“< Magnetic Effects et Chapter - 13 Of Electric Current Magnet is any substance that attracts iron or iron-like substances. Properties of Magnet (i) Every magnet has two poles i.e., North and South. (ii) Like poles repel each other. (ii)Unlike poles attract each other. (iv)A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in nearly north-south direction, with its north pole towards north direction. Magnetic Field : The area around a magnetic in which its magnetic force can be experienced. + Its ST unit is Tesla (7). + Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction. + Magnetic field can be described with help of a magnetic compass. + The needle of a magnetic compass is a freely suspended bar magnet. Characteristics of Field Lines (i) Field lines arise from North pole and end into South pole of the magnet. (ii) Field lines are closed curves. (iii)Field lines are closer in stronger magnetic field. (iv)Field lines never intersect each other as for two lines to intersect, there must be two north directions at a point, which is not possible. Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current(v) Direction of field lines inside a magnet is from South to North, (vi) Therelativestrength of magneticfieldis shownby degreeofclosenessoffield lines. Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet + H.C. Ocrsted was the first person to state that electric current has magnetic field, Right Hand Thumb Rule Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that the thumb is pointing towards the direetion of current. Then the fingers wrapped around the conductor give the direction of magnetic field, Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Due to Current Through a Straight Conductor + Itcan be represented by concentric circles at every point on conductor. + Direction can be given by right hand thumb rule or compass, + Circles are closer near the conductor. + Magnetic field Strength of current Magnetic field c = + anaes Science Class -XMagnetic Field Due to Current Through a Circular Loop + Itcan be represented by concentric circle at every point. + Circles become larger and larger as we move away. + Every point on wire carrying current would give rise to magnetic field appearing as straight line at centre of the loop. + The direction of magnetic field inside the loop is same. Factors affecting magnetic field of a circular current carrying conductor + Magnetic field o: Current passing through the conductor . so 1 Magnetic field oc ————* + Magnetic field oc No. of tums in the coil Magnetic field is additive in nature i.e., magnetic field of one loop adds up to magnetic field of another loop. This is because the current in each circular turn has some direction, Solenoid A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in a cylindrical form, Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current+ Magnetic field of a solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet. + Magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid and represented by parallel field lines. + Direction of magnetic field () Outside the solenoid : North to South (ii) Inside the solenoid : South to North + Solenoid can be used to magnetise a magnetic material like soft iron. (Blectromagnet (Permanent Magnet) 1. It is a temporary magnet, so, 1. Cannot be easily can be easily demagnetised. demagnetised. 2. Strength can be varied. 2. Strength is fixed. 3. Polarity can be reversed. 3. Polarity cannot be reversed, 4, Generally strong magnet. 4. Generally weak magnet. Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet also exerts an equal and opposite force on a current carrying conductor. The displacement in the conductor is the maximum when the direction of current is at right angle to the direction of magnetic field. Direction of force is reversed on reversing the direction of current. Science Class -XFleming's Left Hand Rule Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If fore finger points in the direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the direction of current then thumb will point in the direction of motion or force. Field Thumb-Motion Curent Force Current Electric Motor A motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric motor is used in electric fans, washing machines refrigerators, mixer and grinder and other appliances. Principle of a Motor : An electric motor utilizes the magnetic effect of current. It works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it a torque acts on the coil which rotates it continuously. When the coil rotates the shaft to it also rotates and electrical energy supplied to the motor is converted into mechanical energy. Construction of a Motor : 1. Armature Coil : An electric motor consists of an rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire wound on a soft iron core called armature. 2. Strong Field magnet. : The coil (armature) is placed between two poles of a strong magnet such that arm AB and CD are perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. 3. Split ring type commutator : It consists of two halves of a metallic ring named as P and Q. The two ends of armature coil are connected to these two halves of ring. The function of commutators is that it reverses the direction of current in armature coil. Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current440 = 4, Brushes : Two carbon brushes X and Y press against the commutator. These brushes act as contact between commutator and terminal battery. 5. Battery : It is connected across the carbon brushes. It supplied current to the armature coil. Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush X and flows back to the battery through brush Y. Working of a Motor : 1, When current flows through coil, arm AB and CD experiences magnetic force. 2. On applying Fleming left hand rule, the force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards and arm CD experiences force in upward direction 3. Both these forces are equal and opposite. Two equal and opposite forces acting at different position of armature constitute a couple and rotate the coil in anti- clockwise direction, 4. At half rotation Q makes contact with brush X and P with brush Y. Now the current in the coil get reversed and fiows along the path DCBA. 5. The arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and the arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed down, These two equal and opposite forces constitute a couple, this couple now rotate the coil in clockwise direction. 6. The reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and to the axle, Hence electric energy is converted into mechanical energy. ‘Commercial motor use : (i) An electromagnet in place of permanent magnet. Science Class -X(ii) Large number of tums of the conducting wire in the coil. (iii) soft iron core on which coil is wound plus the coils, is called the armature. (iv) This enhances the power of the motor. Heart and brain in the human body have significant magnetic field. + MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : Image of internal organs of body can be obtained using magnetic field of the organ. Galvanometer : Instrument that can detect the presence of current in a circuit. It also detects the direction of current. Electro Magnetic Induction When a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field, some current is induced in it, Such current is called induced current and the phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. Activity No. 1 (i) Magnetmovedintothecoil: Momentary deflectioninGindicatingpresenceof current. (ii) Magnet kept stationary inside the coil : No deflection. (iiiMagnet is withdrawn : Momentary deflection in G but in opposite direction of first case. Activity No. 2 Coil Coil-2 HH) K Primary Coil Secondary Coil Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current,(i) Switched on : Momentary deffection in G. (ii) Steady curren No deflection. (iii)Switched off : Momentary deflection in G but in opposite direction of the first case. Fleming's Right Hand Rule Hold the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of right hand at right angles to cach other. If the fore finger is in the direction of magnetic field and the thumb points in the direction of motion of conductor, then the direction of induced current is indicated by middle finger. + Working principle of electric generator. + Used to find direction of induced current. Movement of conductor Magnetic field Motion Current induced in conductor eld Induced cu Electric Generator The electric generator is a machine for producing electric current or electricity. The electric generator converts mechanical energy (or kinetic energy) into electrical energy, Principle of Electric Generator : (AC Generator) In an electric generator, ‘mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field to produce electricity. Generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic field lines passing through the coil change and an induced emf is set-up. The principle behind the electric generator is based on Fleming's right hand rule. Science Class -XMagnetic field gs rashes wy ana Ih Re sa Construction of Generator : 1 Field Magnet : Its strong horse-shoe shaped permanent magnet with concave poles. Armature : ABCD is a rectangular armature coil. It consists of a large number of turns of insulated copper wire wound on a soft iron cylindrical core, rings : These are two brass rings, R, and R, rigidly connected to the two ends of the armature coil. As coil rotates slip rings also rotates. Brushes : These are two graphite rods B, and B, which are kept pressed against the slip rings R, and R,. Through these brushes, the current induced in the armature coil is sent to the external circuit Axle : The slip rings are placed on the axle which is made to rotate freely from an extemal source. Galvanometer : To measure current the outer ends of the brushes are converted to the galvanometer. Working of Generator : . The armature coil ABCD is in horizontal position. Now, the coil is rotated clockwise, 1 2, 3. The arm AB moves upwards while the arm CD moves downwards. 4. The coil cuts the magnetic lines of force, 5, According to Flemings' right hand rule, the induced current flows from Ato B in arm AB and C to D in arm CD ic. it flows along ABCD. 6. The induced current flows in the circuit through B, to B, Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current7. After half the rotation of the armature, the arm CD moves upwards and AB moves downwards. The induced current now flows in reverse direction i.e. along DCBA. The current now flows from B, to B,. 8. Thus the direction of current in the external circuit changes after every rotation, Such a current which changes its direction after equal intervals of time is called alternating current, 9. This device is called AC Generator. D.C. GENERATOR DC Generator : It is a device which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. DC Generator has split ring commutator instead of slip rings. Split ring commutator : It consists of two semi cylindrical brass rings R, and R, attached to the two ends of the armature coil. As the armature coil rotates, the two split rings also rotate about the same axis of rotation. Alternate Current (A. C.) : The current which reverses its direction periodically. a + In India, A. C. reverses its direction in every 100 second. py ae Time period = 400 " 300 ~ 5s — Frequency = Timeperied — = 50 > S0Hz Advantage + A.C. can be transmitted over long distance without much loss of energy. isadvantage + A.C. cannot be stored. Direct Current (D. C.) : The current which does not reverse its direction. + D.C. can be stored, + Loss of energy during transmission over long distance is high. + Sources of D. C. : Cell, Battery, Storage cells, Domestic Electric Circuits + There are three kinds of wires used Science Class -X(i) Live wire (positive) with red insulation cover. (ii) Neutral wire (negative) with black insulation cover. (iii)Earth wire with green insulation cover. + The potential difference between live and neutral wire in India is 220 V. + Pole Main supply > Fuse > city meter > Distribution box —> To separate circuits ‘ed — Electoity ; Electricity Boas fuse meter’ pisiibuion box containing main switch and fuses for each circuit Earth Wire : Protects us from electric shock in case of leakage of current especially in metallic body appliances. It provides a low resistance path for current in ease of leakage of current Short Circuit : When live wire comes in direct contact with neutral wire accidently. + Resistance of cireuit becomes low. + Can result in overloading. Overloading : When current drawn is more than current carrying capacity of a conductor, it results in overloading. Causes of overloading : (i) Accidental hike in voltage supply. (ii) Use of more than one appliance in a single socket. Safety devices : (i) Electric fuse (ii) Earth wire (iii) MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current