ATP: Energy currency of the cell

- Found in the Mitochondria ATP-ADP Cycle

Adenosine Triphosphate
- Made up of an organic molecule
adenosine, plus a tail of 3 phosphate
groups

❖ Ribose is the ring sugar of nucleic acid

❖ Phosphate groups will always be 3
(TRIphosphate) - Pagnaconsume energy, ATP gets rid of
❖ Adenosine one phosphate molecule making it
- Nucleoside→ nucleotide but adenosine diphosphate
without the phosphate group - When at rest, the ADP gets converted
- Can be found in ATP back to ATP via adding one phosphate
❖ Adenine molecule, energy is replenished
- Considered nitrogenous base - Metabolism - describes all chemical
- Found in nucleic acid/ DNA and reactions on our body which keeps us
RNA alive and functioning
How does it work? 2 types of Metabolism
- In the 3 phosphate groups, there is 1. Anabolism
phosphate group that will be removed - Endergonic, energy-consuming
for the use of energy processes
- The bond between the two phosphate - Process which builds
groups will be broken in order to make molecules of the body which
the energy available for the cells usually requires energy
- If 1 phosphate will be removed it will be - Dahil gumagamit ng energy,
called adenosine diphosphate nawawala yung isang phosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate group
- Remaining molecules - Pag nakapag rest (ADP) →
- After removal of phosphate end will undergo phosphorylation
❖ The ATP energizes the other molecules ★ Phosphorylation
inside the cell by transferring the - Adding of phosphate group or molecule
phosphate group to molecules - Hydrolysis ( adding water
❖ The cell can perform mechanical, removes phosphate) and
chemical and transport process or all anabolism are related with one
other processes that needs energy another
How energy is released from ATP 2. Catabolism
- ATP transfer energy from the breakdown - Exergonic, energy-releasing
of food molecules to cell function processes
- Energy is released when phosphate - Set of metabolic processes
group is removed which breaks down large
- ADP is changed into ATP when molecules to
phosphate group is added produce/replenish energy
 - Addition of phosphate molecule
(ATP) Chlorophlast
- pigment containing organelle found in
Photosynthesis plant cells ; pigment absorbs sunlight
- Process that harness light energy from (chlorophyll)
the sun to convert carbon dioxide and - Stages of photosynthesis happen in the
water to glucose chloroplast
- Light reaction → takes place in the
thylakoid
- Dark reaction (calvin cycle) → takes
place in the stroma (aqueous part
of the chloroplast)
Organisms that are capable of The nature of light
Photosynthesis: Light
- Plants - Form of electromagnetic energy or
- Algae radiation energy ; has particle quality
- Cyanobacteria Photon
- Protists - Particle of light that serves as a discrete
Reduction-Oxidation Reaction bundle of energy
- Involves transfer of electrons between - Measurement of light
atoms - Particles of light that is essential for
- Atoms are reduced when they gain photosynthesis
electrons
- Atoms are oxidized when they lose
electrons
Leora
- Lose electron → oxidize → reducing
agents
Geroa
- Gain electron → reduced →
oxidizing agents
Short wavelength
- High in energy and high in frequency
Long wavelength
- Low energy and low frequency
How plants capture light
Photoelectric Effect
Leaf
- A beam of light has the power to remove
- primary organ for photosynthesis
electrons from certain molecules
- leaf contains stomata
creating an electrical current
Stomata
- Photons transfer energy to electrons
- pores found along the
- Chloroplasts acts as photoelectric
undersurface of leaves → applicable
devices which absorb sunlight and
for terrestrial plants na nasa ilalim ang transfer the electrons
stomata to prevent ang pag exit ng Photosynthetic Pigments
oxygen and to prevent wilting Chlorophyll A - red, blue-violet light rays
❖ Aquatic plants → stomata is on the - Participates in the photosynthesis itself
surface to interact with their Chlorophyll B - orange, blue light rays
environment - Does not participate directly in the
- Facilitates the entrance of CO2 and exit reaction
of O2 Carotenoid - blue-green light rays
 - Does not participate directly in the
reaction
CB AND CAROTENOID
- Channels energy it absorbs to the
chlorophyll A to boost its energy
- Absorb light rays/energy then pass it to
chlorophyll A

Photosystems
- Consists of antennal complex and
reaction center
- Networks that help biochemical
mechanism in plants by which the Photosystem
chlorophyll absorbs light energy for - Absorption peak of 700nm; reaction
photosynthesis center is called P700
- Functional units for photosynthesis Photosystem 2
- Defined by a particular pigment - Absorption peak of 680nm; reaction
organization and association patterns center is called P680
whose work is absorption and transfer of Cytochrome b6-f complex
light energy which implies the transfer of - complex fo electron carriers that linked
electrons the 2 photosystems(ETC)
Antennal complex Chemiosmosis
- Gather photons and channel light energy - Energy from electrons transfer protons
to reaction center across the thylakoid membrane to
Reaction Center generate proton gradient used by ATP
- Photochemical reaction occurs synthase enzyme
Photochemical reactions Electron transport chain (ETC)
- Reactions that are triggered kapag - Photo-excited electrons enter a series of
nagkakaroon ng absorption of light carriers that pass electron from one
energy carrier to another
Photosynthesis Light reaction process
Photosynthetic Reactions
1. Light Dependent Reaction
- Uses light, water and light
absorbing molecules
(chlorophyll)
- PHOTOLYSIS - water molecules
are being broken down into
hydrogen ions, electrons and
oxygen gas through light energy
(Thylakoid)
- Photo = light , lysis = splitting

- With the help of sunlight the water

molecule will split into electrons,
hydrogen ions and oxygen
- The electrons will move to the first
photosystems, photosystem 2
- When the chlorophyll absorbs the light
energy, these electrons will become
excited/ energized
- Once the electrons are energized they
will escape the photosystem 2 and move
down to the first electron transport chain
- As the first set of electrons moves down
to the first electron transport chain, they
will generate hydrogen ions and with the
help of ATP synthase enzyme, they will - Materials needed: carbon dioxide,ATP
create phosphates and those will be and NADPH
added to the ADP and will be converted - AIM : to produce glucose or sugar →
to ATP needed for cellular activities of
- Photosystem 2 ay bawal manatiling plants and building new plant
bakante kasi tuloy tuloy ang structures
process → water molecules will 3 SUBSTAGES OF CALVIN CYCLE
undergo photolysis to replace Carbon Fixation
electrons that left the photosystem - Carbon dioxide is captured from the
2 atmosphere and combined with the
- First set of electrons→ photosystem RUBP which is naturally present in cycle
1, kapag nakapag absorb ulit ng - The RUBP, with the help of rubisco, an
light energy these electrons will enzyme, will combine with carbon
become excited and escape the dioxide and produce six carbon
photosystem 1 molecules(unstable) –making it split into
- When they escape p1, they will move two 3-PGA’s
down to the second electron transport Carbon Reduction
chain and this will generate hydrogen - Using ATP and NADPH in order to give
molecules which will reduce NADP+ to electrons to 3-PGA
NADPH - Once ATP is used it will be converted to
- In light dependent reactions, ATP and ADP and one NADPH is used it will be
NADPH are generated. Light energy and converted to NADP+
water will be able to produce ATP and - ADP and NADP+ will return to the first
NADPH which these two will move to the stage (light dependent reaction) in order
next stage which is the Calvin cycle or for them to be processed once again
light independent reaction and oxygen is and create ATP and NADPH
the product of the photosynthesis - ATP and NADPH will transform the 3-
PGA to G3P ( 1 goes to make glucose
2. Light Independent Reaction (calvin while the other one is recycled and will
cycle) enter regeneration of RUBP)
- dark/ calvin cycle Regeneration of RUBP
- Melvin Calvin - ATP is used in order for RUBP to collate
- Takes place in the stroma of the remaining phosphates and carbons in
chloroplasts order to create RUBP once again
- Dependent on the by products of (Last lesson- scenario)
light independent reaction (ATP - Glucose is present in the food that we
and NADPH) eat which is a high energy molecule and
- CO2 is needed we need to digest this glucose in order
- Cycle has to repeat 6 times in for this to be functional and to release
order to make 1 molecule of energy
glucose
Cellular Respiration
- Cells trap and release chemical bonds
step by step in a series of chemical
reactions
- Involves catabolism - metabolic breaking
down of food is mostly facilitated in
energy releasing or exergonic processes
- Opposite of photosynthesis →
reactants of photosynthesis ay Energy Investment Stage
nasa product side meanwhile and - Glucose is the material that needs 2
product ng photosynthesis ay nasa ATP to have phosphate or add a
reactant side phosphate sa bawat dulo ng glucose
- ATP is nasa product side (energy ng (phosporylation)
photosynthesis is nasa arrow mismo - Dahil nagamit ang dalawang ATP it will
kasi part siya ng reaction) now become ADP
- AIM: to create ATP - The 6 glucose molecule na may
dalawang phosphate sa bawat dulo will
be divided into two PGAL
2 types (phospoglyceraldehyde) = 3 carbon
Aerobic Reaction molecule and 1 phosphate sa dulo
- With oxygen - This will now enter the energy payoff
Anaerobic Reaction stage
- Without oxygen Energy Payoff Stage
3 major stages (In other sources 5 siya) - Magkakaroon ng paga-add ng
1. Glycolysis phosphate molecule on both PGALs
2. Pyruvic Acid Oxidation making it biphosphoglycerate kasi
3. Krebs Cycle dalawa na yung phosphate
4. Electron Transport Chain - There are 2 biphosphoglycerate and
5. Chemiosmosis then these will release hydrogen atoms
and that will be added to NAD+ so it will
be reduced to NADH. Ang mga
phosphate nila sa bawat dulo will now
be added sa dalawang ADP to ADP on
both sides to create two ATP on both
sides
- Dahil nabawasan na ng hydrogen ions, it
will now be called pyruvate. May na form
na NADH on both sides and ATP on
both sides and 2 pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
- Process wherein the 6-carbon sugar,
glucose is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate or pyruvic acid
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- Proceeds even in the absence of oxygen
- Anaerobic respiration
Pyruvic Acid Oxidation (PREP STEP)
 - Three carbon pyruvic acid loses CO2 NADH. Carbon Dioxide is released from
and hydrogen ion forming 2 carbon the 6-carbon compound leaving 5-
acetyl group carbon compound (Ketoglutaric Acid)
- Pyruvic will release carbon dioxide - The 5-carbon compound will be
which is the product of cellular releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen
respiration and magrerelease din ng ions leaving 4-carbon compound
hydrogen ions forming NAD+ na (Succinic Acid). NAD+ ay naging NADH
magiging NADH ulit and it also releases phosphate
- Each acetyl group will combine with making the ADP, ATP
coenzyme A(CoA) resulting to formation - Succinic Acid is converted to a new 4-
of Acetyl-CoA molecules carbon compound using FAD turning it
- These two molecules will enter the krebs to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
cycle to begin the aerobic phase of Hydrogen). The new 4-carbon
respiration compound is converted to the 4-carbon
compound that began the cycle. These
will release hydrogen ions forming NAD+
to NADH. Magiging 4-carbon compound
(oxaloacetic acid) nalang.

Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)

- Series of chemical reaction that takes
place in the presence of oxygen inside
the matrix of mitochondria
- Hans Krebs
- Aerobic respiration
Electron Transport Chain
- Inner membrane of mitochondria - where
the electron transport chain takes place
- Electrons travel from carrier to carrier
moving toward the lower energy level of
final electron acceptor, which is oxygen
- Aerobic respiration cannot proceed
without oxygen

- Acetyl-CoA (product sa prep step)

combines with 4-carbon compound
(Oxaloacetic acid) forming 6-carbon
compound
- Enzymes ay hindi sumasama sa
product/reactant kaya pwede paulit ulit - The NADH AND FADH2(From krebs
gamitin therefore ang CoA ay aalisin cycle). Each NADH will donate two
kasi enzyme siya electrons and a proton to the electron
- These 6-carbon compound will release transport chain. FADH2 will also donate
carbon dioxide (product of respiration electron pero sa low energy level lang
and hydrogen ion), once it releases ng chain
hydrogen ions, this will form NAD+ to
 - Donated protons and electrons will - Chemical process by which molecules
reach the final acceptor which is such as glucose are broken down
oxygen. Once it reaches the oxygen it anaerobically
will attract the hydrogen inside the - Process at least 10,000 years old
mitochondria which will result to H2O - Louis Pasteur→best known for
- After the Electron Transport Chain, pasteurization → used the term
Chemiosmosis → describes the fermentation to describe the
movement of electrons in chemical changes bought about by yeasts
gradient. Once the electrons and and other microorganisms growing
protons move down the electron in the absence of air
transport chain, it creates hydrogen - Glycolysis → to produce ATP
ions. Due to the concentration of
the hydrogen ion gradient , the
hydrogen will flow back inside of
the mitochondria. It will pass the
ATP synthase enzyme.
- Once the hydrogen ion pump inside
using the ATP synthase enzyme, this
will convert the ADP to ATP kasi
nakakadaan sa phosphate group.
- Start with glucose and then the NAD+
acts as an electron acceptor. Once it
accepts electron or hydrogen ion it will
now become NADH meanwhile ADP will
be converted to ATP. Dahil walang
oxygen, yung pyruvate will act as the
electron acceptor inorder for glycolysis
to be sustainable
2 Types of Fermentation
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Occurs in humans
- Undergo glycolysis from glucose
and it will create NADH, ATP and
pyruvate
- NADH will release electrons
(NAD+) and pyruvate accepts the
electron from NADH. Pyruvate
will become lactate
2. Ethanol or Alcohol Fermentation
- Occurs in yeast
- Pyruvate will react with
carboxylase —-> it will release
carbon dioxide
- Once NAD+ releases electrons
to become NADH, ang
Fermentation magaaccept ay ang
- Anaerobic harvesting of energy from acetylaldehyde(pyruvate pag
food nabawasan ng carbon dioxide)
and once na maaccept nito ang
electrons, magiging ethanol or
alcohol
- From vid discussion ni maam