CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction to SIWES

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme, known as SIWES is an exercise which

enables industries, labour employers etc, to contribute to the development of technical

operative skills.

Certainly, it is a way of improving the technical skill power of the students by means

of practical experience of what has been theoretically learnt in various higher Institutions of

learning in Nigeria.

1.2 Why Do We Need SIWES

As a SIWES student, there is obvious evidence to authenticate the fact that little or no

practical exposure of students in higher institutions of learning militates against the

development of quality and standard of engineering and technical education in this country.

This has led to serious threat to the industrial and technical growth of the country as industries

and establishment finds our graduates unsuitable for employment. The SIWES is primarily

aimed at supplementary the gap in skills acquisition of students.

1
1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of SIWES to acquire the practical experience of the theoretically knowledge

of the course of study in school.

Objectives

The SIWES programme was developed to meet the following objectives.

· To expose the student to work outside and likely challenges they might encounter in

the field of work.

· To practicalise and demonstrate what they have been taught in higher institution.

· To provide access to production equipment not available in their institution.

· To enhance industrial satisfaction.

1.4 About The Organisation

Feinald Nigeria Enterprises is situated at 2, Otumara Road, Ebute Meta, Lagos State,

Nigeria and specialized in repairing cars like Toyota, Honda, Nissan e.t.c.

2
In the area of specialization, Feinald Nigeria Enterprises has the capacity of providing the

following services:

1. Sales

2. Service and Maintenance

3. Provision of authentic spare parts for vehicles

3
1.5 Organizational Charts

MANAGING DIRECTOR

SECRETARY MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

ACCOUNTANT SUPERVISOR

APPRENTICE
SECURITY

I.T STUDENTS

Fig.1: Organizational Chart of Feinald Nigeria Enterprises

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Automobile Tools and Equipments

In the automobile workshop. There are some tools and equipment that are require to be

able to do practical works effectively these must be readily available and it must be the

correct one, which is the one of the safety rules in the workshop this will ensure good work

performance and time spend on each work will also reduces.

2.2 Tools or Equipments used in the Workshop

 Screw driver

 Spanner

 Pliers

 File

 Hammer

 Plug spanner

 Hack saw

 Vice

 Ring compressor

 Crane.

 Car Lift

5
  Track wheel balancing

1. Screw Driver: For driving in and out screws

2. Spanner: In automobile workshop, varieties of spanner are make use of each of which

has its own particular use e.g. A set of socket spanner are exceeding useful in

mechanical workshop it is mainly used to loose or tight bolt and nut.

3. Plier: These tools are available in various shape and sizes for bending, holding, and

cutting jobs.

4. File: Files are tool that brings the component to its final and designed finish

component it is made in several different sizes, grandees and shapes.

5. Hammer: This tool are available in to various sizes shapes and designs for specific

operation, it is used drive in objects. The mallet ones are used to delicate objects.

6. Crane: This is a huge machine which is used to lift up heavy object like engine block

with little effort when dismounting an engine.

7. Track Wheeling Balancing: It is available in various shape and sizes and being used

to balance the wheel of vehicles.

8. Alignment: It is being used to gauge the clearance of the tie rod steering wheel.

9. Scanning Machine: It is being used to diagnose the problem of vehicles.

10. Jack: It is being used to remove type.

6
PLIER

SCREWDRIVER

FLAT SPANNER

7
RING SPANNER

L&K

CRANE

SCREWDRIVER

8
JACK

Fig. 2: Tools Used in Workshop

2.3 Safety Precautions in Workshop

The Need for Safety: The Number of accident reported in our industries have

continued to increase over the years, discussion with workers have revealed that more

emphasis should be attached to safety education and training, this is the reasons behind the

teaching of safety as a first step in the workshop. Safety is the system in the workshop to keep

the workers and the workshop as well as Company in order not to harmful or damage on

machine and not allow just anybody to penetrate the Company.

2.3.1 General Safety Precaution

Personal Safety: To avoid injuries to yourself and your workmates on the shop floor, the

following point must form part of the general code of behaviours.

9
 i. Do not act foolishly on the shop floor

ii. Do not operate any machine that you have not used before without learning about

them

iii. Always be tidy in workshop

iv. Always protect your eyes by wearing goggle when working in the Workshop

v. Always wears befitted overall in workshop

vi. Live wire should not be split on the floor or workshop

vii. Do not smoke in the workshop

viii. Do not used hand tools that are not good conditions

ix. Do not run in the workshop

x. Make sure all moving parts of machine must be fenced

xi. Do not throw tools on materials about the shop floor

xii. Always keep away from suspended load

xiii. Never work under the hydraulic jack

xiv. Never clean the machine while it is in motion

xv. Oil or grease should not be split on the floor of the workshop

To avoid damage to the machine of the following point must be considered:

i. Do not play with electrical connection

ii. Always report all faulty to your supervisor

10
 iii. Make sure you understand the function of machine control before operating them

iv. Machine must always be cleansed

v. Moving parts must be oiled regularly as set out in maintenance schedules

2.3.2 The Safe Way to Start Work

i. Obtain assignment (drawing or specimen) think

ii. Thinks of best way to do the work

iii. Think of job hazard

iv. Think of environmental hazards

v. Think of precaution to be taken

A. Preparation

i. Put on appropriates cloth

ii. Collect appropriate tools

iii. Inspect tools for damage

iv. Remove all possible job hazard and environmental hazard

v. Prepare on operation schedule

B. Do The Work

i. Use appropriate tool

ii. Work to logical sequence

11
 iii. Measure or gauge

iv. Finish

v. Measure or gauge

C. Clean Up

i. Collect, clean and return all tools and equipment to store

ii. Clean the machine

iii. Tidy the working areas

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Details of Automobile Engines

In order to understand the operation, function and construction details specification,

materials design and constructional features of different parts is very essential.

Constructional features of an automobile engine have two types of parts .These are:

1. Stationary parts

2. Moving parts

3.2 Stationary Part

12
 Cylinder, block, crane case, cylinder head, upper and lower half bearing , cylinder

exhaust and inlet parts valve, caps, compression corks , water cooling pines, carburetor and

part of the ignition system, exhaust and inlet manifolds.

3.2.1 Moving Part

Crank shaft, connecting rod, piston, piston ring, piston pin, cams, crankshaft, timing

gears, crank shaft gears, values plunger of tappets or lifter, flywheel.

13
Fig. 3: A Complete Engine

3.3 Some of the Important Mechanical Parts are Described Below:

3.3.1 The Engine Cylinder Block

It is the basic frame work of the engine. A rigid metal foundation is provided by the engine

block for various parts of the engine. The cylinders are containing in it the valve seal and

parts. The crankshaft, camshaft piston, connecting rods etc are also support by it. The engine

block may be cast from grey iron of cast iron alloyed with metal or chromium and aluminum.

3.3.2 Crankcase

It is another important part of the engine forming the foundation and main stationary body

of the automobile engine to serve as a support as well as enclosure for the moving provides

support for the crankshaft and camshaft in suitable bearing.

3.3.3 Cylinder Head

14
 The cylinder head in motor vehicle is a separate casting. Bolted to the top of the cylinder

block.

It is a detachable unit made of grey iron or aluminum alloy depending upon the valve

layout, camshaft rockers and valve may be carried in it. Adjacent to the valve and plug

seating, water passage may also be provided.

Fig. 4 : Cylinder Head

3.3.4 Oil Sump

15
 It is used for holding the engine oil. It is steel pressing bolted to the base of the

crankcase. A drain plug is provide with it drain out of the oil to give it better oil cooling, an

aluminum alloy casing having excellent heat conductivity is used in cars to hold oil.

3.3.5 Gaskets

In order to withstand pressure and heat development in the cylinders, the joint between

the cylinder block and cylinder head should be tight it is used to seal in between different

engine parts i.e. between the oil pain and cylinder block and between head or block and

manifolds.

Gaskets are made of several materials like plain copper to thin copper sheets with asbestos

between steel and copper sheet.

Fig. 5: Gaskets

16
3.3.6 Crankshaft

A crankshaft is one of the important rotating parts of the automobile engine. Most of

the engine power is delivered to the crankshaft from expanding gases in the combustion

chamber through the piston pin, connecting rod and their bearings.

The power delivered to the piston by combustion of gases during power stroke is

converted by the crankshaft along with the connection rod into a rotary motion from an up

and down or reciprocation motion.

Fig. 6: Crankshaft

3.3.7 Piston

17
It is fairly simple part of the engine .it is a long cylinder which is open at the bottom and close

at the top. At any intermediate point, it is attached to the connection rod it diameter is slightly

smaller them the bore of the cylinder.

The spare between the piston and the cylinder wall is known as the piton clearance. The main

purpose of a piston is to compress. The air fuel mixture, transmit the combustion pressure to

the crankpin via connecting rod, it is Generally made of aluminum alloys, casts steel, cast iron

or chrome nickel in the side of the piston, grooves are cut for four piston rings incorporated to

seat the compressed and expanding gases above it.

Fig.7: Piston

18
The piston in general consists of three main part head, land and skirt. The top of the piston is

known as piston head. The portion separating the grooves is known as land while the part

below the ring grooves is called the skirt.

3.3.8 Piston Ring

In order to prevent the blow by or the escape to burn goes from the combustion chamber

past the piston as well as to maintain a good pure seal for the oil. The heat from the piston to

the cylinder walls is also transmitted by the piston rings. The piston rings are periphery they

are uniform in size. They are usually made up of cast iron plate with chromium, cadmium or

tin.

19
Fig. 8 : Piston Rings

3.3.9 Piston Pin /Gudgeon Pin

To connect piston to the connecting rod, the piston pins are used. These pins made up of

case hardened steel are holder for inside. To connect the piston to the connecting piston pin to

the piston be set screws via the piston boss and a connecting rod through it bearing to allow

the connecting rod to swivel as desired.

Fig.9: Piston Pins

20
3.3.10 Connecting Rod

In order to transmit motion from the piston to the crankshaft. A connecting rod is used.

It makes connection between the piston and crankshaft by joining the piston of the piston with

the crankpin of the crankshaft. To attach the piston and to the piston, piston pin inserted into

bosses with holes in the piston is used. Generally connecting rods are made of steel forging.

3.3.11 Camshaft

This is a shaft on which corm are attached end and it is fitted to the gear of the crankshaft.

The speed of the crankshaft.

21
Fig. 10: Camshaft

3.4 Water Cooling

3.4.1 Components Parts of Water Cooling System

(1) Radiator: It is designed to expose the hot water to the air steam and act as a storage

tank for cooling water. It consists of top and bottom tank connected by tubes fitted

with fin.

(2) Fan: Is used to drawing air through the radiator when the vehicle is moving slowly or

stationery. It usually close to the radiator. In modern vehicle, fan and pump combine

as integral unit mounted on cylinder head.

(3) Hoses: They are resistance to heat and oil. Hoses are molded into their correct shape

and are either fabric reinforced or thick walled.

(4) Water pump: it circulate the water at increase speed. It usually be an impeller

(centrifugal) type other parts are thermostat and cap.

3.5 Method of Flusing Water Cooling and Simple Maintenance Operation

3.5.1 Flushing of Radiator

22
 This done in opposite direction to water circulation its aim is to remove build-up

sediment or sludge in the radiator fins which may slow circulation. The process is called

BACK FLUSHING

Step 1: Drain the water in the system, remove the filter cap and

disconnect the top and bottom hoses.

Step 2: Remove the thermostat housing and wrap a rag around the end of radiator hose stub.

Step 3: Run the water (with main pressure) until, it over-flowfrom the fitter looks clean and

free flowing.

Removal and Fitting of New Hose

Step 1: Remove the cracked and old hoses by unscrewing the clamp and clean the metal hose

fitting

Step 2: Coat the fitting with a thin layer of non-hardening gasket connect and ensure the

base hose end, pass over raised section of the fitting for enough to position the clamps

properly.

Inspector of Engine Oil Level

Step 1: Park the car on level ground to get right dipstick reading (oil is best check before a

journey because all oil will be in the sump)

23
Step 2: Withdraw the dipstick, wipe it clean and re-insert it and withdraw it for inspection.

Step 3: Note the colour of the oil and its consistence if it is black and cling to the dipstick,

changing is highly necessary.

Draining and Changing Of Oil

Step 1: make available a drain tray & tolls oil filter cap is removed

Step 2: Pack the vehicle on top of the ram and loose and remove oil – daring plug in the sump.

Step 3: Clean the drain plug, washer and seating on the sump

Step 4: Allow the oil drops

Step 5: Replace the plug as soon as the last drop oil is drained from the engine.

Replacement of Oil Filter

Step 1: Get a strap wrench ready

Step 2: Unscrew the old oil filter

Step 3: Clean the stud and screw the new oil filter and make sure the seal is well stealing.

24
BRAKE PAD CARBURATOR

SPARK PLUG COOLING FAN

KEY

STARTER

OIL GAUAGE

25
Fig.11: Automobile Components

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Transmission System

Into this section I was able to assist in repair and maintenance of two basic

transmission systems i.e. the clutch and brake of some automobiles.

In transmission system of motor vehicle, different component concerned with the

transmitting of engine power automatic transmission universal joints, the propeller shaft

and the final drive gearing.

4.1.1 Clutch

The clutch is designed to engage and disengage temporary at rest of the transmission

system to an engine through the gear box arrangement. The present of the clutch is to

prevent sudden shocks when engaging gears during driving it permit the engaging the gear

wheels.

Clutch could be wet or dry and single plate or multiple plate clutches. A struggle plate

release bearing and spring.

4.2 Principle of Operation of Clutch

26
When the driver want to increase or reduce the speed of the vehicles, the drivers operate the

clutch pedal which alternative the release lever, hence the release level compresses the spring

which holds the pressure plate and driven plate onto the lines and surface of the flywheel’s

this occur, it loses frictional of hold on the flywheel and hence disconnected the rest

transmission from the engine and the gear can charged.

27
 Fig. 12: Engine Transmission System

4.2.1 Single Plate Clutch

It is most common type of clutch used in mostly vehicle for producing a quick

disengagement. It consists of a clutch disc, pressure plate and a cover plate bolted to the

engine flywheels.

4.3 Construction

A single plate clutch assembly for transmission of power consists of a flywheel, a clutch

plat clutch cover release lever, withdrawal fork and bearing, primary or clutch shaft.

4.3.1 Multiple Clutches

The clutches are used in heavy commercial vehicles, racing cars and motor cycles for

transmitting high torque in comparison to single plate type.

4.3.2 Braking System

Brake is a friction device for converting the power of momentum or kinetic energy of

the vehicle into heat by means of friction.

28
BRAKING SYSTEM

29
 CLUTCH SYSTEM

Fig.13: Braking System and Clutch System

4.3.3 Principle of Braking

The principle of braking is the reverse of that applied during accelerating a vehicle. In braking

the kinetic energy is covered into heat by means of friction produced between two making

surface of the brake.

4.3.4 Brake System Layout

The brake system in a motor vehicle consists of brake shoes which are made to contact

on auxiliary wheel known as drum. The car wheel is attached to this drum.

4.4 Master Cylinder

It is the central unit in the hydraulic braking system. The hydraulic pressure required to

operate the system is produce here.

The pressure on the brake pedal through different linkage arrangement is transmitted to

master cylinder piston. Master cylinders are made of cast iron and contain brackets and holes

for mounting.

4.4.1 Brake Fluid

30
 For providing and transmitting the braking force of the brake pedals to the brake drum

in the hydraulic braking system. The liquid used is called brake fluid.

4.5 Work Experience

4.5.1 Servicing of Automobile Engine

The steps involved in servicing of Automobile Engine include the following:

Step 1: make available a drain tray & tolls oil filter cap is removed

Step 2: Pack the vehicle on top of the ram and loose and remove oil –

daring plug in the sump.

Step 3: Clean the drain plug, washer and seating on the sump

Step 4: Allow the oil drops

Step 5: Replace the plug as soon as the last drop oil is drained from the

engine.

4.5.2 Replacement Of Oil Filter

Step 1: Get a strap wrench ready

Step 2: Unscrew the old oil filter

31
Step 3: Clean the stud and screw the new oil filter and make sure the seal

is well sealed.

4.5.3 Repair of Automobile Engine

If engine isn’t working properly, chances are you’re in for a costly repair. An engine

replacement can set you thousands behind. With preventative maintenance, you can keep your

car’s engine running smoothly. Automobile Engine is a complex arrangement of electrical

systems, complicated mechanical systems, belts, chains and seals, and they all operate under

high temperatures to keep you going down the road.

Preventative maintenance is the first step to maintain a resilient engine. When we

think of engine failure, timing belts and timing chains are generally what come to mind.

Depending on the maker of the car, these should be checked every 60,000 miles and again at

100,000 miles.

Another sign of engine problems are oil leaks. Oil leaks indicate the need to service

the engine and can be the result of poor maintenance. When the oil leaks from the engine, the

seals are deprived of lubrication and they become dry and brittle. This can lead to fluid loss,

and if left unserviced, catastrophic engine failures can occur.

Being attentive about fluid flushes, fuel injection cleanings and routine maintenance

are all keys to keeping the car’s engine a happy engine. Like a yearly checkup, the car needs

32
a regular tune-up. Depending on the maker and model of the car, the services included in a

tune up can differ. For the most part, however, a tune up includes spark plug replacement,

spark plug wire inspection, setting the timing belt or timing chain, diagnostic inspection of

engine parts and the replacement of air and fuel filters.

A car’s engine is a complex machine that relies on the car’s ignition system to start up.

Maintaining both the engine and the ignition system ensures that car is healthy.

33
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

The four months Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme with Feinald Nigeria

Enterprises expose me to know more in practical knowledge of my course of Study:

Mechanical Engineering

Also, I have been able to know the importance of safety precautions in the Workshop,

identification and uses of simple tools: Pliers, Socket, Screwdriver, Flat & Ring and the likes,

role of Lubrication and Transmission systems and finally identification of different

Automotive Mechanical Systems and their respective mode of operations.

5.2 Conclusion

My four (4) months industrial attachment as a junior technician at Feinald Nigeria

Enterprises was a huge success and a great time of acquisition of knowledge and skills.

Through my training, I was able to appreciate my chosen course of study even more, because

I had the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge acquired from school with the

34
practical hands-on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important tasks that

contributed in a way to my productivity in the company. My training here has given me a

broader view to the importance and relevance of Mechanical Engineers in the immediate

society and the world as a whole, as I now look forward to impacting it positively after

graduation. I have also been able to improve my communication and presentation skills and

thereby developed good relationship with my fellow colleagues at work. I have also been able

to appreciate the connection between my course of study and other disciplines in producing a

successful result.

5.3 Recommendations

I use this means to make the following recommendations concerning the training of

students in Industrial Attachments.

i. I would like to recommend that the Engineering curriculum in Osun State College Of

Technology, Esa-Oke be adjusted such as would provide going on industrial

attachments for a longer period of time as opposed to 4 months or making the program

to occur twice throughout an engineering program.

ii. Allowances should be paid to students during their programme just like NYSC and not

after. This would help them a great deal to handle some financial problems during

their training course.

35
 REFERENCES

Charles Fayette Taylor, (2012), The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and

Practice: Volume 1 & 2

Society of Automotive Engineers (2000). Automotive Engineering Handbook.

Warren dale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Taylor, C. F.(2012): The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, vol. I, p. 506,

MIT Press,.

[Link]/automobile/dictionary

Willard W. Pulkrabek (2015) : Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal

Combustion Engine

36
37