Department shall incorporate the site in the approved
land use plan so that there is no disturbance to the processing facility on a long term
basis.
•Shall procure and utilize 10-20% materials made from construction and demolition
waste in municipal and Government contracts.
•Local Authority shall place appropriate containers for collection of waste, removal at
regular intervals, transportation to appropriate sites for processing and disposal.
•Seek assistance from concerned authorities for safe disposal of construction and
demolition waste contaminated with industrial hazardous or toxic material or nuclear
waste if any;
•0.5 to 1 million cities, shall commission the processing and disposal facility within two
years from date of final notification of these rules
•for other cities (< 0.5 million populations), shall commission the processing and
disposal facility within three years from date of final notification of these rules
•The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare operational guidelines related to
environmental management of construction and demolition waste.
•SPCB shall grant authorization to construction and demolition waste processing facility
•Monitor the implementation of these rules by the concerned local bodies
•Submit annual report to the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Government.
e) Explain role of CPCB & MPCB in municipal solid waste management. 4
1. The roles of MPCB in municipal solid waste management are as follows 2
•To plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution
causes by solid waste and secure executions thereof,
•To collect and disseminate information relating to pollution, solid waste and the
prevention, control or abatement thereof,
•To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities, and air pollution
control systems and to review plans, etc.
•Supporting and encouraging the developments in the fields of pollution control, waste
recycle reuse, eco-friendly practices etc.
•To educate and guide the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting
appropriate pollution control technologies and techniques
•Creation of public awareness about the clean and healthy environment and attending
the public complaints regarding pollution.
2. The roles of CPCB in municipal solid waste management are as follows
•Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of 2
Solid Waste generations.
•Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention, control or
abatement of water and air pollution;
•Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigation and research relating to solid waste management system.
•Plan and organize training of persons engaged in program on the prevention, control or
abatement of water and air pollution;

Page 12 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

•Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness program on the

prevention, control or abatement of solid waste;
•Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to solid waste and the
measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement;
•Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and
trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts;
•Lay down, modify or annual, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the
standards for stream or well, and lay down standards for the solid waste management.
Note: Students are expected to write 4 points each for CPCB and MCPB Roles.
Q-5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M
a)
Prepare the organization chart for any municipal corporation managing solid waste 4
and state the duties of each level.
1)Solid Waste Management activity has been decentralized zone wise. 2
2)At the Head Office the Chief Engineer is in charge for establishment of processing and
disposal sites.
3)The zonal officers look after the collection and transportation of solid waste.
4)About 80 % of the MSW activity has been outsourced.
5)Small numbers of Self Help Group’s (SHGs) are engaged in door to door collection in
some of the new areas.

Page 13 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

i) Suggest the appropriate management technology for the Biomedical waste category 1 to
b) 6 as per schedule-I of BMW Rules, 2016. 6
ii) Justify the need of public participation in effective management of municipal solid
waste in any city.
[Link] Biomedical waste category 1 to 6 as per schedule-I of BMW Rules, 2016. 3
Category Types of waste Management Technology Change
Human and Animal anatomical waste, Incineration or Plasma it.
Pyrolysis or deep burial
Soiled Waste Incineration
Expired or Discarded Medicines Incineration
Chemical Liquid Waste Incineration
Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings Disinfection followed by
contaminated with blood or body fluid. incineration
Yellow Microbiology, Biotechnology and Incineration
other clinical laboratory waste
Contaminated waste (Recyclable) Autoclaving or micro-waving/
hydroclaving followed by
Red shredding or
mutilation or combination of
sterilization and shredding.
White Waste sharps including metals Autoclaving or dry heat
sterilization
Blue Glassware Disinfection

ii)Need of public participation in effective management of municipal solid waste in

any city:
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and implementation of
solid waste management.
3. To understand the planning importance and significance.
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous waste as well as
municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal authorities
for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc. 3
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.

c)
Suggest the relevant method of storage of solid waste for residential apartment and 6
draw a neat labelled sketch of litter bin.
1. Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps
2. Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L,
3. Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped with handles 6
4. Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70 L, One
5. Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages
mark
6. Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard boxes,
kerosene cans, and containers made out of truck tires for each
7. DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of a large
garage
Page 14 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

Q-6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

(i) state the products of incineration process with their use.
a) 6
(ii) State advantages and disadvantages of incineration process.
i. Following are the products of incineration process with their uses. 3

Products of incineration Uses

ii. advantages and disadvantages of incineration process.

Advantages of incineration: 3
1) Capable of producing energy.
2) Requires minimum land.
3) Can be operated in any weather.
4) Produces stable odour free residue.
Dis-advantages of incineration:
1) Causes air pollution.
2) Expensive to build and operate.
3) High energy requirement.
4) Require skilled personnel and continuous maintenance.
Suggest the ways of recycling of industrial waste in
b) (i) Cement and 6
(ii) Sugar industry
Ans i. Cement – Fly ash, blast furnace slag, Foamed slag, by product gypsum, Silica 3
fume, Plastic wastes bottom ash, crushed concrete fines, filter residue, paper ash
and lignite fly ash can be used in cement.
i. Sugar Industry – Coal combustion products, Garden waste for city,
3
agricultural waste, plastic waste, paper waste, waste from packaging industry
can recycled and used in sugar industry.

Page 15 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Model Answer Subject Code: 22605

c) Suggest with justification appropriate disposal method for E-waste. 6

Ans The disposal Methods of E waste are:
1) Recycling –
Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable material. Monitors, CRT,
keyboards, laptop, telephone board, CD, mobiles, CPU, cables can be recycled.
2) Reuse –
By adopting second hand use with little modification we can reuse
equipment/material and thereby reducing quantity of solid waste. E.g. Donating
old version computers to primary school etc.
3) Land filling:
Trenches are made on flat surfaces or undulations on ground surface also utilized.
Soil is excavated from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is
covered by thick layer of soil. Presently secure land filling are provided with some 6
facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or impervious clay. Leachate
collection basin is provided to collect and transfer the leachate to leachate
treatment plant. Environmental risk from land filling of E waste cannot be
neglected because the condition of land filling site are different from a native soil,
particularly concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
4) Incineration:
It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the waste material is
burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature. Advantage of
incineration of E waste is the reduction of waste volume and utilization of energy
content of combustible materials. However polluted gasses and large amount of
combustions are produces.

Page 16 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the understanding
level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The figures drawn
by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of somequestions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Q. Marking
Answer
No. N. Scheme
Q-1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M
a) List two impacts of solid waste on environment. 02M
Ans. 1. Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump
Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump
2. Presence of Bad odour, insect, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and
around the waste dump
3. Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump
4. Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft
5. Fires within the waste dump. 1M
Any of
6. Epidemics through stray animals.
two
7. Acidity to surrounding soil.
8. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas.
Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful
to the environment.
9. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
[Link] air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the
people.
b) State the importance of moisture content in managing solid waste. 02M
Ans. Microorganisms living in a compost pile need an adequate amount of moisture to survive. 02M
Moisture is very important for a composting. Without moisture, no bacteria can perform the
processes necessary for composting.

Page 1 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
c) State sources of Biomedical waste. 02M
Ans. Following are the sources of Biomedical waste:
1. Waste generated by Hospitals
2. Waste generated by nursing homes ½ Marks
3. Waste generated by clinics
each
4. Waste generated by pharmacies
(Any
5. Waste generated by pathological laboratory
four)
6. Waste generated by blood banks
7. Waste generated by medical research laboratory.
8. Waste generated by funeral homes etc.
d) State the methods for storage of household waste. 02M
Ans. Should be storage in two different bin 1
1 Wet waste Each
2 Dry waste Types
e) Define Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). 02M
Ans. 02M
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is defined as an environmental protection
strategy that makes the manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire life cycle of
the product and especially for the take back, recycling and final disposal of the product
f) Define Transfer Station. 02M
Ans. These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority at various locations in 02M
city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred to these stations prior to
loading into large vehicles.
g) Define Pyrolysis. 02M
Ans. It can be defined as the thermal decomposition of organic material through the application 02M
of heat without the addition of extra air or oxygen.
OR
Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation of the waste in the total absence of air that
produces recyclable products, including char, oil/wax and combustible gases.
Q-2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
a) Explain the following types of wastes with an example of each (i) Agricultural 4M
waste (ii) Market waste (iii) C and D waste (iv) Domestic waste
Ans. [Link] waste - Agricultural waste means the waste generated due to agriculture- 1Marks
based activities or operations This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, each
agricultural remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
[Link] waste -Market waste means unused or decayed or unsound vegetables, meat, fish
and fruit, and all waste from markets, stores and factories.
3.C and D waste- Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by
the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and
other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, metals, roofing
materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires etc
[Link] waste- The solid wastes that originate from single and multi-family household
units. These wastes are generated from household activities such as cooking, cleaning,
repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books,
writing/new paper, and old furnishings.

Page 2 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
b) Explain the organization pattern of solid waste management 4M
Ans.

04 M for
Neat
labeled
sketch

c) Draw a neat labelled sketch of single composite liner system and label all the 4M
components.
Ans. Single composite Liner system

2M for
Sketch
and
2M for
label

Page 3 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
d) With the help of a neat labelled sketch explain the working of a Bio-gas plant. 4M
Ans.

2M for
neat
labeled
sketch

Components – 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe and sand trap. 2. Digester. 3. outlet chamber.
4. Gasholder. 5. Gas pipe. 6. Entry hatch, with gastight seal. 7. Accumulation of thick
sludge. 8. Outlet pipe. 9. Reference level. 10. Supernatant scum, broken up by varying
level.

Working of Biogas Plant–

1. The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of water in the mixing
tank. This forms the slurry. 2M
2. The slurry is fed into the digester through the inlet chamber.
3. When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of slurry is
stopped and the plant is left unused for about two months.
4. During these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decompose or
ferments the biomass in the presence of water.
5. As a result of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts collecting in the
dome of the digester.
6. As more and more biogas starts collecting, the pressure exerted by the biogas forces the
spent slurry into the outlet chamber.
7. From the outlet chamber, the spent slurry overflows into the overflow tank.
8. The spent slurry is manually removed from the overflow tank and used as manure for
plants.
9. The gas valve connected to a system of pipelines is opened when a supply of biogas is
required.
10. To obtain a continuous supply of biogas, a functioning plant can be fed continuously
with the prepared slurry
(Note- If the students draw the flowchart/all steps of biogas plant working then
credit upto 2M may be given)

Page 4 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Q. Sub Q. Marking
Answer
No. N. Scheme

Q3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M

h) Demonstrate the benefits of recycling of municipal solid waste with an example. 4M
Example: Recycling of plastic bottles.
1. Recycling of plastic bottles- plastic bottles can be separated at transfer
station so that reduces transportation cost and load on landfill site.
2. It also saves energy by avoiding disposal treatment and process required to
prepare new plastic bottles row material. 1M
Each
Ans 3. It avoid pollution due plastic in environment.
(Any
4. It reduces green house gas emission as we can avoid incineration for its four)
disposal.
5. Thus it helps in sustainable environment for future generation as plastic
requires thousands of year for its disposal.
(Note: Students can give any example of recycling products)
Compare Indore and Bangalore methods of composting on the following
i) points:(i) Type of composting process (ii) Duration 4M
(iii) Fly nuisance (iv) Moisture control
Points Indore method Banglore Method
Type of Aerobic method of composting Anaerobic method of
composting composting
process
Duration 2 to 4 week for stabilization 4-6 months complete
stabilization 1M
Ans Fly nuisance Better control over fly nuisance Fly breeding problem Each
associated with this
method
Moisture control Moisture control is not possible Moisture can be
controlled in this method
as we can spray water
manually.
j) State the importance of public participation in solid waste management. 4M
The Importance of Public participation in SWM is
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2. To promote the principles of Reduction, Reuse, Recycling & Recovery.
3. To reduce littering of waste on streets, drains & open spaces etc 1M
4. To plan segregation of hazardous, non-hazardous; dry waste -wet waste, E waste, Each
Ans
BMW & industrial waste. (Any
5. To increase efficiency of planning & implementation of SWM four)
6. To improve management strategies with local municipal authorities.
7. To encourage composting & recycling initiatives in public & agencies
8. To understand the planning importance and significance of SWM

Page 5 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
k) Discuss segregation of Bio-medical waste as per BMW Rules - 2016. 4M

Segregate the Bio-Medical Wastes as per the colour coding (Yellow, Red, White &
Blue) for proper disposal
Sr. No Category Type of Waste
1 Yellow a) Human Anatomical Waste:
(b)Animal Anatomical Waste:
(c) Soiled Waste:
(d) Expired or Discarded Medicines:
(e) Chemical Solid Waste: 1M
Ans
(f) Chemical Liquid Waste: Each
(g) Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings
contaminated with blood or body fluid.
(h) Microbiology, Biotechnology and other
clinical laboratory waste:
2 Red Contaminated Waste (Recyclable)
3 White (Translucent) Waste sharps including Metals: Blue
4 Blue Glassware: Metallic Body Implants
Q. 4 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12 M
a) Explain the problems associated with handling and processing of solid waste. 4M
Ans Problems associated with handling and processing of solid waste:
1. There is potential risk to environment and health from improper handling of solid
wastes. Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be
protected, as far as possible, from contact with waste.
2. Traffic accidents can result from toxic spilled wastes.
3. Air pollution can be caused from the inefficient burning of wastes, either in open
air, or in plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the gaseous effluents.
4. Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal wastes
create potential risk to human health. 1M
5. The most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid wastes is Each
aesthetic, the ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban environment and (Any
beauty of city. four)
6. There is specific danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain,a
problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid wastes and liquid
industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a drainage/ sewerage
system and/ or open dumping sites of municipal solid wastes and the wastes
discharged
7. Municipal Solid Wastes Management Systems involves various activities like
storage, collection, transportation, disposal etc. These activities even if properly
controlled and with proper precautionary measures adopted, may have adverse
impact on land, water and air environment, human and environmental health
aesthetics and quality of life.
8. The main risk to health is indirect and arises from the breeding of disease vectors,
primarily files and rats.
9. Biodegradation of organic matter may pose health problems.
[Link] of Bio medical waste, Industrial waste in MSW causes health hazards.
Page 6 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
b) Discuss the origin and effects of the following E-Waste constituents on human 4M
health:
(i) Cadmium
(ii) Lead
(iii) Mercury
(iv) Hexavalent chromium
Ans E waste Origin Effects 1M
Each
Cadmium Circuit board, Cathode-ray tubes Carcinogen, affects lungs
(CRTs), Chip resister and kidneys and soften bones
semiconductor

Lead Cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) ,Lead Damage to central and

rechargeable batteries, solar, peripheral nervous
transistors, lithium batteries
systems, affects
, solder
reproductive system
kidney damage, brain
development of children.

Mercury Batteries in clocks and pocket Damage to the brain and

calculators, switches, LCDs kidney , impairs to foetus
Circuit board
growth memory loss, and
muscle weakness.

Hexavalent Corrosion protection of metal Damages of lungs ,liver

chromium housing and plate in computer and kidneys, toxic
irreversible effects on
human health.
irritate the nose, throat,
and lungs.

Page 7 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
c) Explain the salient features of Plastic Waste Management Rules - 2016. 4M
Prohibition
1. Carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic, shall not be less than fifty microns
in thickness.
2. Plastic sheet or like, which is not an integral part of multilayered packaging and
cover made of plastic sheet used for packaging, wrapping the commodity shall
not be less than fifty microns in thickness except where the thickness of such
plastic sheets impairs the functionality of the product.
Responsibility of Waste Generators
1. Waste Generators including institutional generators, event organisers
-shall not to litter the plastic waste.
- segregate waste and handover to authorized agency.
-pay user fee as prescribed by ULB and spot fine in case of violation.
Responsibility of Producer, Brand owner
1. Producer, Brand Owner need to work out modalities for waste collection system
for collecting back the plastic waste within a period of six months in consultation
with local authority / State Urban Development Department and implement with
two years thereafter.
Responsibility of local body and Gram Panchayat
1. Promote use of plastic waste for road construction as per Indian Road Congress
guidelines or energy recovery or waste to oil etc. 1M
Each
2. By notification or an order, introduce collection of plastic waste management fee
(Any
through pre registration of the producers, importers of plastic carry bags / four)
multilayered packaging and vendors selling the same. plastic waste management
fee shall be of minimum rupees forty eight thousand @ rupees four thousand per
month.
3. Prescribe higher plastic waste management fee, depending upon the production
or sale capacity.
Responsibility of retailers and street vendors
1. The shopkeepers and street vendors willing to provide plastic carry bags for
dispensing any commodity shall register with local body on payment of plastic
waste management fee of minimum rupees forty eight thousand @ rupees four
thousand per month.
2. Only the registered shopkeepers or street vendors shall be eligible to provide
plastic carry bags for dispensing the commodities
3. The registered shop keepers shall display at prominent place that plastic carry
bags are given on payment.
4. Not to sell or provide commodities to consumer in carry bags or plastic sheet or
multilayered packaging, which are not manufactured and labelled or marked, as
prescribed under these rules.
5. Defaulters liable to pay such fines as specified under the bye-laws of the local
bodies.

Page 8 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Responsibility of CPCB/SPCBs
1. Shall not renew registration of producer unless the producer possesses and action
plan endorsed by the Secretary in charge of Urban Development for setting of
plastic waste management system.
d) State methods for recycling the following Industrial Wastes: 4M
(i) Fly Ash
(ii) Blast Furnace Slag
(iii) Lime sludge
(iv) Phosphogypsum
Ans. Industrial waste Methods of recycling
Fly Ash Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for
manufacturing of cement, light weight aggregates, insulating
bricks, precast concrete, soil stabilization, land reclamation
etc.
Blast Furnace Slag Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for 1M
manufacture of cement, refractory, ceramic material, Each
aggregates etc.
Lime sludge Lime sludge from paper allied industries is recycled for
manufacturing of building lime, masonry cement, lime
bricks, binder materials etc.
Phosphogypsum It can be used for manufacturing of gypsum, plaster boards,
tiles, cement products etc
e) Discuss duties of waste generators 4M
Ans. 1) Every waste generator shall: -
a) Segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely
biodegradable, non bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins
and handover segregated wastes to authorized waste pickers or waste collectors as per
the directions or notification by the local authorities from time to time. 1M
b) Wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc., in the Each
(any 4
pouches provided by the manufacturers or band owners of these products or in a Points)
suitable wrapping material as instructed by the local authorities and shall place the
same in the bin meant for dry waste or non bio-degradable waste.
c) Store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his
own premises and shall dispose off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016.
d) Store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately
in his own premises and dispose of as per the directions of the local body from time
to time.
2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on
streets, open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as
specified in the bye-laws of the local bodies.

Page 9 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
4) No person shall organise an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons
at any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days
in advance and such person or the organiser of such event shall ensure segregation of
waste at source and handling over of segregated waste collector or agency as specified
by the local body.
5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated
during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups,
cans,wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit
such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, ensure segregation of waste at
source by the generators, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams,
handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised
recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed of
through composting or bio methanation within the premises as far as possible. The
` residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local
body.
7) All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area ensure
segregation of waste at source, facilitate collection segregated waste in separate
streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the
authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and
disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as
possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed
by the local body.
8) All hotels and restaurants shall, ensure segregation of waste at source facilitate
collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to
either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable
waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-
methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given
to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.

Page 10 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Q-5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M
a) Discuss the importance of rag pickers in solid waste management 6M
1. A rag picker is a person who collects wastes in a bag from the street and locality 1 Mark
such as polythene bags, toothbrushes, used plastic items, empty tins, bottles, paper, each
etc. point
2. The removal of waste material from roads and other localities makes a clean
neighborhood.
3. These wastes can be reused for other purposes, or they can be melted and recycled
into something new.
4. Ragpickers checks on the accumulation of wastes in an area, thus making sure that
they do not become the breeding ground for disease-causing vectors such as
mosquito, flies, etc.
5. Rag-pickers properly separate the biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
6. Due to their initiative, a locality is generally free from the disease that can be
caused by increasing waste in the environment.
b) Analyze the treatment and disposal options for all categories of Bio-medical 6M
wastes
Category Type of Waste Treatment and Disposal
options
a) Human Anatomical Incineration or Plasma
Waste: Pyrolysis or deep burial*
b) Animal Anatomical
Waste
(c) Soiled Waste: Incineration or Plasma 1 Mark
Pyrolysis or deep burial* for
In absence of above Each
facilities, autoclaving or Point
micro-waving/ (any 6)
hydroclaving followed by
shredding or mutilation or
combination of
Yellow sterilization and
shredding.
(d) Expired or Discarded Expired `cytotoxic drugs
Medicines: and items contaminated
with cytotoxic drugs to be
returned back to the
manufacturer or supplier
for incineration at
temperature
>1200 0C
(e) Chemical Waste: Disposed of by
incineration or Plasma
Pyrolysis

Page 11 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Category Type of Waste Treatment and Disposal
options
(f) Chemical Liquid After resource recovery,
Waste: the chemical liquid waste
shall be pre-treated before
mixing with other
wastewater. The
combined discharge shall
conform to the discharge
norms given in Schedule-
III.
(g) Discarded linen, Non- chlorinated
mattresses, beddings chemical disinfection
contaminated with blood followed by incineration
or body fluid. or Plazma Pyrolysis.

In absence of above
facilities, shredding or
mutilation or combination
of sterilization and
shredding. Treated waste
to be sent for energy
recovery or incineration
or Plazma Pyrolysis.
(h) Microbiology, Pre-treat to sterilize with
Biotechnology non- chlorinated
and other clinical chemicals on-site as per
laboratory waste: National AIDS Control
Organization or World
Health Organization
guidelines thereafter for
Incineration.
Red Contaminated Waste Autoclaving or micro-
(Recyclable) waving/ hydroclaving
followed by shredding or
mutilation or
combination of
sterilization and
shredding.
White (Translucent) Waste sharps including Autoclaving or Dry Heat
Metals: Sterilization followed by
shredding or mutilation
or encapsulation in metal
container or cement
concrete; combination of
shredding cum
autoclaving; and sent for
final disposal to iron
foundries

Page 12 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Category Type of Waste Treatment and Disposal
options
Blue (a) Glassware: Disinfection (by soaking
(b) Metallic Body the washed glass waste
Implants after cleaning with
detergent and Sodium
Hypochlorite treatment)
or through autoclaving
or microwaving or
hydroclaving and then
sent for recycling.
c) With the help of neat sketches describe the following methods of collection of 6M
municipal solid waste
i. Curb service
ii. Alley service
iii. Backyard service
i. Curb (Kerb-side):Kerb side collection or curbside collection is a service 1M
provided to households, typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing
household waste. House owner is responsible for placing solid waste
containers at the curb on scheduled day. The work man come, collect and
empties the container and put back at the curb. House owner is required to take
back the empty containers from the curb to his house.

1M

Page 13 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
ii. Alley Service: The containers are placed at the alley line from where they 1M
are picked up by workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty
container.

1M

iii. Backyard Service: The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow 1M
or sack or cloth to the backyard and empty the solid waste container in it. The
wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.

1M

Page 14 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
Q-6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M
a) Describe the various landfilling methods 6M

Land filling methods: -

1) Area method
2) Trench method
3) Ramp method
4) Valley method

1) Area method: -The Area Method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the
excavation of trenches in which to place the solid wastes. The filling operation
usually is started by building an earthen bund, against which wastes are placed in
thin layers and compacted as the fill progresses until the thickness of the
compacted wastes reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of day’s operation a 150
mm to 300 mm layer of cover material is placed over the compacted fill. The
cover material must be hauled in by truck or earth-moving equipment from
adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas. A final layer of cover material is used
when the fill reaches the final design height.

2) Trench method:-
2 Marks
The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover material is
For each
available at the site and where the water table is well below the surface. To start
Method
the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is stockpiled
(Any 3
to form an embankment behind the first trench. Wastes are then placed in the
Methods)
trench, spread into thin layers and compacted. The operation continues until the
desired height is reached. Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent
trench or continuing the trench that is being filled.

3) Slope Method:- In hilly regions it is not possible to find flat ground for
landfilling, in such situation waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope.
The wastes are spread on existing slope, compacted & covered. The cover
materials usually come from just ahead of the working face.

4) Valley Method:- At locations where natural or artificial depression exists, it is

often possible to use them effectively for land filling operations
Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and quarries have all used for this purpose.
The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills vary with
the geometry of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology
and geology of the site, and the access to the site.

Page 15 of 16
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER– 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management Subject Code:22605
b) Discuss methods of recycling the following E-waste materials: 6M
(i) Glass
(ii) Lead.
(iii) Plastic
(iv) PCBs
(v) Batteries
(vi) Mercury
Ans. The methods of recycling the following E-waste materials.
(i) Glass : The glass can be send to CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) recycling facilities
here It will be processes to specification before being used in the manufacturing
of P.C
(ii) Lead. :Lead received from batteries , CRT glasssetc Lead are the poisonous
element which should be sends in the companies approved by CPCB for
recycling purposes.
(iii) Plastic: all plastic are sent to recyclers who use the raw materials to 1 Mark
manufacture items such as vineyard stakes, fence post etc. Each
(iv) PCBs : PCBs are sent to ISO 14001 Accredited companies where they are Point
processed in specialize smelters to recover nonrenewable resources such as
copper, gold etc.
(v) Batteries : Batteries are send to recycling companies who meet the strict
environmental standards.
(vi) Mercury: One should remove mercury containing devices such as tubes and
lamps and forward this to an CPCB approved mercury recycling plant
c) Discuss various control measures of industrial solid waste 6M
Ans. Control measures of industrial waste:
1. Optimization of resources: Waste reduction at individual and institutional level
goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
2. Using again the Scrap Material: This is the process in which individual and
industry reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from
becoming a waste material. 1 Mark
3. Quality control improvement and process monitoring: This technique is to Each
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by the Point
inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
4. Exchanging Waste: This is the technique in which the waste product, which
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is
another way for reducing waste.
5. Point of use from ship: To maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials
to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with less
packages and wrappings can save from the waste production.
6. Zero waste: This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the
source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no
waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as opposed to
end of pipe waste management.

Page 16 of 16
 Join TelegramChannel
[Link]
MSBTE QUESTION BANK
Course:- CE-6-I
Subject & Subject code:- Solid Waste Management (22605)

Q.1) Attempt any Five of the following. 10

Marks a. Define Solid Waste.
Ans- It is defined as non-soluble material that is thrown away in a solid or semi solid form. This
includes garbage, refuse, sludge and other domestic materials as well as waste from industries,
commercial, agricultural and mining operations.
OR
Solid waste is defined as “Non soluble material that is thrown away in a solid or semi solid form”.
b. List the tools and equipment used in collection of solid waste.
Ans- Tools and Equipments:-
i. Litter Bin
ii. Hand carts
iii. Pedal tricycles iv. Movable bin
v. Stationary bin
vi. Broom
vii. Shovels
viii. Mechanical road sweeper

c. State the purpose of Transfer Station. Ans- Purpose of Transfer

Station:
i. To reduce the haul distance.
ii. To prevent scattering of MSW, thus prevent nuisance due to scattered of solid waste to
nearby area.
iii. To have ease in proper storage and collection of MSW from different locations. iv.
To improve the utilization of collection equipment by minimizing transportation
time.

d. List the factors affecting composting process of solid waste.

Ans- iii. Temperature iv.
Aeration
i. Organisms
ii. Moisture
 v. Addition of sewage and sewage sludge vii. C/N ratio
viii. Particle size ix. pH
x. Blending and seeding
vi. Use of cultures
e. State the significance of legal aspects in solid waste management.
Ans- According to the Indian Constitution, public health and Sanitation falls within the preview
of the waste State laws. Collection and disposal of solid waste is of local nature and is entrusted to
local civic authorities. The municipal laws day down detailed lists of obligatory and discretionary
duties. Public health and Sanitation is listed among obligatory duties and hence the Civic
authorities are required to make adequate provision.

f. Define: Domestic waste and Hazardous solid waste.

Ans- a) Domestic Waste: Domestic waste also known as "municipal solid waste", is the waste
that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day activities at homes.
b) Hazardous Waste: It is defined as the waste that can have substantial or potential threats to
public health or the environment. This waste includes ignitable, reactive, corrosive and toxic
waste.
g. List the sources of generation of biomedical waste.
Ans-
i. Hospitals v. Blood banks
ii. Health Clinics vi. Office of physicians, dentists and iii. Nursing Homes
veterinarians iv. Medical Research laboratories vii. Pharmacies

Q.2 Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a. Explain any four factors affecting the generation of solid waste. Ans- Factors affecting
solid waste generation -
1) Living standard of people
2) Awareness of people
3) Collection frequency
4) Source reduction/ recycling
5) Geographic location
6) Per person income

b. Explain the methods of collection of solid waste in your town/city Ans-

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
Kerb side collection or curbside collection is a service provided to households, typically in urban
and suburban areas, of removing household waste. House owner is responsible for placing solid
waste containers at the curb on scheduled day. The work man come, collect and empties the
container and put back at the curb. House owner is required to take back the empty containers
from the curb to his house.
2. Alley Service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen from refuse
vehicle who deposit back the empty container.

3. Set out Set Back Service

Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another
group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the backyard and
empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste
vehicle where it is emptied.

C. Draw a neat labeled sketch of single liner system of leachate control. Ans-

d. Suggest and justify the criteria adopted for the execution of vermicomposting.
Ans- Vermi compost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually
red wigglers, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste,
bedding materials, and vermi cast.

Vermi-composting Concept:-
i. Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit.
ii. Spread a net on box.
iii. Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand. iv. Put some cow dung and kitchen wastes
such as peels of fruits etc., to cover the sand.
v. Use green leaves to cover over the sand. vi.
Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
vii. Get some red worms and put them on the upper layer of bed.
viii. Feed vegetable and fruit wastes as food.
ix. After 3 to 4 weeks we get loose, soil like material in the pit.
x. Remove the material from the box, dry it in the sunlight.
xi. Use this as manure.
Q.3) Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks
a. Explain with sketch the Bangalore Method of composting. Ans- Bangalore method:-
This is an anaerobic method of composting. This method saves labour cost because there is no
need of turning and regular sprinkling of water.
Procedure:
i. Spread the moist farm refuse at the bottom of the pit up to one inch. ii. Then, spread
two inch of cattle dung and urinated mud followed by 1 or 2 inch layer of
soil
iii. This heap is made up to 1.5-2.0 feet above the ground level following above process. iv.
Finally the heap is covered with 1 inch thick mud.
v. After 8-9 months all material decomposes and compost becomes ready for the application.

b. State the terms related to Solid waste management- i) Segregation ii) Recovery iii)
Recycling iv) Reuse.
Ans- i) Segregation:- It refers to the process of separation of Solid Waste into four groups i.e,
organic, inorganic, recyclables and hazardous wastes.
ii) Recovery:- Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials
into usable heat, electricity or fuel through a variety of process, including combustion,
gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas (LFG) recovery. iii) Recycling:-
The action or process of converting waste in to reusable material is called recycling. iv) Reuse:-
It can be defined using as waste product without further transformation and without changing its
shape of original nature.
c. Explain the ill effects on the health of persons involved in solid waste collection.
Ans-
i. There is potential risk to environment and health from improper handling of solid wastes.
Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be protected, as
far as possible, from contact with waste.
ii. Traffic accidents can result from toxic spilled wastes.
iii. Air pollution can be caused from the inefficient burning of wastes, either in open air, or in
plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the gaseous effluents.
iv. Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal wastes create
potential risk to human health.
v. The most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid wastes is aesthetic,
the ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban environment and beauty of city.
vi. The main risk to health is indirect and arises from the breeding of disease vectors, primarily
files and rats.
vii. Biodegradation of organic matter may pose health problems. viii. Mixing of Bio
medical waste, Industrial waste in Municipal waste causes health hazards.

d. Suggest the relevant situations for the disposal of solid waste through incineration. Ans-
Q.4) Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a. Define E-waste and its harmful effects on environment.

Ans- E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and components
as well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair process.
Effect of E-waste on Environment
i. Pollution of ground water.
ii. Air pollution. iii. Acidification of soil. iv. E-waste account for 40 % lead
and 75% metal in landfills.
b. Explain the control measures for minimizing te industrial solid waste. Ans-
Control measures taken for industrial waste are as follows:
i. Prevention of Industrial Waste by inventory management of raw materials for purchasing
less toxic 7 more nontoxic materials.
ii. Use of Modified equipment & optimized production process for less waste production. iii.
Installation of alternate recovery or recycling options.
iv. Implementation of reuse and exchange of wastes
v. Planning of employee training & management feedback for real commitment.
vi. Investment for the pollution prevention techniques

c. Explain the major provisions in Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules 2016.
Ans-
i. The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF and CC) recently
notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM), 2016. These will replace the
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, which have been in place
for the past 16 years.
ii. These rules are the sixth category of waste management rules brought out by the ministry, as
it has earlier notified plastic, e-waste, biomedical, hazardous and construction and demolition
waste management rules.
iii. The rules have not pushed for decentralized management of waste but have encouraged
centralized treatment such as waste to energy, the present state of which is not good in the
country. Also, the informal sector has been considerably neglected in the new rules. iv.
According to Union Minister of State for Environment, Forests and Climate Change, 62
million tonnes of waste is generated annually in the country at present, out of which 5.6
million tonnes is plastic waste, 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste, hazardous waste
generation is 7.90 million tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonnes is e-waste and only about
75-80 per cent of the municipal waste gets collected and only 22-28 per cent of this waste is
processed and treated.
v. The new rules are now applicable beyond municipal areas and have included urban
agglomerations, census towns, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian
 Railways, airports, special economic zones, places of pilgrimage, religious and historical
importance, and State and Central Government organizations in their ambit.

d. Explain the importance of public participation in solid waste management. Ans-

Public involvement and participation in SWM is very important because of following
points:
i. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people. ii. To increase the
efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and Implementation of solid waste management.
iii. To play an important role in permitting process in case of hazardous waste as well as municipal
waste facilities.
iv. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal authorities for
better involvement in decision making.
v. To achieve the 3R principles.
vi. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc. vii. To
encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.

e. Explain the role of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board in Plastic Waste Management.
Ans-
Q.5) Attempt any Two of the following. 12
Marks

a. Draw organization pattern of solid waste management for a city having population up to
one million.
Ans-

b. Suggest various management technologies for biomedical waste.

Ans- A) Segregation of waste in colour coded bags:-
1. Yellow bags: All the infectious wastes are collected into these bags. It may include soiled
bandage, cotton or any other thing which is infected. The waste from these bags is treated by
incineration only.
2. Red bags: All the plastic wastes such as injections, syringes, I. V. tubing, Bottles are collected
into these bags. They are treated by incineration only.
3. Blue bags: It consists of all the types of glass bottles and broken glass articles. It is classified
as hazardous waste and treated by incineration only.
4. Black carboy: All sharps of metal are collected into these bags like blades, needles without
syringes etc.
 B) Post Tag ‘Amendment’ of biomedical management rule:-
i. Hospitals are not allowed to discharge any waste in the form of liquid to natural drain, as per
guidelines by CPCB. ii. It is mandatory for all hospital to give tags to all bags/containers.
iii. Hospitals must use colour coded bags/ containers.
C) Training to ward boys:-
i. They respond well when it connected to their day to day problem.
ii. The best idea is to listen to their problem sympathetically then they will be more open to the
session.
iii. Written words are best abandoned with this group.
D) Training to doctors:-
Training to the doctors in the form of Induction training programme regarding the proper disposal
of biomedical waste should be arranged from time to time.
E) Training to the paramedical:-
i. The paramedical staff like nurses should be trained to the disposal of biomedical waste. ii. In
some cases, language is the big problem for proper communication; hence trainer should appointed
in such way that he should know the local languages.
F) Equipments:-
For the effective management, use of equipment's like coloured bins, bin liners, gloves, gumboots,
wheel barrow, one percent sodium hypochlorite, autoclave, needle burners, shredders, needle
cutter, flipper etc. are made compulsory.
G) Training to the hospital staff:-
i. Training and creating awareness among all the hospital staff is the key to having good waste
management system. ii. Part by Part training to all the departments makes the hospital as a model
hospital.

c. Discuss the utility and importance of rag pickers in solid waste management.
Ans-
i. Rag pickers a term for someone who makes a living by rummaging through refuse in the
streets to collect material for salvage. Scraps of cloth and paper could be turned into cardboard,
broken glass could be melted down and reused, and even dead cats and dogs could be skinned
to make clothes.
ii. They pick up 5 to 10% of the municipal waste which is of value to them to earn their living.
iii. This informal sector helps to reduce the depletion of raw materials and energy that otherwise
can be used for production of new products.
iv. Local kabadi system purchase recyclable waste from households, shops and establishments,
segregate this waste in plastic, paper, metal, cardboard, e waste, glass and then sell the
segregated waste to the large wholesalers.
v. The larger wholesaler is the final link between the recycling factory and the kabadis and can
extend credit, bargain for better pricing.
Q.6) Attempt any Two of the following. 12
Marks

a. Explain area method of landfilling and state the factors to be considered for site selection.
Ans- Area Method (or Above Ground Landfilling)
i. The area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas where some land depressions
may exist. Also the area landfill is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the excavation
of trenches in which the solid waste is to be placed.
ii. High-groundwater conditions necessitate the use of area-type landfills. Site preparation
includes the installation of a liner and leachate control system. Cover material must be
hauled in by truck or earthmoving equipment from adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas.

Advantages:
i. Does not require excavation of trenches.
ii. Useful in areas where the terrain may be unsuitable for trench operations.
iii. Can accommodate high traffic volumes since the working face is not limited by the size
of an excavation.
Disadvantages:
i. Cover material may have to be imported. ii.
Potential exists for greater litter problems.
iii. Larger overall area/volume ratio (greater amount of landfill surface area used per volume of
waste deposited) may result in higher costs.
iv. Topographic control not as obvious as for trench operation.
Factors to be considered selection of site for land filling of solid waste:
i. Site should be easily approachable.
 ii. It should be located away from community area. iii. Sufficient
quantity of soil should be available nearby site. iv. Waterlogged and flood
prone areas should be avoided.
v. Local climate should be considered while selecting site for land filling.
vi. Ground water should be very deep; it should not be less than 5 m.

b. Suggest the appropriate method for disposal of industrial solid waste and need of its
recycling.
Ans-

c. Discuss the present scenario of recycling of E-waste in India. Ans-

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)

(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

SUMMER -2019 EXAMINATION

Subject code: 17605 Model Answer Page No: 01/15

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answer should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and communication skill).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In the some cases, the assumed constants
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answer and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding

Q. No. Question and Model Answers Marks

1.(A) Attempt any THREE 3 x 4 = 12M
a) Enlist eight types of Solid Waste.
Ans: Types of Solid Waste –
1) Domestic waste
2) Commercial waste 1/2M
3) Industrial waste each
4) Market waste (for any
5) Agricultural waste eight)
6) Biomedical waste
7) E-waste
8) Hazardous waste
9) Institutional waste
10) Construction and demolition waste
b) State the various factors affecting solid waste generation.
Ans: Factors affecting solid waste generation -
1) Living standard of people
2) Awareness of people 1/2M
3) Collection frequency each
4) Source reduction/ recycling (for any
5) Geographic location eight)
6) Per person income

1|15 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 7) Public attitude
8) Size of households
9) Population density
10) Population increase
11) Habits and culture of people
12) Industries in the vicinity
c) What are the measures to be taken towards the segregation of recyclable
waste?
Ans: Measures to be taken towards the segregation of recyclable waste-

1) The local body may mobilize NGO's or co-operatives to take up the work
of organizing street rag-pickers and convert them to door-step waste 1M*
collectors by motivating them. Each
2) The Local Bodies may actively associate resident associations, trade & (for any
industry associations and NGO's in creating awareness among the people four similar
to segregate recyclable material at source and hand it over to a designated measures)
identified waste collector.
3) The local body may give priority to the source segregation of recyclable
waste by shops and establishments and later concentrate on segregation at
the household level.
4) The upgraded rag-pickers on becoming door-step waste-collectors, may be
given an identity card by the NGO's organizing them so that they may
have acceptability in society.
5) Keep separate large bins for recyclables near the society.
6) Products and packaging materials should be conspicuously labelled to
indicate recycled content, including post-consumer content, recyclability,
toxicity and appropriate disposal.
7) The establishment of stable markets for recycled materials is essential.
Awareness should be created to promote procurement of products
containing a high content of recycled and recyclable materials.

d) State the measures to be taken to improve the collection services of municipal

waste.
Ans: Measures to be taken to improve the collection services of municipal waste-
1) Awareness regarding segregation of degradable and non degradable solid
waste. 1M
2) Distribution of free colour coded bins to consumers for solid waste Each
storage. (for any
3) Timely and regular service for door to door collection of waste. four similar
4) Participation of rag-pickers in waste collection. measures)
5) Separate bins of larger size for commercial shops and hotels, etc.
6) Separate collection system for waste food from marriage halls, hotels, etc.

e) State any two advantages and disadvantages of incineration process.

Ans:
Advantages of Incineration process-
1) It is capable of producing energy. 1M
2) It requires minimum land. each ( for
3) It can be operated in any weather. any two)
4) It produces stable odour free residue.

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 Disadvantages of Incineration process-
1) It causes air pollution. 1M
2) It is expensive to build and operate. each ( for
3) High energy required for process. any two)
4) It requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance.
Q.1 (B) Attempt any ONE: 1 x 6 = 6M
(a) Describe any two methods of collection of waste from the following:
(i) Collection of bio-medical waste.
(ii) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and fish markets.
(iii) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.
Ans: Methods of collection of waste from the following:
1) Collection of bio-medical waste.
i) The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types
of container from various sources of biomedical wastes like
Operation Theatre, laboratory, wards, kitchen, corridor etc. The 2M*
containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that 100 %
collection is achieved.
ii) Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid
injuries and infection to the workers handling them.

(*Note - Student may write the information about bins/ bags, their colour code
and specific use. Give credit accordingly.)

2) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and fish markets.

i) Simple emptying method – Containers placed at consumer or at
central location just emptied in municipal collecting vehicles. 2M
ii) Exchange method – In this method, full containers are exchanged
with empty containers at their location.

3) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.

i) Containers containing construction and demolition waste are
collected and transported to landfill site via truck. 2M
ii) Light and medium duty trucks are most commonly used for this
purpose. Materials are typically handled with equipment
specifically designed to support heavy loads and resist abrasion
(b) Describe Indore and Bangalore methods of composting. What is the main
difference between them?
Ans: I) Indore Method
1) In Indore method layers of vegetable and night soil is alternative piled into
trench, the depth of pile is 1.5-2 m and width is about 3-8 m or above the
ground form a mound called windrow.
2) The aeration is achieved by periodically turning the piles. Manual turning
is adopted for small plants and mechanical turning is adopted for larger
plants. 2M
3) Turning continued for about 4-5 weeks during which biodegradable
organic are consumed. The solid waste is allowed to keep for 2-8 weeks
with turning the composting in windrow may take 21-28 days for
stabilization.
4) The composted waste is removed from windrow and allowed to mature in
maturing yards for 1-3 months, after which the compost becomes ready for
being taken out for use.

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 II) Bangalore method
1) In this method underground earthen trench is excavated and alternate layer
of waste and soil is filled in trench or pit to control odour.
2) Final layer of soil is provided at top. The soil cover not only prevent odour 2M
but also prevents breeding of files.
3) Within 2-3 days of burial intensive biological action starts taking place and
organic matter beings to be destroyed. After 4-5 months complete
stabilization of waste takes place.
4) During biological action head is evolved which rises temperature of
decomposing mass.

Main difference between above methods - is that Indore method is aerobic 2M

method while Bangalore method is anaerobic method.

Q.2. Attempt any FOUR: 4 x 4 = 16M

a) State two physical characteristics and two chemical characteristics of solid
waste.
Ans: Physical characteristics of solid waste-
1) Density – 50-290 kg/m3. Knowledge of the density of waste i.e. mass per
unit volume is essential for the design of all elements of the solid waste
management system. 2M
2) Moisture content – 05-60%. Moisture content is a critical determinant in (for any
the economic feasibility of waste treatment by incineration since energy two)
must be supplied for evaporation of water and in raising the temperature of
the water vapour.
3) Size distribution - 1 cm to 50 cm. The measurement of the size distribution
of particles in the waste stream is important because of its significance in
the design of mechanical separators and shredders
4) Field capacity - Field capacity of solid waste is total amount of moisture
that can be retained in waste sample subject to downward pull of gravity.
5) Permeability of compacted waste - The Hydraulic conductivity of
compacted waste is an important physical property to a large extent
governs movement of liquid and gases in landfill.
6) Porosity – It represents the amount of voids per unit overall volume of
material.

Chemical characteristics of solid waste-

1) pH - The pH of fresh solid waste is normally around 7. During
decomposition it tends to become acidic and stabilized solid waste has an 2M
alkaline pH. (for any
2) Organic content - The knowledge of organic content helps assess the two)
feasibility of biological processing-composting and anaerobic digestion.
3) Carbon content - The carbon is determined by using the New Zealand
formula in which the percent organic matter is divided by 1.724.
4) Nitrogen content - Nitrogen, phosphorous and potash values are important
in composting.
5) Toxicity - Toxicity characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides,
insecticides etc.

4|15 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

b) Define solid waste. What is its impact on environment
Ans: Solid waste-
It is defined as the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human 1M
activities in residential, industrial or commercial areas.
Impact of solid waste on environment-
1) Major adverse impact is attraction to rodents and insects.
2) Degrade the environmental quality due to foul odours and unsightliness.
3) Large amount of land utilized for disposing the waste, which affects the land. 3M
4) Leachate in landfill poses a threat of ground water and local sources of water. (for any
5) Air pollution from incineration plant. three)
6) Hazardous waste may poses health hazard if improperly handled.
7) E-waste may cause the acidification of soil.
8) Choking of drains and gully pits.
9) Fires within the open waste dump causes air pollution and choking.
10) Epidemics through stray animals.
c) Explain the meaning of transfer station, its necessity and location.
Ans: Meaning of Transfer Station-
It is a processing site for temporary deposition of waste prior to loading in to
larger vehicles, from this site larger vehicles transport the municipal solid waste to 1M
disposal site for landfilling.

Necessity of transfer station-

1) Larger volume of municipal solid waste from urban market is not possible
to transport directly to disposal sites for land filling, etc. from collection 2M
points. (any two
2) Hence waste is temporarily deposited at some distance away from points)
generation points. At these sites waste is accepted from small collection
vehicles.
3) The waste is compacted and loaded into larger vehicles for long haul
transports up to disposal site. Thus transfer station results in improvement
in collection equipment by minimizing transportation cost, time and
reduction in volume.
Location of transfer station-
1) It should be centrally located. 1M
2) It should not be far away from disposal sites. (any two
3) It should be in areas where traffic flow is smooth. points)
4) It should not be in densely populated residential areas.

d) How is the leachate management done?

Ans: Leachate management is done by -
1) Keep the waste as dry as possible, and do not introduce any liquid wastes
to minimize leachate. 1M
2) Leachate is carefully collected and shall be treated before its release on (for each)
ground if possible.
3) Prevention of migration of leachate from landfill sides and landfill base to
the sub-soil by a suitable liner system should be provided.
4) Using leachate treatment methods like Natural system, Biological
treatment & Using Physicochemical treatment
Note- If student write the methods of leachate control methods give credit
of 2M.

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e) Define pyrolysis and Gasification.
Ans: Pyrolysis -
It can be defined as the thermal decomposition of organic material through the
application of heat without the addition of extra air or oxygen.
OR 2M
Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation of the waste in the total absence of
air that produces recyclable products, including char, oil/wax and combustible
gases.

Gasification –
It is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials
into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting
the material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a 2M
controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam.
OR
It is the thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature in presence
of limited air/oxygen, producing mainly a mixture of combustible and non-
combustible gas (CO,H2 & CO2)
f) (i) Define landfill.
(ii) State any four products of incineration process.
Ans: (i) Landfill
It is the disposal of waste material by burying it, especially as a method of filling
in and reclaiming excavated pits.
OR 2M
It is a system of trash and garbage disposal in which the waste is buried between
layers of earth to build up low-lying land.
OR
It is the final and safe disposal of residual solid waste and inert wastes on land in a
facility designed with protective measures against any environmental pollution.

(ii) Four products of incineration process

1) Residual ash 2M
2) Fly ah (for four)
3) Trace organic and inorganic compounds
4) Waste gases

3 Attempt any FOUR: 4× 4=16

(a) Explain four R’s in waste hierarchy.
Following are the four R’s in waste hierarchy
i) Reduce: The concept of reducing is what is produced and what is consumed.
i.e. multiuse items is essential to reduce the waste e.g. print on both side of paper
to reduce paper wastage. Reducing waste is minimizing waste quantity.
ii) Reuse: Reuse or re-purpose items for different functions than what they are
01 mark
intended. e.g. Old newspaper can be used to make packing items.
each
iii)Recycle: Recycle means it will be transformed again into a raw material that
can be shaped into a new item. e.g. glass, metals etc.
iv) Recover: It is the fourth option in which recoverable materials are processed
and includes activities like recycling and composting.

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(b) Enumerate various sources of solid waste.
Following are the sources of solid waste
i) Residential: This includes wastes from residential houses like dwellings;
apartments etc., and consisting of leftover food, vegetables peels, plastic,
clothes, ashes etc.
ii) Commercial: This refers to waste generated from restaurants, hotels, motels,
stores, markets, auto-repair shops, medical facilities etc., and consisting of
leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes etc.
iii) Institutional: This includes waste coming from educational, administrative
and public buildings like prisons etc., and consisting of paper, plastic, glasses
etc.
iv) Municipal: This mainly refers to waste from various municipal activities like 01 mark
construction and demolition, street cleaning, landscaping etc., and consisting each
of leaf matter, dust, building debris, waste water treatment plant residual (any Four)
sludge etc.
v) Industrial: This mainly consists of waste generated from various industrial
activities and consisting of process wastes, ashes, construction and demolition
wastes, hazardous wastes etc.
vi) Agricultural: This includes wastes coming from fields, orchards, vineyards,
farms etc., and consisting of agricultural remains, spoiled vegetables and
grains, litter etc.
vii) Open areas: This mainly refers to waste from streets, alleys, parks,
playgrounds, beaches, highways, recreational areas etc.

(c) Describe the organization pattern of solid waste management.

Legislative Body

Ministry of Environment and forest

2M for all
Central pollution control
units
State Government
2M for
State pollution control board correct
sequence

City Corporation

Private formal sector Private informal sector

Organization pattern of solid waste management

OR

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 i) Ministry of Environment and Forests:Ministry of Environment and Forests is OR
responsible for all of the environmental policy at the national level, including the
management of waste. The Ministry has an overview of all the activities of the
MSWM sector and makes sure that it is performed well. 1M each
ii) Central Pollution Control Board: Central Pollution Control Board keeps a (any Four)
check on all the activities that have potential to pollute the environment, which
includes the monitoring of the municipal solid waste management in the country.
It has divisions in each state that report to CPCB on the environmentally
hazardous activities in the state, the actions taken towards them and the
improvements made by the industries and public towards a cleaner environment.
iii) State Pollution Control Board:State Pollution Control Board keeps a check
on all the activities that have potential to pollute the environment, which includes
the monitoring of the municipal solid waste management in the state. It reviews
the Environmental Impact Assessment carried out by the agencies prior to the
construction of a landfill site, installation of an incinerator or any other processing
plant. It carries out public participation meeting to make the public aware of the
proposed project and its benefits. Public participation is especially important so
that once the project is started there should not be any agitation against the
project.
iv) City Corporation:City Corporation is responsible for the making of the solid
waste management policy, setting up the targets and objectives. They are
responsible for managing the solid waste in the city and are answerable to the
State Board and central pollution control Board. They also have the authority to
privatize the solid waste management sector.
v) Private formal sector:Their functions include the collection of waste, transfer
of waste to trucks, transport of waste to the specified dump yard. They have the
responsibility of disposing of the waste by alternative layering of waste and soil,
spraying it with EM solution and water.
vi) Private informal sector:The informal sector in the city is very large and plays
a very vital role in the MSWM. It comprises of the rag pickers who retrieve
recyclable waste from the community bins and landfills, and sell it to either bigger
dealers or to recycling factories.

(d) Describe the principles of composting.

Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural

phenomenon. Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e. aerobic
composting and anaerobic composting.
1. Aerobic Composting-
02 marks
In an aerobic composting aerobic micro-organism oxidize organic
compounds to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate.
2. Anaerobic composting- In an anaerobic composting the anaerobic micro-
organisms while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the organic 02 marks
compounds through a process of reduction. A very small amount of energy is
released during the process. The end result of composting is an accumulation
of partially decayed organic matter called humus.

8|15 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

(e) (i) What is vermi composting?
(ii) State the various methods of pyrolysis
i) Vermi composting is the process of composting using worms. it involves
the stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworms, which 02 marks
converts the organic material into worm casting.

ii) Following methods of pyrolysis

i) Garrets Flash pyrolysis

02 marks
ii) Pyrolysis developed by Energy research center of Bureau of Mines (any two)
Pittsburg.
iii.) Destrugas Gasification system
iii) Slurry carb process
iv.) Plasma pyrolysis

4 (A) Attempt any THREE: 3× 4=12

(a) How are the following recycled?
(i) Fly ash
ii) Blast furnace slags
iii) Pulp and paper
iv) Chromium Sludge
(i) Fly ash: Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for manufacturing of
cement, light weight aggregate, insulating bricks, precast concrete, soil
stabilization, land reclamation etc.
(ii) Blast furnace slags: Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for 01 mark
manufacturing of cement, refractory, ceramic material, aggregates etc. each
(iii) Pulp and paper: Pulp and paper from paper industry are recycled and again
used for manufacturing new paper and paper products.
(iii) Chromium Sludge: Chromium sludge are recycled for manufacturing of
ordinary cement, Coloured cement etc.
(b) Define E-waste. State the composition of E-waste.
E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and
components as well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair 2M
process.
Many varieties includes in the E waste
i) Telecommunication waste- mobile, Telephones, Monitors and laptops, Mouse,
2M
keyboards and other electronic devices, telephone exchange wireless cables and
(any two)
related scrap, Televisions
ii) Electrical Waste – Switches, relays, connectors and related scrap material
iii) Electronic waste- Electronic metal waste, Printed Circuits Boards, E –
equipment and Machinery, IC, Sockets Connectors
iv) Cable waste- PVC, Pre insulated Copper and Aluminium Cable waste
(c) Describe the provisions in law for safe disposal of bio-medical waste in India.
Following are the provisions in law for safe disposal of bio-medical waste in India

As per the Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling ) Rules 1998- 01 marks
i) It is the duty of every occupier i.e. a person who has the control over the for each
institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is provision
handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.

9|15 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 ii) The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, pathological laboratories
etc. are therefore required to set in places the biomedical waste disposal and
treatment facilities as per schedule V and VI respectively.
iii) Segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of BMW according to
schedule1, schedule 2 and 3, schedule 4 respectively.
v) For the effective bio-medical waste management the state government
shall establish prescribed authority for granting authorization to concern
occupier/operator; who are required to maintain the annual and accident records
of the facility.

(d) State different methods of communication for mass education.

Following are the methods of communication for mass education
i) Use of print media
ii) Use of TV/Cable TV/ Radio
iii) Street plays, puppet show
½ marks
iv) Posters
each
v) Pamphlets
vi) Use of hoarding
vii) Use of public transport system
viii) Web site/smart phones
Q.4 (B) Attempt any ONE: 1× 6=6
(a) Describe the area method of landfilling. Write its advantages and
disadvantages.
Area method of landfilling means wastes are disposed on ground. This method is
adopted when natural depressions are not available and it is very difficult to
excavate land. It is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas. Waste is pushed 02 M
into layers, compacted, and adequately covered. Covered materials which may
need to be hauled from adjacent areas.
Advantages:
i) It is cheapest waste disposal method 2M
ii) Verity of solid waste can be disposed off (any two)
iii) Jobs will be created for local people
Disadvantages:
i) The site will look ugly when it is being used 2M
ii) Dangerous gases are generated (any two)
iii) Local streams can be polluted since excessive leachate generated

(b) Describe the hazardous and non-hazardous substances, their origin and their
health effects.

Hazardous Substances Origin Health effects

Lead Solder in PCB Damage to nervous system,

(printed circuitkidney, Brain development of 3M
board) children (any two)
Mercury Tubes, PCB, Chronic damage to brain, skin
Thermostats disorder, memory loss, muscle
weakness.
Cadmium Chip resistor & Kidney & lever damage, Neural
semiconductor damage

10 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 Hexavalent Chromium Corrosion Asthamatic bronchitis, DNA
protection of damage
steel plates
Barium Front panel of Muscle weakness, Damage to
CRT heart/lever/spleen.
Beryllium Motherboard Carcinogenic, skin disease,
beryllicosis
Plastic Cabling/ Immune system damage, hormone
Computer interference
housing

Non Hazardous substances-

Tin, Copper, Aluminium, Iron, Germanium, Silicon, Nickel, Lithium, Zinc, Gold. 2M
Tin -obtained from the mineral cassiterite. Tin dust can irritate the skin and (any two)
delicate tissue,
Copper- Ore of Cuprite. Long-term exposure to copper can cause irritation of the
nose, mouth and eyes and it causes headaches, stomachaches, dizziness, vomiting
and diarrhea.

Q.5 Attempt any FOUR: 4x4=16

a) Describe ‘Waste Minimization Approach’.
Optimization of resources: waste reduction at individual and institutional
level goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
Using again the Scrap Material: this is the process in which individual and
industry reuse the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it
from becoming a waste material.
Quality control improvement and process monitoring: this technique is
to ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is
increased by the inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
Exchanging Waste: this is the technique in which the waste product, which
1M
comes out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is
each
another way for reducing waste.
Point of use from ship: to maintain and making deliveries for the raw
materials to be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of
assembly with fewer packages and wrappings can save from the waste
production.
Zero waste: this is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at
the source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of
producing no waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste
prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management.
b) What is waste segregation? Explain its importance.
Waste segregation means separation of waste at source so that it can
reduce following problems –
Waste segregation is included because it is much easier to recycle. 2M
Effective segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill, which
makes it cheaper and better for people and the environment. It is also
important to segregate for public health. In particular, hazardous wastes can
cause long-term health problems, so it is very important that they are disposed
of correctly and safely and not mixed in with the normal waste coming out of
your home or office.
11 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605
 If proper waste segregation is not done then following bad effects will
happens-
1) For public, health problems arise from the breeding of diseases due to
flies, insects & Rats.
2) The health problems are more serious when transfer of pollution to
water, ground water & air takes place.
3) Air pollution causes due to insufficient burning of wastes in open or
in plants due to improper gaseous effluent removal devices. 2M
4) Mixing of hazardous wastes from industries with municipal wastes (any four
create risks to human health. points)
5) Danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain due to
industrial effluent discharges into drainage system creates danger to
public health.
6) Sanitary workers dealing with municipal solid waste are infected with
gastrointestinal parasites, worms etc.
7) The organic fraction of municipal solid waste provides food and
shelter to insects and rodents which causes 22 human diseases due to
improper solid waste management causing adverse impact upon
public health and environmental quality
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation for Any factor so
credit may be Given accordingly.)
c) State how enforcement can help in stopping littering in the street.
1) Penalty provisions for littering and non-compliance in the door to door collection
system through Bye laws
2) The first solution to littering is to always make sure you properly dispose of your
garbage.
3) Recycle all that can be recycled and put all other garbage in the proper containers.
4) If someone throwing something on the ground, ask them nicely to put in the trash
receptacle instead of on the ground.
5) Responsibilities of resident and businesses for setting out trash in a responsible ½ Marks
manner such that trash/ recyclables do not become littered. each
6) Responsibility of haulers to collect with care and ensure loads are properly
covered to avoid scattering of materials
7) Responsibility of residents and businesses to ensure loads are properly covered.
8) Property owners must ensure that waste is not stored /stock piled on property for
more than a specified period.
(Note: Student may Write any appropriate explanation for Any factor so credit may
be Given accordingly.)
d) Describe the importance of public participation in solid waste management.
Public participation in SWM is very important because of following points:
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people.
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and
Implementation of solid waste management.
3. To understand the planning importance and significance.
4. To play an important role in the permitting process in case of hazardous waste
½M
as well as municipal waste facilities.
For Each
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal
authorities for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.

12 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

e) How is the resources recovery through waste processing done?
Biological and thermal treatment of waste can result in recovery of useful product
such as energy or compost.

A) Biological Processes: In this treatment involves using micro-organisms to

decompose the biodegradable components of waste.
Two types of process are use: 2M
i) Aerobic processes: Windrow composting, aerated static pile composting and
in vessel composting, vermiculture etc. Utilizable product is compost.
ii) Anaerobic processes: Low solids anaerobic digestion, high solids anaerobic
digestion. Utilizable product is methane gas.
In India, aerobic composting plants have been used to process up to 500 tons per
day of waste.

B) Thermal processes: Thermal treatment involves conversion of waste into

gaseous, solids and liquid conversion products with subsequent release of
heat energy. 2M
Three types of systems are as follows:
i) Combustion systems: Thermal processing with excess amounts of air.
ii) Pyrolysis systems: Thermal processing in complete absences of oxygen.
iii) Gasification systems: Thermal processing with less amounts of air.

Note-: (Resource recovering is nothing but recycling practice so if student write

about recycling appropriate credit may be given accordingly.)
f) Define recycling. What are the purpose of recycling?
Definition:- The action or process of converting waste into reusable material. 1M

Purpose of recycling:
i)To save raw material resources in production
ii)To save energy in production 3M
iii)To reduce solid waste in landfills (any three)
iv)To minimize environmental pollution
v) To reduce the consumption of conventional raw materials.
vi) To reduce air pollution from incinerations.
Q. 6 Attempt any FOUR: 4x4=16
a) State different components of biomedical waste.
Following are the components of biomedical waste:
1) Human anatomical waste (tissues, organ, body parts etc)
2) Animal waste ( as above, generated during research/ experimentation, from
veterinary hospital etc)
3) Microbiological and biotechnological waste such as laboratory cultures,
Microorganisms, human and animal cell cultures, toxins etc. ½M
4) Waste sharps, such as hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass each
5) Discarded medicines and cyto-toxic drugs. (any
6) Soiled waste such as dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated Eight)
with blood etc.
7) Solid waste ( disposal items like tubes, catheters etc excluding sharps)
8) Liquid waste generated from any of the infected area.
9) Incineration ash
10) Chemical waste

13 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 b) Describe the biomedical waste management techniques.
Biomedical waste management technologies are as follows.
[Link] Burial 2. Autoclaving 3. Microwaving 4. Chemical disinfection 2M
[Link]/Shredding 6. Incineration 7. Secured Sanitary landfills (any four)
8. Encapsulation
Deep Burrial: It is a pit 2 m deep half filled with waste and remaining
with lime within 50 cm of the surface before filling the rest with soil. On each
time when biomedical wastes are added to the pit a layer of 10 cm of soil should 2M
be added to cover the waste. The deep burial site should be relatively (any two)
impermeable, away from residential area, vicinity of drinking water to avoid risk
of pollution. The institute should maintain the record of all sites of deep burial.
Autoclaving: It involves sterilization with steam at 120 degree Celsius
temp under 15 psi pressure fo 60 to 90 min. Autoclaves are used for disinfection
of surgical instruments. Infectious wast can be autoclaved by exposing it to 160
degree Celsius temp at 6 bars pressure for about 20 min.
c) Describe the health aspect during handling and processing of waste.
 Health aspects involved in handling and processing of solid waste:

There is potential risk to environment and health from improper handling

of solid wastes. Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field,
who need to be protected, as far as possible, from contact with waste.
Traffic accidents can result from toxic spilled wastes. 1 M each
Air pollution can be caused from the inefficient burning of wastes, either (any Four)
in open air, or in plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the
gaseous effluents.
Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal
wastes create potential risk to human health.
The most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid
wastes is aesthetic, the ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban
environment and beauty of city.
 There is specific danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain,
a problem that illustrates the relationship between municipal solid wastes
and liquid industrial effluents containing heavy metals discharged to a
drainage/ sewerage system and/ or open dumping sites of municipal solid
wastes and the wastes discharged thereby maintains a vicious cycle.
Municipal Solid Wastes Management Systems involves various activities
like storage, collection, transportation, disposal etc. These activities even if
properly controlled and with proper precautionary measures adopted, may
have adverse impact on land, water and air environment, human and
environmental health aesthetics and quality of life.
The main risk to health is indirect and arises from the breeding of disease
vectors, primarily files and rats.
 Biodegradation of organic matter may pose health problems.
 Mixing of Bio medical waste , Industrial waste in Municipal waste causes
health hazards.

14 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 d) Enlist the common product that can be made with recycled contents.
1. Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for manufacturing of cement,
light weight aggregates, insulating bricks, precast concrete, soil stabilization, 01 M
land reclamation etc. each
2. Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for manufacture of cement, (any four)
refractory, ceramic material, aggregates etc.
3. Phosphogypsum waste from Chemical plants is recycled for manufacture of
gypsum plaster, boards, tiles, cement products etc.
4. Nonferrous metal industry waste is recycled for manufacture of binder
material, construction blocks, heavy clay products, colored concrete, floor tiles,
polymer doors etc.
5. Lime sludge from paper allied industries is recycled for manufacturing of
building materials lime, masonry cement, lime bricks, binder materials etc.

Note- (Students may write similar products, credit may be given

accordingly)
e) Explain sorting prior to waste processing or land filling.
A SWM, depending on the level of complexity, will consist of a combination of
unit processes in varying degrees of mechanization:

1) Pre-Sorting: Bulky and contaminated wastes hamper further 2M

sorting/processing in the facility; mechanical or manual pre-sorting is
essential to separate out these wastes.

2) Mechanical Sorting: Mechanical processes based on principles of

electro-magnetics, fluid mechanics, pneumatics etc. are used to segregate 2M
the different waste streams in the pre-sorted waste. Mechanical processes (any two)
require specialized equipment for segregation of co-mingled municipal
waste. Mechanical sorting typically employs the following processes.
a. Screening: Screening segregates waste into two or more size
distributions. Two types of screens are used in SWM centres; 1)
Disc screens 2) Trommels (Rotary screen).
b. Ferrous Metal separation: In the second stage, electromagnets
are used for separating heavy ferrous metals from mixed waste.
c. Air Classification: The residual waste stream is passed through an
air stream with sufficient velocity to separate light materials from
heavy material.
d. Non-ferrous metal separation: An eddy current segregates zinc,
aluminum, copper, lead, nickel and other precious metal from
commingled waste.
e. Detect and Route system: This system separates out various
grades of paper, plastics and glass, which are not sorted out in the
air classifier
f. Size reduction: Sorted materials after segregation are usually too
large for further use or processing, they should be reduced to
smaller sizes.
g. Baling: Sorted and sized material is baled for further
processing/use.

15 | 1 5 Summer-2019 SWM- 17605

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
.
(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

WINTER -2019 EXAMINATION SUBJECT CODE: 17605

MODEL ANSWER

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answer should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.

2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.

3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.

4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.

5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constants
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answer and model answer.

6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidates understanding.

Que.
Answer with question Marks
NO
Q. 1 Attempt any FIVE of the following 20 M
a) Define a) Solid Waste b) Hazardous waste
Ans. Solid Waste: It is defined as non soluble material that is thrown away in a solid or
semi solid form. This includes garbage, refuse, sludge and other domestic materials
as well as waste from industries, commercial, agricultural and mining operations. 2M
Or
All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normanlly solid and
that are discarded as useless/unwanted.
b) Hazardous Waste: It is defined as the waste that can have substantial or potential
threats to public health or the environment. This waste includes ignitable, reactive, 2M
corrosive and toxic waste.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 1/19

b) Explain the health problems associated with handling and processing of solid
waste.
Ans. Health problems associated with handling and Processing of solid waste:

 Infections- Skin and blood infection due to direct contact with solid waste.
- Eye and respiratory infections due to infected dust. 2M
- Various diseases due to bites of animals feeding on waste.
- Intestinal infection transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.

 Chronic diseases- The incinerator operators are at the risk of chronic respiratory 1M
diseases including cancer due to exposure of incinerated products and hazardous
compounds

 Accidents – During handling of heavy containers, it causes bone or muscle

disorders.
- Cutting caused due to sharp objects present in the waste 1M
- Burning caused due to hazardous chemicals mixed in the waste
c) Explain any four characteristics of Hazardous waste.
Ans.  Ignitability – Ignitable wastes creates fires under certain conditions or wastes
which are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60oC.

 Corrosivity – Corrosive waste are acids or bases that are capable of corroding
metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums and barrels.
1M
 Reactivity- Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause each
explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapours when mixed with water.

 Toxicity- Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed. When toxic
wastes are disposed of on land, the liquid drained from this waste get contaminated
which forms leachate.
d) Explain equipments used for collection and transportation of solid waste.
Ans. Equipments used for collection and transportation of solid waste
 Litter bin: It is provided on road side having capacity 60 to 150 Lit. It is useful for
collecting the waste to be thrown by citizens moving on the road.
 Broom: The long handle brooms are useful for sweeping the streets.
 Shovels: It is useful for digging, lifting and moving the bulk waste materials. The 2M
broad blade fixed shovels are most commonly used for collection of waste. (For
 Hand Carts: It is the fabricated hand moving vehicle which contains 6 to 8 bins collectio
having 25 lit capacity. It is suitable for collecting the waste from very narrow roads n equip)
location.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 2/19

  Animal Carts: These vehicles are driven by horses, donkeys and other animals
used for collecting the waste. The capacity of these vehicles varies from 2 to 4 m3.
There is no need of fuel for collection of waste.
 Mechanical Road Sweeper: The Street sweepers are mounted on the collecting
trucks provided with suction mechanism which clean the street with and the waste
is sucked by vacuum action in the truck. 2M
 3
Tractors: The tractors having capacity 6 m are useful for collecting the refuse (For
from household or storage points. transpor
 Trucks: Trucks having capacity 5 to 6 m3 are useful for collection and tation
transportation of waste from communal sites. equip.)
 Dumpers: Dumpers are used for collection and transportation of large quantity of
solid waste. The main advantage of using dumper is that it can be empted
immediately due to hydraulic mechanism. This type of vehicle utilises body
capacities of about 12 m3
 Compactor vehicles: A compactor vehicles compact the solid waste by using
mechanical pressure which reduce the volume of waste. The capacity of this
vehicle varies from 5 to 10 m3

(Note: Incase of figures drawn by students, provide appropriate marks)

e) Describe Pyrolysis process of waste treatment and its advantages.

Ans. Pyrolysis Process of waste Treatment:
It is the process of thermal decomposition of organic matter at high 2M
temperature in an inert (oxygen deficient) atmosphere or vacuum, producing a mixture
of combustible (Carbon monoxide, Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2, C2H6] )
and non combustible gases.

Advantages of Pyrolysis Process:

1. Reduces greenhouse gases emissions and waste going to landfill. 2M
2. Produces a marketable product like gases, bio-oil, bio-chemicals and charcoal. (Any 4)
3. Low risk of water pollution.
4. Low risk of odour.
5. High recovery rate of resources.
6. Minimal risk of health consequences.
f) Define ‘E-waste’ and enlist its sources.
Ans. E-Waste:

E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and 2M
components as well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair process.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 3/19

 Sources of E-waste:
1. Large Household Appliances (Washing machine, Refrigerators, A.C. etc.)
2. Small Household Appliances (Vacuum cleaner, Coffee machine, Iron etc.)
3. Office, Information and Communication Equipment (PC’s, Laptops, Mobiles,
Telephones, Fax machines, Printers etc.) 2M
4. Entertainment and Consumer, Electronics and Toys, Leisure, Sports and (Any 4)
Recreational Equipment’s. (Televisions, VCR/DVD Players, Hi-Fi sets, Radio etc
and electric train, Treadmills, Vending machine etc.)
5. Lighting Equipment (Fluorescent tubes and lamps, electric fused bulbs and tube
lights etc.)
6. Electric and Electronic Tools (Drills, Electric saws, Sewing machines etc.)
7. Security and Health Care Equipment (Surveillance and control equipment and
medical instruments etc.)
g) Describe control measures of industrial waste
Ans. Control measures of industrial waste:

1. Optimization of resources: Waste reduction at individual and institutional level

goes side by side with the utilization of raw materials.
2. Using again the Scrap Material: This is the process in which individual and 4M
industry reuses the waste material as soon as it is produced. This keeps it from (Any 4
becoming a waste material. points)
3. Quality control improvement and process monitoring: This technique is to
ensure that products produced are kept from rejection and this is increased by the
inspection of frequency and monitoring point’s inspection.
4. Exchanging Waste: This is the technique in which the waste product, which comes
out of a process, becomes a raw material for another process. This is another way for
reducing waste.
5. Point of use from ship: To maintain and making deliveries for the raw materials to
be used with the manufacturing process, at the point of assembly with less packages
and wrappings can save from the waste production.
6. Zero waste: This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the
source and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no
waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as opposed to end
of pipe waste management.
Q. 2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) State the factors affecting generation of solid waste.
Ans. Factors affecting generation of solid waste:
1. Population ½M
2. Urbanization each
3. Industrialization

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 4/19

 4. Life style of citizens
5. Family income
6. Size of family ½M
7. Climatic condition of the area each
8. Tourist number. (Any 8)
9. Habits and culture of the people
10. Source reduction / recycling
b) Enlist the collection methods of municipal solid waste and explain any one.
Ans. Methods of collection of municipal solid waste:

i) Collection system Based on the availability of service:

 Curb (Kerb-side) 1M
 Alley Service
 Set out Set Back Service
 Backyard Service

ii) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

 Hauled Container System 1M
 Stationary Container System

i) Collection system Based on the availability of service:

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
Kerb side collection or curbside collection is a service provided to households,
typically in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. House owner is
responsible for placing solid waste containers at the curb on scheduled day. The work
man come, collect and empties the container and put back at the curb. House owner is 2M
required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his house. (Any
2. Alley Service one)
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen
from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the
backyard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then
taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 5/19

 ii) Collection Method Based on mode of operation:

1. Hauled Container System

An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage site to
replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point,
transfer station or disposal site.

2. Stationary Container System

In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of
collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and
collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles
and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.

c) Define composting and describe principle of composting process.

Ans. Composting: Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste such as
food or plant material by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organism under controlled 2M
conditions. The end result of composting is an accumulation of partially decayed
organic matter is called humus.

Principle of composting process:

Composting can be carried out in two ways: Aerobically and Anaerobically.

During aerobic composting process, aerobic micro organisms oxidise organic 1M
compounds to carbon dioxide, nitrite and nitrate. Carbon from organic compound is
used as sources of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to exothermic reaction
temperature of the mass rises.
During anaerobic composting process, the anaerobic micro organisms, while
metabolising the nutrients, break done the organic compounds through a process of
reduction. A very small amount of energy is released during the process and the 1M
temperature of composting mass does not raise much. The gases evolved are mainly
methane and carbon dioxide.
d) State the benefits of recycling of Industrial waste.
Ans. Benefits of recycling of Industrial waste:

1. Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for manufacturing of cement, light
weight aggregates, insulating bricks, precast concrete, soil stabilization, land
reclamation etc. 1M
2. Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for manufacture of cement, each
refractory, ceramic material, aggregates etc. (Any
3. Phosphogypsum waste from Chemical plants is recycled for manufacture of gypsum four)

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 6/19

 plaster, boards, tiles, cement products etc.
4. Nonferrous metal industry waste is recycled for manufacture of binder material,
construction blocks, heavy clay products, colored concrete, floor tiles, polymer doors
etc.
5. Lime sludge from paper allied industries is recycled for manufacturing of building
lime, masonry cement, lime bricks, binder materials etc.
e) State the steps in recycling of solid waste and explain any one.
Ans. Steps in recycling of solid waste:
 Collection and processing
 Sorting 2M
 Manufacturing
 Purchasing new products made from recycled materials

Collection and processing: The methods used for collection of recyclable solid waste
are as follows:
- Curbeside collection
- Drop off centers 2M
- Buyback centers (Any
- Single stream collection One)
- Deposit or refund programs
Sorting: After collection the recyclable solid waste is sorted out in different categories
as biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. The sorted waste is further sent to
manufacturing industries for reusing waste as a raw material.
Manufacturing: The recyclable products like news papers, aluminium, plastic, glass,
steel cans etc. are cleaned and used as a raw material for manufacturing of new
products.
Purchasing new products made from recycled materials: The products which are
manufactured using recyclable material are promoted in market by advertising and
making awareness among the peoples to purchase these products.
f) Explain the health problems during reuse, recovery and recycling of solid waste.
Ans. The scavengers or rag-pickers work under extensive health risks, which are largely
undocumented, and suffer severe exploitation and deprivation. The possible health
hazards to human being include-
1. Communicable diseases- Houseflies may be important in the transmission of
enteric infections, particularly responsible for infant diarrhoea and dysentery. 1.5 M
2. Non-Communicable diseases- Solid waste during its segregation,
reuse/recovery/recycling may cause eye irritation, respiratory diseases, hand/leg 1.5 M
injuries, poisoning, hearing defects etc.
3. Aesthetics- Solid waste causes odour, visibility and dust problem to human being.
1M

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 7/19

Q.3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
(a) Explain solid waste management hierarchy.
Following are the solid waste management hierarchy:
Most
Prevention
favored

Minimisation
1M

Reuse

Recycle

Recovery

Least
Disposal favored

1) Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which

produces maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials.
2) Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize
the use of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different
techniques. ½M
3) Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which some materials are repeatedly each
used again and again for same purpose.
4) Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and
then they are manufactured into new products.
5) Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6) Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible
actions to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 8/19

(b) Draw organization pattern of solid waste management.

Legislative Body

03 M
Ministry of Environment, Forest and For Neat
Climate Change (MoEFCC) labeled
sketch
Central pollution control
State Government

State pollution control board

1M for
City Corporation correct
sequenc
e
Private formal sector Private informal sector

Organization pattern of solid waste management

(c) Enlist factors affecting composting and explain any two of them.

Following are the factors affecting composting

1) Temperature
2) Moisture content ½M
3) C/N ratio each for
4) Micro-Organism any four
5) Aeration
6) Use of cultures
7) Addition of sewage and sewage sludge
8) Particle size
9) pH
Explaination –

1. Temperature - The temperature is directly proportional to rate of biodegradation.

Optimum temperature is 30oC – 50oC beyond which nitrogen loss occur. In aerobic
composting temperature may go upto 70oC
2. Moisture Content – More moisture content beyond optimum value may create
anaerobic condition. The optimum moisture content is 50-60%.
01 M
3. C/N ratio- It is the carbon to nitrogen ratio. The optimum value should be 25-30. If
each for
carbon is less means C/N ratio less than 25 add straw,sawdust, and if Nitrogen is less
explain

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 9/19

 means C/N ratio more than 25 add sludge, slaughter house waste to improve ratio. any two
4. Micro-organism – Microorganisms is prime responsible for biodegradation process.
Sufficient quantity of microorganism should be available. In first stage of
biodegradation Mesophillic bacteria(15-40oC) acts and in second stage Thermophilic
bacteria (45-60oC) acts.
5. Aeration - During the decomposition process oxygen in mass get deplete, hence it
needs to add oxygen externally. This is done by well mixing of total mass every 5
days. The artificial air supply is at the rate of 1-2 m3/[Link]
6. Use of cultures – Extraneous organism in the form of inoculums is added for
maintaining sufficient quantity of microorganisms required for biodegradation.

(d) Explain disposal methods of Industrial waste.

Following are the methods of disposal of Industrial waste:

1) Manual separation or salvage: It is a process to recover and reuse of
industrial waste separated manually before disposal.
2) Mechanical volume reduction: After separation industrial waste compressed
using compactors to reduce volume. 01 M
3) Thermal volume reduction or Incineration: Combustion of combustible each any
waste and residue as a ash. four
4) Open dumping: It is simplest and economical method of disposal. In this
industrial waste are dumped in low laying areas.
5) Controlled tipping: The industrial waste spread in layers and each layer is
properly covered by a layer of soil
6) Destructive distillation: In this method industrial waste are heated under
anaerobic condition.
7) Land farming: The biodegradable industrial wastes are treated by biological,
physical and chemical process on the land.
8) Biodegradation: In this method composting process is applied on organic
industrial waste.
(e) Describe incineration and explain any one of its type

Incineration: It is controlled combustion process of waste at high temperature and

converts into residue and gaseous products. Incineration is a chemical reaction in
which carbon, hydrogen and other elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the
combustion zone and generates heat. The air requirements for combustion of solid
wastes are considerable. Usually, excess air is supplied to the incinerator to ensure 03 M
complete mixing and combustion and to regulate operating temperature and control
emissions. However an excess air requirement depends on moisture content of waste,
heating values and the type of combustion technology applied. Many incinerators are
designed to operate in the combustion zone of 900°C – 1100°C. This temperature is
selected to ensure good combustion, complete elimination of odours and protection of
the walls of the incinerator. Complete incineration of solid wastes produces virtually
an inert residue, which constitutes about 10% of the initial weight and perhaps a larger
reduction in volume.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 10/19

 Types of incineration-
1) Mass burn Incinerator: In this incinerator continuous added of waste using
grate system. These incinerators are convenient and flexible. 01 M
2) Modular Incinerators: It consists of two combustion chambers and better any one
control on pollution. These incinerators are prefabricated and relatively small type
size.
3) RDF based Incineration: It is homogeneous and better control on combustion
process. This method of disposal recovers more energy.
4) Fluidized bed incineration: This type of incinerator is most suitable for
sewage sludge and chemical waste combustion.

(f) Explain disposal methods of ‘E-waste’

The disposal Methods of E waste are:

1) Recycling – Recycling involves dismantling and recovery of valuable material.
Monitors, CRT, keyboards, laptop, telephone board, CD, mobiles, CPU, cables
can be recycled.
2) Reuse – By adopting second hand use with little modification we can reuse 1M each
equipment/material and thereby reducing quantity of solid waste. E.g. Donating
old version computers to primary school etc.
3) Land filling: Trenches are made on flat surfaces or undulations on ground
surface also utilized. Soil is excavated from the trenches and waste material is
buried in it, which is covered by thick layer of soil. Presently secure land filling
are provided with some facilities like impervious liner made up of plastic or
impervious clay. Leachate collection basin is provided to collect and transfer
the leachate to leachate treatment plant. Environmental risk from land filling of
E waste cannot be neglected because the condition of land filling site are
different from a native soil, particularly concerning the leaching behavior of
metals.
4) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high
temperature. Advantage of incineration of E waste is the reduction of waste
volume and utilization of energy content of combustible materials. However
polluted gasses and large amount of combustions are produces.

Q. 4 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 4× 4=16

(a) Describe any one Indore or Bangalore method from manual composting process.
Indore method: This method is aerobic activity; still in between turning it becomes
anaerobic. it consist of layers of vegetable and night soil is alternative piled into 4 M for
trench, the depth of pile is 1.5 to 2 m and widths is about 3 to 8 m or above the ground any one
form a mound called windrow. Normally windrows are conical in shape and about 50 method
m in length. The aeration is achieved by periodically turning the piles. Manual turning
is adopted for small plants and mechanical turning is adopted for larger plants. Refuse
should be turn once or twice per week which introduce oxygen and helps to control
temperature. Turning continued for about 4 to 5 weeks during which biodegradable
organic are consumed. The solid waste in windrow may take 21 to 28 days for
SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 11/19
 stabilization. The composted waste is removed from windrow and allowed to mature in
maturing yards for 1 to 3 months, after which the compost becomes ready for being
taken out for use.
Bangalore method: Bangalore method is anaerobic activity used for biological
conversion of organic component of municipal solid waste. In this method
underground earthen trench is excavated and alternate layer of waste and soil is filled
in trench or pit to control odour and breeding of files. Final layer of soil is providing at
top. Within 2 to 3 days of burial intensive biological action starts taking place and
organic matter beings to be destroyed. After 4 to 5 months complete stabilization of
waste takes placed. It is slow method.
(b) Describe situation of solid waste recycling in India.

A municipal solid waste rule promotes application of the 3R’s. However, In India there
is no formal recycling system available. On the other hand repair, reprocess & reuse of
waste materials is a common practice in unorganized manner. Informal recyclers play
important role in this process by unrecognized and unorganized way. In India presently
recycling of dry recyclables is taking place at household levels which is more 4M
economical than sorting at a centralized facility. These sorting such as paper, iron,
rubber, plastic, glass, furniture, cloths etc. collected by Bhangarwala agents from
individuals paying some money. Similarly Rag pickers on street, dumping grounds
segregate saleable materials such as paper, plastic, glass, metal, textile etc. These
activities are not monitored by government organizations hence it ignores social,
economic, environment and health aspects.
(c) Describe the collection of biomedical waste by type of waste and colour code used
for collection of bags.
Collection of biomedical waste are to be done by color coded bag as per schedule II of
biomedical waste (Management and Handling) rules 1998 as below. It is also collected
separately according to category of medical waste.

Waste Category Colour Type of

Coding Container
Cat.1: Human Anatomical Waste Yellow Plastic bag
(tissues, organs, body parts),
Cat. 2: Animal Waste (tissues, organs,
body parts)
Cat.3: Microbiology & Biotechnology
Waste (lab cultures, cell cultures)
Cat. 6: Solid Waste 01 M
(Dressings, soiled cotton, plaster, (each
beddings, lines). Colour
Cat.3: Microbiology & Biotechnology Red Disinfected coding)
Waste (lab cultures, cell cultures) container/p
Cat. 6: Solid Waste lastic bag
(Dressings, soiled cotton, plaster,
beddings, lines)
Cat. 7: Solid Waste ( tubing, catheters,

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 12/19

 intravenous sets)
Cat. 4: Waste Sharps (needles, syringes, Blue/ Plastic
scalpels, blades, glass) White bag/punctu
Cat. 7: Solid Waste ( tubing, catheters, transluc re proof
intravenous sets) ent Container
Cat. 5: Discarded Medicines & Black Plastic bag
Cytotoxic Wastes
Cat. 9: Incineration Ash
Cat. 10: Chemical Waste (biological
chemicals, disinfecting chemicals,
insecticides) (solid)

(d) Describe impact of solid waste on environment.

1) Attraction of rodent and insects

2) Degrade the environmental quality due to foul odours and unsightliness.
3) Large amount of land utilized for disposing the waste
½M
4) Landfill leachate contaminates surrounding ground and water bodies.
5) Foul gasses create air pollution. each
6) Hazardous waste may poses health hazard if not properly handle.
7) E-waste create acidification of soil
8) Chocking of drains and gully pits.
(e) State factors affecting selection of the site for transfer station.

Following factors affecting selection of site for transfer station:

1) Waste scattering / Pollution: It should be selected such that it should not create
nuisance to nearby areas. 01 M
2) Haul Distance: It should be constructed at suitable locations so as to minimize
each
haul distances.
3) Heritage place: It should be away from heritage place. (any
4) Traffic flow: It should be located in area where traffic flow is smooth. four)
5) Electricity: Electricity should be available.
6) Rate of land: It should be located in area where rates of land and property are
cheap.
(f) Describe leachate and its control in landfills.

Leachate: Leachate is the liquid that seeps through solid wastes or other medium and
has extracts of dissolved or suspended material from it. Part of the moisture contained
in the deposited waste is released under self-weight and flows down. The leachate 02 M
contains highly polluting TDS, COD, chlorides and heavy metals etc. causing pollution
of ground water. Therefore leachate control & removal measures are necessary at
landfill sites.
Leachate control are done with different control system using liners as follows: 01 M
1) Single liner system: Such system comprises a single primary barrier overlain each for
by leachate collection system with appropriate separation/ protection layer. any two
2) Single composite Liner system: A composite liner comprises two barriers,

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 13/19

 made of different materials, placed in intimate contact with each other to methods
provide a beneficial combined effect of both the barriers. Usually a flexible geo
membrane is placed over a clay or soil barrier.
3) Double Liner system: In a double liner system a single liner system is placed
twice, one beneath other. The top barrier (primary barrier) is overlaid by a
leachate system. Beneath the primary barrier another leachate collection system
(leak collection layer) is placed by second barrier (secondary barrier).This type
of system offers double safety and used for industrial waste landfill.
Q.5. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) Explain vermi composting process and state its concept.
Ans:  Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms,
usually red wigglers, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing 2M
vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
 Vermicomposting- Concept
 Take a small wooden box or dig a small pit.
 Spread a net on box.
 Also spread 1 or 2 cm thick layer of sand.
 Put some cow dung and kitchen wastes such as peels of fruits etc., to cover the 2M
sand.
 Use green leaves to cover over the sand.
 Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet.
 Get some red worms and put them on the upper layer of bed.
 Feed vegetable and fruit wastes as food.
 After 3 to 4 weeks we get loose, soil like material in the pit.
 Remove the material from the box, dry it in the sunlight.
 Use this as manure.

b) State various methods of storage of municipal solid waste.

Ans: Mainly the municipal solid waste is expected to store in two container
system namely Wet or Biodegradable waste and Dry or Non-biodegradable waste. 1M

1) Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps.

2) Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L.
3) Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped with 1M each
handles for any
4) Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70L. three
5) Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages. points
6) Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard boxes,
kerosene cans, and containers made out of truck tires.
7) DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of a
large garage.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 14/19

 8) ENCLOSURES an enclosure is probably the most common communal storage
method in Asia. Enclosures can have capacities from 1 to 10 m3
9) FIXED storage bins this type of container usually is built from concrete blocks.

c) Enlist methods of disposal of biomedical waste and explain any one.

Ans: Biomedical waste management technologies are as follows.
1. Deep Burrial [Link] [Link] [Link] disinfection 2M
[Link]/Shredding 6. Incineration 7. Secured Sanitary landfills
8. Encapsulation
Disposal of Biomedical waste-
1. Autoclaving
Thermal treatment is typically used for sharps and certain other types of infectious
waste. An autoclave is like a large pressure cooker that uses high temperatures (120-
150oC) and pressure (15-50Psi) steam to deeply penetrate all materials and kill any 2M
microorganisms. Depending on the type and amount of waste you will need to sterilize. any one
Modern autoclaves are also automated to minimize human involvement and therefore method
reduce needle-stick injuries and contamination.
2. Chemical Treatment
Often used to deactivate liquid waste, chemical treatment is designed to decontaminate
or deactivate certain wastes on site rather than packaging and sending them to a
separate facility. Chemical treatment can also be applied to some non-liquid infectious
wastes, but they would typically need to be shredded first to ensure that all portions of
the waste are exposed to the chemicals. Depending on the type of waste, chemicals like
chlorine, sodium hydroxide or calcium oxide can be used. Chemical treatment has to
be executed carefully and by knowledgeable staff.
3. Microwave Treatment
A microwave treatment system, similar to an autoclave, also uses heat to
decontaminate medical waste. These systems work best for waste that is not 100% dry
or solid, as the moisture allows the heat to penetrate deeper, and the steam sterilizes.
4. Incineration
Incineration is typically used for pathological and pharmaceutical waste.
Incineration of medical waste should be performed in a controlled facility to ensure
complete combustion and minimize any negative effects for the environment.
5. Land Disposal
Land disposal is typically used for shredded, treated and decontaminated waste. In
certain cases, it can also be used for hazardous waste or other untreated waste that
cannot be decontaminated by other means. Specialized sanitary landfill sites exit to
reduce the risk of soil and water contamination and provide a safe space for medical
waste disposal.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 15/19

 6. Deep Burial
A pit or trench is excavated about 2m deep. It is half filled with waste, and then
covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, then filling the remaining portion with
soil. Cover is provided at top with lock facility
d) Describe purpose of recycling.
Ans: Purpose of recycling:
i) To save raw material resources in production 1M each
ii) To save energy in production for any
iii) To reduce solid waste in landfills four
iv) To minimize environmental pollution
point
v) To reduce the consumption of conventional raw materials.
vi) To reduce air pollution from incinerations.
vii) To minimize Green house gas emissions.
e) Explain public involvement and participation in solid waste management in
India.
Ans: Public involvement and participation in SWM is very important because of following
points: 1M each
1. To increase the awareness of solid waste management among the people. for any
2. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of planning process and Implementation four
of solid waste management. point
3. To play an important role in permitting process in case of hazardous waste as well as
municipal waste facilities.
5. To improve the waste management strategies, negotiations with municipal
authorities for better involvement in decision making.
6. To achieve the 3R principles.
7. To reduce littering of waste on streets and into drains, open spaces, etc.
8. To encourage and assists the local composting and recycling initiatives.
f) Explain meaning of commercial waste, institutional waste, agricultural waste and
domestic waste.
Ans: 1. Commercial waste
Solid wastes that are originate in offices, wholesale and retail stores,
restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments.
(And includes food waste, rubbish, ash, C & D waste etc.)

2. Institutional waste
Institutional waste is waste produced from institutions such as schools,
hospitals, or prisons. These are hazardous in some circumstances.
(And includes paper, plastic, cardsheets, C & D waste etc.) 1M each

3. Agriculture waste
This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 16/19

 remains, litter, etc., generated from fields, orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
4. Domestic waste
The solid wastes that originate from single and multi-family household
units. These wastes are generated from household activities such as cooking, cleaning,
repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books,
writing/news paper, and old furnishings.
Q.6. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16 M
a) Define transfer station and state necessity of transfer station.
Ans: Definition.- These are the open or closed structures built by competent authority at
various locations in city and waste collected by hauling vehicles is initially transferred 1M
to these stations prior to loading into large vehicles.
Necessity of transfer station-
1) Larger volume of municipal solid waste from urban market is not possible to
transport directly to disposal sites for land filling, etc. from collection points.
2) Hence waste is temporarily deposited at some distance away from generation points. 1M each
At these sites waste is accepted from small collection vehicles. point
3) The waste is compacted and loaded into larger vehicles for long haul transports up
to disposal site. Thus transfer station results in improvement in collection by
minimizing transportation cost, time and reduction in volume.
b) Describe by products from incineration process and state their uses.
Ans: Product from incineration process with their use are:-
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for
Preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as Road 1M each
metal.
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing.
3. The heat produced during incineration can be used for generating steam which can
be used for electricity generation by running the turbines.
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material or blending in
cement.
c) Explain methods in collection of recyclables.
Ans: The methods of collection of recyclables are as follows.
1. Curbside collection 2. Buy back centers
3. Drop off centers 4. Deposit Programs
Curbside collection: In this method the resident in urban or sub urban area sorts
recyclable household waste according to type of material in separate bins which are
placed on curb side or at collection point weekly or fortnightly which is collected by
1M each
municipal workers.
Buy back centers: Buy back centers established at central locations purchase the
cleaned recyclable sorted waste from residents. These centers send this collection to
recycling factories.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 17/19

 Drop off centers: The collected recyclables is dropped at reprocessing plants directly.
Deposit Programs: The resident purchases households after paying deposit amount.
After use waste containers are given back to sellers getting back deposit along with
bonus point for redemption for next purchase.
d) Define biomedical waste and list its sources of generations.
Ans: Biomedical Waste-
Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of 2M
human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the
production or testing of biological, and including categories mentioned in schedule I.
Sources
 Hospital ½M
 Health clinic each
 Nursing home (any
 Research laboratories four)
 Offices of physicians
 Dentists
 Doctors offices
 Veterinary hospitals
e) Enlist methods of landfills for solid waste and explain any one.
Ans: Land filling methods:-
1) Area method 2) Trench method 1/2 M
3) Slope method 4) Valley method each

1) Area method:-The Area Method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the
excavation of trenches in which to place the solid wastes. The filling operation usually
is started by building an earthen bund, against which wastes are placed in thin layers
and compacted as the fill progresses until the thickness of the compacted wastes
reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of day’s operation a 150 mm to 300 mm layer of
cover material is placed over the compacted fill. The cover material must be hauled in
by truck or earth-moving equipment from adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas. A
final layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the final design height.

2) Trench method:- 2M
 The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of cover material (For
is available at the site. Any One
 Where the water table is well below the surface. Method)
 To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt
is stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench.
 Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and compacted.

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 18/19

  The operation continues until the desired height is reached.
 Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the
trench that is being filled.

3) Slope Method:- In hilly regions it is not possible to find flat ground for landfilling,
in such situation waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope. The wastes are
spread on existing slope, compacted & covered. The cover materials usually come
from just ahead of the working face.

4) Valley Method:-
 At locations where natural or artificial depression exists, it is often possible to
use them effectively for land filling operations.
 Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and quarries have all used for this purpose.
 The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills vary
with the geometry of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the
hydrology and geology of the site, and the access to the site.

Note- The student may draw sketch to explain the methods, give appropriate marks
to sketch)
f) Explain various varieties of E-waste.
Ans:
Varieties includes in the E waste are:-

i) Telecommunication waste- mobile, Telephones, Monitors and laptops, Mouse,

keyboards and other electronic devices, telephone exchange wireless cables and
related scrap, Televisions 1M each
ii) Electrical Waste – Switches, relays, connectors and related scrap material
iii) Electronic waste- Electronic metal waste, Printed Circuits Boards, E –
equipment and Machinery, IC, Sockets Connectors
iv) Cable waste- PVC, Pre insulated Copper and Aluminium Cable waste

--------------------------End---------------------

SWM- 17605 Winter 2019 Page 19/19

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer

7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
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(Students ma y exp la in in d ifferent m a nner a pprop riate ma rks should b e g iven for
the releva nt exp la na tion)
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E- Wa ste:

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Red uc e:
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Solid Waste Management
Important Instructions to examiners:
Model Answer Subject Code: 17605
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme

Q.1 Attempt any five of the following: 20 Marks

Q.1 (a) State types of solid waste and give examples of each.

Ans. [Link]. Types of solid waste Examples (04 Marks

1 Food waste Waste from preparation, cooking and
serving food, waste from vegetable One mark
market etc. each for
any four)
2 Rubbish Paper, cardboards
3 Ashes and residue Residue from fire used for cooking,
thermal power plant.
4 Bulky waste Large auto parts, tyres.
5 Street waste Street sweeping, content of litter.
6 Dead animals Cat, dog
7 Construction and demolition waste Roofing scrap, broken concrete.
8 Industrial waste and sludge Solid waste from industry, metal scrap.
9 Hazardous waste Pathological waste, radioactive materials
10 Horticulture waste Tree trimming, leaves
Q.1 (b) Explain impact of solid waste on environment

Ans. 1. Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump
Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump
2. Bad odour, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste dump
Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump
3. Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft
4. Fires within the waste dump.
5. Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump
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6. Epidemics through stray animals. (04 Marks
7. Acidity to surrounding soil and Release of green house gas. One mark
8. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which causes greenhouse gas. each for
Carbon dioxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful any four)
to the environment.
9. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
10. Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid
waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them and Pollute water
bodies.
11. Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat to the people.
Causes aesthetic problem and nuisance due to nauseating pungent odor.
12. Promotes spreading of diseases.
13. The situation further aggravated by the indiscriminate disposal of Hospital and
Clinical Waste.
14. Presence of extremely high level of total and Facial E-coli form.
Q.1 (c) Explain the methods of collection of municipal solid waste.

Ans. (A) Collection system Based on the availability of service

1. Curb (Kerb-side)
Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households, typically (04 Marks
in urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. House owner is responsible Two marks
for placing solid waste containers at the curb on scheduled day. The work man come, each for
collect and empty the container and put back at the curb. House owner is required to any two)
take back the empty containers from the curb to his house.
2. Alley Service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen
from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and
empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid
waste vehicle where it is emptied.

B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation

1. Hauled Container System

An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage site to
replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point,
transfer station or disposal site.
2. Stationary Container System
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of collection.
The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and
collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles
and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.

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Q.1 (d) State the typical constituents of municipal landfill gas.

Ans. Constituents Range (04 Marks

Methane 30 to 60% One mark
Carbon Dioxide 34 to 60% each for
Nitrogen 01 to 21% any four)
Oxygen 0.1 to 02%
Hydrogen Sulphide 00 to 01%
Carbon Monoxide 00 to 0.2%
Hydrogen 00 to 0.2%
Ammonia 0.1 to 01%
Q.1 (e) Define i)Pyrolysis ii)Leachate

Ans. i)Pyrolysis (02 Marks)

Pyrolysis is also called as destructive distillation or carbonization. It is the process of
thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature in an inert (oxygen
deficient) atmosphere or vacuum, producing a mixture of combustible Carbon monoxide,
Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2, C2H6] and non combustible Carbon dioxide,
Water, Nitrogen [CO2, H2o, N2] gases, pyroligeneous liquid, chemicals and charcoal.

ii)Leachate

Leachate is the liquid that seeps through solid wastes or other medium and has extracts (02 Marks)
of dissolved or suspended material from it.
Q.1 (f) State the schedule – II of biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998
Ans.
Schedule – II of biomedical waste

(04 Marks)

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Q.1 (g) State the status of recycling of solid waste in India

Ans.  The rules in India require municipalities to ensure community participation in (04 Marks
waste segregation and to promote recycling of segregated materials. for any
four
 In India there is no formal recycling system but informal recyclers are there and points)
play an important role in SWM.

 These comprise of unorganized and unrecognized establishments which are

difficult to be monitored by government agencies.

 However resource recovery through material recycling is taking place in India in a

big way, through unorganized ways.

Q.2 Attempt any four of the following 16 Marks

Q.2 (a) Explain any one leachate control system with neat sketch.

Ans. 1. Single liner system (04 Marks

for any one
Such system comprises a single primary barrier overlain by leachate collection system system)
with appropriate separation/ protection layer.

2. Single composite Liner system

A composite liner comprises two barriers, made of different materials , placed in intimate
contact with each other to provide a beneficial combined effect of both the barriers.
Usually a flexible geo membrane is placed over a clay or soil barrier.

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3. Double Liner system

In an double liner system a single liner system is placed twice, one beneath other. The top
barrier (primary barrier) is overlaid by a leachate system. Beneath the primary barrier
another leachate collection system (leak collection layer) is placed by second barrier
(secondary barrier).This type of system offers double safety and used for industrial waste
landfill.

Q.2 (b) State the advantages and disadvantages of incineration process.

Ans. Advantages of incineration: (02 marks)

i) Capable of producing energy.
ii) Requires minimum land.
iii)Can be operated in any weather.
iv) Produces stable odour free residue.
Dis-advantages of incineration: (02 marks)
i) Causes air pollution.
Expensive to build and operate.
iii) High energy requirement.
iv) Require skilled personnel and continuous maintenance.
Q.2 (c) State the types of incinerator and explain any one.

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Ans. Following are the types of incinerators (01 Mark)

i) Mass burning incinerators

ii) Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) incinerators
iii) Modular incinerators
iv) Fluidised-bed incinerators

i) Mass burning incinerators

Mass-burning systems are the predominant form of MSW incineration. A massburn
facility typically consists of a reciprocating grate combustion system and a refractory- (03 Marks
lined, water-walled steam generator. Mass-burn systems generally consist of either two for any
or three incineration units ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000 tonnes per day. That is to one)
say, the facility capacity ranges from about 100 – 150 to 2,000 – 3,000 tonnes per day.
These facilities can accept refuse that has undergone little preprocessing other than the
removal of oversized items. Although this versatility makes mass-burn facilities
convenient and flexible, local programmes to separate household hazardous wastes (e.g.,
cleaners and pesticides) and recover certain materials (e.g., iron scrap) are necessary to
help ensure environmentally viable incineration and resource conservation.

ii) Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) incinerators

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) refers to solid wastes in any form that is used as fuel. The term
RDF, however, is commonly used to refer to solid waste that has been mechanically
processed to produce a storable, transportable and more homogeneous fuel for
combustion. RDF systems have two basic components: RDF production and RDF
incineration.
RDF production facilities make RDF in various forms through material separation, size
reduction and pelletising. Although RDF processing has the advantage of removing
recyclables and contaminants from the combustion stream, on an average, capital costs
per tonne for incineration units that use RDF are higher than for other incineration
options. RDF production plants like mass-burn incinerators characteristically have an
indoor tipping floor. Instead of being pushed onto a pit, the waste in an RDF plant is
typically fed onto a conveyor, which is either below grade or hopper fed. In some plants,
the loader doing the feeding will separate corrugated and bulky items, like carpets.

iii) Modular incinerators

Modular incinerator units are usually prefabricated units with relatively small capacities
between 5 and 120 tonnes of solid waste per day. Typical facilities have between 1 and 4
units with a total plant capacity of about 15 to 400 tonnes per day. The majority of
modular units produce steam as the sole energy product. Due to their small capacity,
modular incinerators are generally used in small communities or for commercial and
industrial operations. Their prefabricated design gives modular facilities the advantage of
a shorter construction time. Modular combustion systems are usually factory-assembled
units consisting of a refractory-lined furnace and a waste heat boiler. Both units can be
pre-assembled and shipped to the construction site, which minimises field installation
time and cost. Adding modules or units, installed in parallel can increase facility capacity.
For example, a 200 tonne-per-day facility may consist of 4 units, a 50-tonne-per-day
consists of 2 units and a 100 tonne-per-day consists of 1 unit. The number of units may

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depend on the fluctuation of waste generation for the service area and the anticipated
maintenance cycle of the units.

iv) Fluidised-bed incinerators

Fluidised-bed incineration of MSW is typically medium scale, with processing capacity
from 50 to 150 tonnes per day. In this system, a bed of limestone or sand that can
withstand high temperatures, fed by an air distribution system, replaces the grate. The
heating of the bed and an increase in the air velocities cause the bed to bubble, which
gives rise to the term fluidised. There are two types of fluidised-bed technologies, viz.,
bubbling bed and circulating bed. The differences are reflected in the relationship
between air flow and bed material, and have implications for the type of wastes that can
be burned, as well as the heat transfer to the energy recovery system. Unlike mass-burn
incinerators, fluidised-bed incinerators require front-end preprocessing, also called fuel
preparation. They are generally associated with source separation because glass and
metals do not fare well in these systems and also they can successfully burn wastes of
widely varying moisture and heat content, so that the inclusion of paper and wood, which
are both recyclable and burnable, is not a crucial factor in their operation (and thus paper
can be extracted for higher-value recycling).

Q.2 (d) State sources of bio-medical waste and give average BMW generation rate.

Ans. Following are the sources of biomedical waste. (02 Marks

1) Hospitals for any
2) Health Clinics four )
3) Nursing Homes
4) Medical Research Laborattories
5) Pharmacies
6) Blood Banks
7) Funeral Homes
8) Veterinary Homes
BMW generation rate. (02 Marks)
Non Hazardous (75-
90%)
Hazardous (10 -25%) Infectious (15-18%) Other Hazardous (05-
 Non Sharp 07%)
 Sharp  Radioactive
Biomedical  Liquid waste waste
Waste  Discarded
glass
 Chemical
waste
 Cytotoxic
waste
Q.2 (e) State benefits of recycling of E-waste.

Ans. Following are the benefits of E-waste (04 Marks

for any
i)To save raw material resources in production
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ii)To save energy in production four )
iii)To reduce solid waste in landfills
iv)To minimize environmental pollution

Q.2 (f) Define: i) Biomedical waste ii) E-waste

i) Biomedical waste

Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biological,
and including categories mentioned in schedule I.

ii) E-waste
E-waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic and electrical devices and
components as well as substances involved in their manufacture and repair process.

Q.3 Attempt any four of the following 16 Marks

Q.3 (a) Explain chemical characteristics of solid waste.

Ans. Chemical characteristics (04 Marks

Lipids for any
Carbohydrates four )
Proteins
Heating value
Natural fibres
Lipids:
This class of compounds includes fats, oils and grease, and the principal sources of lipids
are garbage, cooking oils and fats. Lipids have high heating values, about 38,000
kJ/kg(kilojoules per kilogram), which makes waste with high lipid content suitable for
energy recovery. Since lipids become liquid at temperatures slightly above ambient, they
add to the liquid content during waste decomposition. Though they are biodegradable,
the rate of biodegradation is relatively slow because lipids have a low solubility in water.
Carbohydrates:
These are found primarily in food and yard wastes, which encompass sugar and polymer
of sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose, etc.) with general formula (CH2O)x. Carbohydrates are
readily biodegraded to products such as carbon dioxide, water and
methane. Decomposing carbohydrates attract flies and rats, and therefore, should not be
left exposed for long duration.
Proteins:
These are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and consist of
an organic acid with a substituted amine group (NH2). They are mainly found in food and
garden wastes. The partial decomposition of these compounds can result in the
production of amines that have unpleasant odours.
Heating value:
An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel for incineration requires a
determination of its heating value, expressed as kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). The
heating value is determined experimentally using the Bomb calorimeter test, in which the

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heat generated, at a constant temperature of 25C from the combustion of a dry sample is
measured. Since the test temperature is below the boiling point of water (100C), the
combustion water remains in the liquid state. However, during combustion, the
temperature of the combustion gases reaches above 100C, and the resultant water is in
the vapour form.
Natural fibres:
These are found in paper products, food and yard wastes and include the natural
compounds, cellulose and lignin, that are resistant to biodegradation. (Note that paper is
almost 100% cellulose, cotton over 95% and wood products over 40%.) Because they are
a highly combustible solid waste, having a high proportion of paper and wood products,
they are suitable for incineration. Calorific values of oven-dried paper products are in the
range of 12,000 -18,000 kJ/kg and of wood about 20,000 kJ/kg, i.e., about half that for
fuel oil, which is 44,200 kJ/kg.
Q.3 (b) Enlist sources of solid waste.

Ans. Sources of solid wastes in the community are: (04 Marks

1. Residential for any
2. Commercial eight )
3. Institutional
4. Construction and demolition
5. Municipal services
6. Treatment plant sites
[Link]
8. Agricultural
9. Bio medical waste

Q.3 (c) Explain solid waste management techniques hierarchy.

Ans. (01 Mark)

Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:

1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in production which produces
maximum solid waste and selecting the alternative raw materials. (03 Marks)
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less possible then minimize the use
of raw materials producing more waste by implementing different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials some materials are repeatedly
used again and again for same purpose.
The following measures are therefore proposed to be taken to Reduce,
Re-use and Recycling of waste by all concerned:
 All manufacturers producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic products,
food as well as non-food should be persuaded to seriously endeavour to use re-
usable packaging materials so that after the delivery of goods, the packaging
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materials could be collected back and used over and over again.

 Incentives and product discount should be given to consumers for the return of
packaging or bottling materials in good condition, to the waste producers or
retailers to promote re-use.

 The cost of packed articles and article without the packaging material could be
kept different with a choice to the consumers to take the article without the
packaging material at low cost.

4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable products is done and

then they are manufactured into new products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are processed which includes
activities like recycling and composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered after all other possible actions
to recover that waste matter. It may includes incineration, dumping.
Q.3 (d) Explain importance of solid waste management in making any city as smart city.

Ans. 1. Environmentally friendly: (04 Marks

a. Correct ways of waste management especially industrial waste can for any two
keep our environment from pollution. points)
Example:
i. Heavy metal such as mercury which can harm to our ecosystem. Proper disposal
required.
ii. Nuclear waste to prevent radiation to our natural environment.
2. Waste causes resource depletion:
This is due to the common buying pattern: buy, throw, and then buy again. As the waste
piles up high, the demand for more products also rises, almost exhausting the natural
resources. This has a spiral effect, mainly involving threats to biodiversity, deforestation,
pollution, and other environmental problems.
[Link] management
is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste
materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is
generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management
can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and
fields of expertise for each
(Note: Marks should be given to other appropriate points also )
Q.3 (e) Explain transportation system for municipal solid waste.

Ans.  Transportation of the waste stored at waste stored at waste storage depots at (04 Marks)
regular intervals is essential to ensure no garbage bins / containers overflow and
waste is not seen littered on the street.
 Hygienic conditions can be maintained in cities / towns only if regular clearance of
waste from temporary waste storage bin is ensured.
 Transportation system has to be so designed that it is efficient and cost effective.
 Following are the main issues to be addressed for effective transportation system.

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i) Irregular transportation.
ii) Underutilization of fleet of vehicle.
iii) Open trucks
iv) Non-routing vehicle
Q.3 (f) Draw the organization pattern of solid waste management.

Ans. (04 Marks)

Q.4 Attempt any four of the following 16 Marks

Q.4 (a) State requirements of location of transfer station.

Ans. Factors affecting selection of site for transfer station: (04 Marks
1. Waste scattering / Pollution: It should be selected such that it should not create One mark
nuisance to nearby areas. each for
2. Haul Distance: It should be constructed at suitable locations so as to minimize haul any four)
distances.
3. Heritage place: It should be away from heritage place.
4. Traffic flow: It should be located in area where traffic flow is smooth.
5. Electricity: Electricity should be available.
6. Rate of land: It should be located in area where rates of land and property are cheap.

Q.4 (b) Draw neat labeled sketch of Litter Bin.

Ans.
(04 Marks)

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Q.4 (c) State the parameters to be taken into account while making storage facility for solid
waste.
Ans.
Following parameters to be taken into account while making storage facility for solid
waste. (04 Marks
i) Efficiency, i.e., the containers should help maximize the overall collection efficiency. One mark
ii) Convenience, i.e., the containers must be easily manageable both for residents and each for
collection crew. any four)
iii) Compatibility, i.e., the containers must be compatible with collection equipment.
iv) Public health and safety, i.e., the containers should be securely covered and stored.
v) Ownership, i.e., the municipal ownership must guarantee compatibility with collection
equipment.
Q.4 (d) Describe factor affecting composting process.

Ans. [Link]
Composting of organic waste depends upon the type of bacteria involve in composting
process. (04 Marks
2. Moisture One mark
Moisture tends to occupy the free air space between the particles, hence when the each for
moisture content is very high anaerobic conditions set in. Optimum moisture content is any four)
between 50 to 60%.
3. Temperature
Activities of organism depends upon the temperature, so for efficient composting process
optimum temperature need to be maintained.
4. Aeration
It is necessary to ensure that oxygen is supplied throught the mass and aerobic activity is
maintained.
5. Addition of sewage and sludge
To maintain optimum C/N ratio addition of sewage is done as it also bring down the cost
of sewage sludge treatment.
6. C/N ratio
Optimum range of C/N ratio is 26-31 depending upon other environmental conditions.
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Q.4 (e) State any four advantages and disadvantages of landfill method.
Ans.
Advantages of landfill method. (02 Marks)
i) Applicable for large verities of waste.
ii) Economical build to operate.
iii) Low energy requirement.
iv) Jobs will be created for local people.
v) Filled land can be reused for other community purpose.
Dis -advantages of landfill method.
i) Require large area of land. (02 Marks)
ii) Difficult to operate in rainy season.
iii) Produced leachate which may cause contamination of ground water.
iv) Site will look ugly when it is being used.
v) Trucks delivering the waste to site may causes noise pollution.
Q.4 (f) Differentiate between Banglore method and Indore method of composting

Ans. (04 Marks

One mark
each for
any four)

Q.5 Attempt any FOUR of the following. (16)

Q.5 a) Explain Vermicomposting.

Ans. Vermicomposting is the process in which various worms such as red wigglers, white
worms and other earthworms are used to create a heterogeneous mixture of
decomposing vegetables or food waste, bedding materials and vermicast. The end
product of the breakdown of organic matter by an earthworm is worm manure or worm 04 M
humus. This process increases nutrients and reduces contaminants. Vermicomposting
stabilizes organic solids through earthworm consumption. Decomposition in earthworms
occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms such as funi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc.
inhabiting the gut resulting in particle size reduction. Vermicomposting process is
influenced by temperature, moisture, aeration etc. Conditions unfavorable to anaerobic
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decomposition result ineffective vermicompostig. Hence preprocessing of waste and
maintaining favorable environmental condition is necessary for vermicomposting.
Earthworms acts as turners, mixers, accelerators, screeners, aerators and pathogen
controllers. Vermicomposting can be done in small scale in worm bins and traditionally on
large scale. The product obtained at the end is a nutrient rich manure which is
ecologically safe.

Q.5 b) Explain collection and disposal of industrial waste.

Ans. The collection of industrial waste should be regular and frequent from various industries.
The storage of hazardous industrial waste should be in a separate covered shed having
proper fencing and restricted access. Technically competent contractors should be
allowed to handle industrial waste with environmental awareness. Labeling ,coding of
hazardous waste with assurance of emergency services in case of spillage during
collection and transportation should be made mandatory. The most predominant and 04 M
practiced methods for industrial waste disposal are Secure Landfill, Incineration and
Recycling.
The disposal of industrial wastes can be used depending upon the characteristics of
industrial wastes. The industrial wastes can be categorized as hazardous and non
hazardous waste.
Recycling method used for disposal of ash in the manufacture of cement, construction
materials. Incineration with off gas monitoring method is used for industrial wastes such
as solvents, Residues etc. Secured land filling method is used for STP sludge, plant sludge
etc.

Q.5 c) State biomedical waste management technologies and explain any one.

Ans. Biomedical waste management technologies are as follows.

[Link] Burrial 2. Autoclaving 3. Microwaving 4. Chemical disinfection
[Link]/Shredding 6. Incineration 7. Secured Sanitary landfills 8. Encapsulation 01

Deep Burrial: It is a pit 2 m deep half filled with waste and remaining with lime within 50
cm of the surface before filling the rest with soil. On each time when biomedical wastes
are added to the pit a layer of 10 cm of soil should be added to cover the waste. The deep
burial site should be relatively impermeable, away from residential area, vicinity of
drinking water to avoid risk of pollution. The institute should maintain the record of all Any one 03
sites of deep burial.
M for each
Autoclaving: It involves sterilization with steam at 120 degree Celsius temp under 15 psi
pressure fo 60 to 90 min. Autoclaves are used for disinfection of surgical instruments.
Infectious wast can be autoclaved by exposing it to 160 degree Celsius temp at 6 bars
pressure for about 20 min.
( Any one explaination of above methods)

Q.5 d) State hazardous substances in E-waste and its health effects on health and
environment.

Ans. The hazardous substances in E waste and its ill effects on health and environment are as
follows.
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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[Link]. Hazardous Ill effects on health and environment
Substances in E waste
1 Lead Damage to nervous system, blood systems, Kidney &
Brain growth Any four 01
2 Cadmium Neural Damage, Toxic effect in kidney & liver due to M for each
accumulation
3 Mercury Damage to brain, Respiratory and skin disorders
4 Cromium DNA damage, Asthamatic Bronities
5c Barium Damage to Heart, Liver, Spleen, Muscle Damage
6 Berillium Lung Cancer, Skin Diseases
7 Brominated flame Damage of endocrine system
retarders
8 Plastic Damage to Immune & reproductive system
Q.5 e) Explain disposal of E-waste.

Ans. The disposal of E waste is done by Land filling , Incineration & Reuse methods as follows:
i) Land filling: In land filling, trenches are made on flat surfaces. Soil is excavated
from the trenches and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by thick
layer of soil. Secure land filling are provided with some facilities like
impervious liner made up of plastic o clay, Leachate collection basin that
collect and transfer the leachate to wastewater treatment plant.
Environmental risk from land filling of E waste cannot be neglected because
the condition of land filling site are different from a native soil, particularly
concerning the leaching behavior of metals.
ii) Incineration: It is controlled and complete combustion process, in which the
waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high 04 M
temperature. Advantages of incineration of E waste are the reduction of waste
volume and utilization of energy content of combustible materials.
iii) Reuse: It is commonly used for electronic equipment like computers, cell phones
etc. It constitutes direct second hand use or use after slight modification of
original functioning equipment. This reduces E waste volume.

Q.5 f) Explain the recycling of industrial waste.

Ans. The recycling of various industrial wastes such as Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, lime sludge,
Ferro alloy slag, Nonferrous metal waste, phosphogypsum, etc are as follows.

1. Fly ash waste from thermal plants is recycled for manufacturing of cement, light
weight aggregates, insulating bricks, precast concrete, soil stabilization, land Any four 01
reclamation etc. M for each
2. Blast furnace slag from steel plants is recycled for manufacture of cement,
refractory, ceramic material, aggregates etc.
3. Phosphogypsum waste from Chemical plants is recycled for manufacture of
gypsum plaster, boards, tiles, cement products etc.
4. Nonferrous metal industry waste is recycled for manufacture of binder material,
construction blocks, heavy clay products, colored concrete, floor tiles, polymer
doors etc.
5. Lime sludge from paper allied industries is recycled for manufacturing of building
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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
lime, masonry cement, lime bricks, binder materials etc.
Q.6 Attempt any FOUR of the following. (16)

Q.6 a) Explain health problems during segregation and recycling of solid waste.

Ans. During segregation and recycling of solid waste sanitary workers face to direct health
risks.
For public, health problems arises from the breeding of diseases due to flies, insects &
Rats. The health problems are more serious when transfer of pollution to water, ground
water & air takes place. Air pollution causes due to insufficient burning of wastes in open
or in plants due to improper gaseous effluent removal devices. Mixing of hazardous
wastes from industries with municipal wastes create risks to human health. Danger of
concentration of heavy metals in the food chain due to industrial effluent discharges into
drainage system creates danger to public health. Sanitary workers dealing with municipal 04 M
solid waste are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, worms etc. The organic fraction
of municipal solid waste provides food and shelter to insects and rodents which causes 22
human diseases due to improper solid waste management causing adverse impact upon
public health and environmental quality.
Q.6 b) State the importance of public involvement and participation in solid waste
management.

Ans. The importance of public involvement & participation can be described as per following
points.
1. To increase the awareness of SWM among the people.
2. To promote The principles of Reduction, Reuse, Recycling & Recovery.
3. To reduce littering of waste on streets, drains & open spaces. Any four 01
4. To plan segregation oh hazardous, non-hazardous; dry wet waste, E waste, BMW M for each
& industrial waste.
5. To reduce the environmental pollution.
6. To increase efficiency of planning & implementation of SWM.
7. To improve management strategies with local municipal authorities.
8. To encourage composting & recycling initiatives in public & agencies.

Q.6 c) State Do’s and Don’ts to avoid health problem during solid waste management.

Ans. Do’s and Don’ts to avoid health problems during solid waste management are as follows.
Do’s: 1. Frequent and regular collection and disposal of municipal solid waste.
2. Separate collection of Non hazardous Domestic and hazardous Industrial Wastes.
3. Safety precautions including use of hand gloves, Masks Gum Boots etc during 02 M
solid waste handling.
4. Regular health check up capms for workers and public residing near dumping
yards.
Don’t’s: 1. Burning of solid waste in open yards, plots.
2. Mixing of Dry and Wet solid Domestic Wastes.
02 M
3. Discharging industrial liquid waste in natural drains.
4. Mixing of recyclables in municipal solid waste.
(Credit marks may be given to similar points)
Q.6 d) Explain process of public involvement and participation in solid waste management.

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Ans. Public involvement and participation can be achieved through following steps.
Public involvement can be increased by public awareness programs, effective community
participation, transparent and clean administration, introduction of citizen chapters and
accountability at all levels. 04 M
Public participation in solid waste management can be achieved by following steps.
1. Identification of areas where public participation is essential.
2. Reaching the community and seeking the cooperation for problem finding and
their solution.
3. Public information, Education and communication programs by group meetings,
workshops, exhibitions, lectures and panel discussions.
4. Use of print media, TV, Cinema, Radio, Web sites, Posters, Pamphlets, School
curriculum, NGO etc.

Q.6 e) State methods of collection of recyclables and explain any one.

Ans. The methods of collection of recyclables are as follows.

1. Curbside collection
2. Buy back centers 02 M
3. Drop off centers
4. Deposit Programs
Curbside collection: In this method the resident in urban or sub urban area sorts
recyclable household waste according to type of material in separate bins which
are placed on curb side or at collection point weekly or fortnightly which is
collected by municipal workers.
Any one 02
Buy back centers: Buy back centers established at central locations purchase the M
cleaned recyclable sorted waste from residents. These centers send this collection
to recycling factories.
Drop off centers: The collected recyclables is dropped at reprocessing plants
directly.
Deposit Programs: The resident purchases households after paying deposit
amount. After use waste containers are given back to sellers getting back deposit
along with bonus point for redemption for next purchase.
( Explanation of any one method)

Q.6 f) State purpose of recycling of solid waste.

Ans. The purposes of recycling of solid waste are as follows.

i) To save raw material resources in production
ii) To save energy in production Any four 01
iii) To reduce solid waste in landfills M for each
iv) To minimize environmental pollution
v) To reduce the consumption of conventional raw materials.
vi) To reduce air pollution from incinerations.

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