CHAPTER – 10

(INTRODUCTION TO HERBAL FORMULATIONS)

 INTRODUCTION TO HERBAL FORMULATIONS
Herbal formulations mean a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs or processed herbs in specified
quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits meant for use to diagnose, treat, mitigate diseases
of human beings or animals, alter the structure or physiology of human beings or animals. Herbal
formulations contain an active substance or herbal substance or herbal preparation or herbal substance in
combination with one or more herbal preparations. Herbal formulations are obtained by subjecting herbal
substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration
or fermentation include comminuted or powdered.

Definition: Herbal formulations are combinations of one or more herbs or their extracts that are prepared
in specific proportions and dosage forms (like tablets, capsules, powders, oils, gels, and syrups) to produce
therapeutic effects.

PURPOSE OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS

 Treatment of diseases: Herbal formulations are used to treat a variety of ailments, from common colds and
coughs to more serious conditions like asthma and even some cancers.
 Disease prevention: Certain herbal formulations are used to strengthen the immune system and prevent the
onset of illnesses.
 Health promotion: Herbal medicines can be used to improve overall well-being and maintain a healthy
balance in the body.
 Complementary and alternative medicine: Herbal formulations are often used alongside conventional
medicine as part of a holistic approach to healthcare.
 Nutritional supplementation: Some herbal formulations can provide essential vitamins, minerals, and
other nutrients.
 Cosmetic and skincare: Certain herbal extracts are used in skincare products for their beneficial properties.

FUNCTION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS

 Targeting specific ailments: Different herbs have different properties and can be used to target specific
health issues. For example, certain herbs are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or antimicrobial
properties.
 Delivering active compounds: Herbal formulations are designed to deliver the active compounds from the
plant to the body in a usable form. This can involve various extraction and processing methods.
 Modulating bodily functions: Herbal medicines can interact with the body's systems to restore balance
and promote healing.
 Masking unpleasant tastes: Herbal syrups, for example, can be used to make bitter-tasting herbs more
palatable.
 Providing sustained release of active ingredients: Some herbal formulations are designed to release the
active compounds slowly over time, providing a more prolonged effect.
  Enhancing the efficacy of other treatments : Herbal medicines can be used to enhance the effectiveness
of other treatments or to reduce the side effects of conventional medications.

EXAMPLES OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

 Chyawanprash: An Ayurvedic formulation used as an immunity booster, with anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant properties.
 Anuthaila oil: Used in Ayurvedic medicine for nasya (nasal administration) and for various conditions related
to the head and neck.
 St. John's Wort: Used to treat depression.
 Ginseng: Used for menopause and fatigue.
 Black cohosh: Used for painful menstruation and uterine spasms.
 Echinacea: Used to boost the immune system.
 Ginkgo biloba: Used for memory enhancement.
 Garlic: Used for hyperlipidaemia (high cholesterol)

CLASSIFICATION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS

The herbal formulations are classified broadly as:

A) Herbal medicines
B) Herbal cosmetics
A) Herbal Medicines

The herbs are considered to be medicinally important if they possess the pharmacological activities
of possible therapeutic use. The use of herb is varied as Naturopathic Medicines, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathic Systems of Medicine. All of these differ in how diseases are diagnosed and which
herbal remedies are prepared from a variety of plant materials or are isolated phytoconstituents from
stems, roots, bark, fruits, leaves, bark etc. Some of important ayurvedic formulations are as

 Anjan/ Varti (Eye Preparations): These are medicated fine powder intended to be used in
eyes for their local effect.
 Araks (Distillate): These are distilled essences or liquors made by soaking drugs in water for
24-48 hours and then distilling the same. The distillate collected is called ‘Araks’.
 Aristas (Fermented Preparations): These are weak alcoholic preparations prepared by
making a decoction of the drugs and then allowing them to undergo fermentation by the help
of raw sugar or honey.
 Asavas (Fermented Preparations): These are medicated alcoholic liquors prepared by the
fermentation of raw vegetable juices with honey or jaggery or treacle.
 Avalehas (Linctus): These are thick extracts of the drugs.
 Bhasmas (Calcinated residue): These are ashes which are prepared from vegetable and
mineral substances.
  Churnas (Powders): These are powdered mixtures prepared by mixing dry mineral, animal
or vegetable substances in a pestle mortar.
 Ghritas (Medicated ghee and oils): These are medicated ghees or clarified butter. The
ghritas or clarified butter is heated on a fire to remove water. A little turmeric juice is then
added to purify it.
 Gutikas/ Vati (Tablets and Pills): These are large pills. These are prepared from pill mass.
 Manda: It is a decoction which is prepared in 14 parts of water and one part of cereal,
usually rice.
 Peya: It is decoction which is prepared by boiling one part of a cereal in 14 parts of water till
it becomes thicker than that of Manda.
 Rasas: These are preparations of metals containing mercury in any form. These preparations
contain various kinds of poisons.
 Tailas (Medicated ghee and oils): These are medicated oils which are prepared by boiling
drugs in water, milk or other liquid substances mixed with oil until water content is
evaporated.

B) Herbal Cosmetics: The substances specially prepared to enhance beauty and increase the
attractiveness of a person are known as cosmetics. Herbal cosmetics are prepared from plants, their
products and other natural drugs like animals and minerals etc. Herbal cosmetics can be further
classified on basis of

A) Dosage forms,
B) Part or organ of the body to be applied for

A) Dosage Forms: Different dosages form of the cosmetics and their examples are given below:
 Emulsions: cold cream, vanishing cream.
 Powders: face powders, talcum powder, tooth powder
 Cakes: rouge compacts, make up cake
 Oils: hair oil
 Mucilage: hand lotion
 Jellies: hand jelly
 Suspensions: cosmetic stocking
 Paste: tooth Paste
 Soaps: shaving soaps
 Solutions: after shave lotions and lotions

B) Part or organ of the body to be applied for

 a. For skins
i) Powders
ii) Creams
iii) Lotions
iv) Deodorants
v) Cleansing products
vi) Make up preparations
vii) Suntan preparations
b. For hairs
i) Shampoos
ii) Tonics
iii) Hair waving preparations
iv) Beard softeners
v) Hairs dressing
vi) Shaving cream
vii) Depilatories for removing unwanted hairs
c. For nails
i) Nail polishes
ii) Polishes removers
d. For Teeth and mouth
i) Tooth paste
ii) Dentifrices
iii) Mouth washes
e. Borderline preparations
i) Eye preparations
ii) Foot powders
iii) Insect repellents
iv) Miscellaneous products

Based on the system of medicine:

 Ayurvedic formulations: These are traditional Indian medicine preparations, commonly divided
into two main groups:

 Kasthausadhi: Formulations predominantly using plant drugs. Examples include:

 Arista and Asava: Fermented liquid preparations.

 Vati or Gutika: Pills or tablets.
 Churna: Fine powders.
 Avaleha: Semi-solid preparations (jams/pastes).
 Ghrita: Medicated clarified butters.
  Taila: Medicated oils.
 Guggulu: Preparations from the exudate of Commiphora mukul.
 Rasausadhi: Formulations predominantly using metals and minerals (often in the form of
Bhasma, which are incinerated powders). Examples include:

 Bhasma: Calcinated powders of metals and minerals.

 Rasa Rasayana: Preparations containing mineral drugs as main ingredients.
 Lauha: Preparations with Loha Bhasma (iron incinerated powder).
 Parpati: Formulations in the form of flakes.
 Unani formulations: Another traditional system of medicine.
 Homeopathic formulations:
 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations: TCM utilizes complex herbal
mixtures.
 Western herbal medicine: Herbalism integrated into conventional medicine in many
Western countries.
Based on dosage form:

 Traditional dosage forms: These are based on ancient medicine systems. Examples include pills,
tinctures, powders, pellets, and semi-fluid extracts.
 Modern dosage forms: These are developed using modern technology. Examples include tablets,
capsules, syrups, and topical preparations like creams and ointments.
 Novel dosage forms: These are designed to overcome limitations of traditional forms, offering
advantages like enhanced absorption or targeted delivery. Examples include:
 Phytosomes: Enhance herb absorption.
 Liposomes: Offer potential to increase therapeutic index and targeted drug delivery.
 Nanoparticles: Efficient delivery systems for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
 Transdermal patches: Deliver drugs through the skin.
Based on Ingredients:

 Single drug preparations: These use only one drug, as defined in the authentic texts of Ayurveda.
 Compound drug preparations: These use a combination of different plants, or plant, animal, and/or
mineral ingredients.
 Extracts of single herbs: These are a newer development where extracts are obtained from crude
drugs

CLASSIFICATION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS BASED ON DOSAGE FORMS

Solid Dosage Forms

Dosage Form Description Examples

Finely ground herbal materials, used orally or

Churna (Powder) Triphala churna, Ashwagandha churna
externally.

Vati / Gutika Compressed herbal powders for ease of Arogyavardhini Vati, Chandraprabha
(Tablets/Pills) administration. Vati

Encapsulated herbal extracts or powders, often

Capsules Turmeric capsules, Neem capsules
used in modern herbal medicine.

Coarse powder or dry extracts formed into

Granules Herbal tea granules
granules.

Solid medicated preparations intended to dissolve

Lozenges / Pastilles Herbal throat lozenges
slowly in the mouth.

Liquid Dosage Forms:

Dosage Form Description Examples

Kashayam / Kwatha
Boiled herbal extracts used fresh or preserved. Dashamoola Kashayam
(Decoction)

Arishta / Asava (Fermented Fermented herbal syrups with alcohol as a

Ashokarishta, Kumaryasava
Liquids) preservative and vehicle.

Swarasa (Fresh Juice) Freshly extracted juice from herbs. Tulsi swarasa

Cough syrups with

Herbal Syrup Sweetened liquid preparations of herbal extracts.
liquorice, vasaka, Tulsi

Echinacea tincture, Arnica

Tinctures Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic extracts of herbs.
tincture

Semisolid Dosage Forms:

 Dosage Form Description Examples

Avaleh / Lehyam (Electuaries) Thick, sweet herbal paste often used as a tonic or rejuvenator. Chyawanprash,
Brahma Rasayana
Ghrita (Medicated Ghee) Triphala, Brahmi
Clarified butter infused with herbs.
Ghrita
Taila (Medicated Oil) Mahanarayana Taila,
Herbal-infused oils used for massage or internal use.
Dhanwantharam Taila
Aloe vera gel,
Ointments / Creams / Gels For topical application; deliver active ingredients through skin. Herbal burn
ointments
Fresh or dry herbal powders mixed with liquids for external Sandalwood lepa,
Lepa (Herbal Paste)
application. Neem lepa

Other Forms:

Dosage Form Description Examples

Inhalers / Steam Herbal steam inhalation with

Herbal vapors or smoke for inhalation.
(Dhoopana, Nasya) eucalyptus

Medicated Baths (Snana) Use of herbal water for therapeutic bathing. Neem or turmeric water bath

Rare in traditional use, but used in modern herbal Herbal vaginal suppositories (e.g.
Suppositories / Pessaries
delivery systems. for infections)

MODERN HERBAL DOSAGE FORM

SYRUP:
Syrups are defined as pharmaceutical preparations containing one or more active ingredients dissolved or
suspended in a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar or a sugar substitute. These preparations are typically
used for oral administration and are intended to be palatable and easy to swallow. Syrups in pharmacopeial
standards must meet specific quality criteria regarding their composition, stability, and packaging to ensure
their efficacy and safety for medicinal use.

CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS:

Simple Syrups:
 Simple syrups are basic syrups made by dissolving sugar in water over heat
until the sugar is completely dissolved.
 These syrups are primarily used as sweeteners in beverages and desserts.
  Simple syrups are versatile and can serve as a base for flavoured syrups or
be infused with additional ingredients for various culinary purposes.

Medicated Syrups:
 Medicated syrups are pharmaceutical preparations containing active
medicinal ingredients dissolved or suspended in a syrup base.
 They are formulated to deliver specific therapeutic effects and are often used
for oral administration.
 Common examples include cough syrups, antacids, expectorants, and other
over-the-counter or prescription medications.

Flavoured Syrups:
 Flavoured syrups are syrups infused with natural or artificial Flavors to
enhance taste and aroma.
 These syrups can be used in both culinary and beverage applications to add
flavour and sweetness.
 Flavoured syrups are available in a wide variety of Flavors, including fruits
(e.g., strawberry, raspberry), herbs (e.g., mint, lavender), spices (e.g.,
cinnamon, vanilla), and specialty Flavors (e.g., caramel, chocolate).

Preparation of Syrups:

Simple Solution method with the help of heat: -

This method is used when the substances are thermostable and non-volatile in
nature. Ex: - Simple Syrup., Tolu Syrup, cocoa syrup

Simple solution method by agitation: - [without heat]

This method is suitable for thermolabile substances and volatile
substances. Syrups prepared by this method have maximum stability. Ex:
Ephedrine sulphate syrup. Codeine phosphate syrup.

Percolation [extraction] method:

In this method, Sucrose is percolated with purified water as a menstruum.
Ex: Tolu Syrup Squill Syrup.
Advantages:
 Syrups retard the oxidation of drugs; because sucrose itself gets
hydrolysed to laevulose and dextrose which are reducing sugars.
 They are sweet in taste. Therefore, bitter taste of drugs can be reduced.

 Syrups prevent microbial decomposition of many vegetable drugs.

Disadvantages:
 On continuous intake syrups promote dental decay and cause gingivitis
because it is a very good supplement for bacterial growth
 Syrups are not suitable for diabetic patients and patients who are on a
restricted calorie intake.
 Aluminium salts cannot be included in syrups as these are incompatible
with sucrose
 Syrups are not suitable for acidic drugs as they promote crystallization of
sucrose.

MIXTURES
A mixture is a substance made of two or more additional chemical compounds or substances that do not
chemically combine. The only way for two or more substances to maintain their individual identities when
combined in the form of solutions, suspensions, or colloids is through physical mixing. Physical means can
be used to separate them. The different components of any mixture are not created through any kind of
chemical chemistry. As a result, each component's unique properties are unaltered.

In other words, a mixture is something you get when you combine two things, allowing you to separate them
again without causing a chemical reaction. Every component in a mixture maintains its unique chemical
identity. It is understandable that mixtures are the result of mechanically blending the elements or
compounds without any chemical bonding occurring, and all the elements involved in the mixing process
retain their original chemical characteristics. The components of a mixture are typically combined
mechanically, but other methods may give a mixture (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

A mixture may possess unexpected physical properties in contrast to both of its components even though
each component is unaltered. For instance, when alcohol and water are combined, the resultant substance
has a different melting and boiling point than either of the individual components.

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES

The properties of mixtures are as follows:
 The original physical and essentially the chemical properties of the substances remain intact
without any changes.
 The separations of the substances from the mixture can easily be done as it is just a mechanical
blending process
 The substance does not share any chemical bonding while in a mixture.
 The proportions in which the substances are dissolved is variable.
The Characteristics of the Mixture are as Follows: -
 The two or more substances are existing together despite there being no force acting between
them.
 The substances in the mixture are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature.
 The proportions of the substances that are present in the mixture vary in an indefinite manner.
 The properties of the individual components determine the properties of the mixture.
 The physical method is the key to separating the substances that are dissolved in the mixtures.
 The characteristics of the substances determine the boiling and the melting point of the mixture.
 There is no change in the energy during the formation of the mixture.
 All the state of matter that is solid, liquid or gases can combine to form a mixture.

Types of Mixtures
Based on the composition of mixtures, they can be divided into two types:
 Homogeneous mixture
 Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
Mixtures having a uniform composition all through the substance are called Homogeneous Mixtures.
For instance – a mixture of salt and water, a mixture of sugar and water, air, lemonade, soft drink
water, and so on. Here, a classic example is the mixture of salt in water. This is on the grounds that
here, the limit, among salt and water can never be separated. At the point when a beam of light is
incident on the mixture of salt and water, the path of light isn't seen.

Properties of Homogeneous mixtures

 All solutions are instances of a homogeneous mixture.
 The size of the particles in such a case is less than one nanometre.
 They don't demonstrate Tyndall's impact.
 You can't separate the boundaries of particles.
 You can't separate the constituent particles here utilizing centrifugation or decantation.
 Alloys are the instances of a solution.
Heterogeneous Mixture
Mixtures that are not uniform all through are called Heterogeneous Mixtures. Along these
lines, a mixture of soil and sand, sulphur and iron filings, oil and water and so on are
heterogeneous as they don't have a uniform composition. This is on the grounds that in such a
case it has two or more distinct phases.
Properties of Heterogeneous Mixtures
 Most of the mixtures are heterogeneous aside from solutions and alloys.
 The constituent particles are not present uniformly here.
 You can distinguish the components effectively.
 Generally, at least two stages are available in a heterogeneous mixture.
 The size of the particles here is in the range of one nanometre to one micrometre.
 They demonstrate the Tyndall impact

Separation of Mixtures
The various constituents of a mixture can occasionally be divided up into independent units. Certain
methods for separation of mixtures are listed below:

 Filtering - This technique can be used to separate insoluble materials like sand mixed with water.
The mixture can be poured via filter paper; however, the solid will indeed be left behind because
it cannot flow through the paper while the liquid does.

 Evaporation (Simple Distillation) - By boiling the mixture, water gets evaporated leaving
behind the dissolved soluble substance.

 Condensation - Condensation is the method through which water transitions from its gas or
vapour phase to its liquid phase. Condensation is the technique that leads to cloud formation.

 Magnetism - One can separate the magnetic objects by running a magnet around a collection of
metal objects.

 Decanting - It is used to separate mixtures like oil in water. In a container, the mixture is first
poured, once the liquid gets settled, the liquids can then be properly separated by gently draining
off the top layer once they have formed two distinct layers as a result of their progress.

ADVANTAGES OF MIXTURES:
 Flexibility and Adaptability:
Mixtures can be tailored to specific needs by combining different components, allowing for
adaptability to various conditions and requirements. For example, forage mixtures in agriculture can
improve pasture quality and resilience.

 Enhanced Properties:
Combining substances can lead to improved characteristics compared to individual components. For
instance, mixtures in materials science can result in materials with enhanced strength, durability, or
other desirable properties

.
  Potential for Synergistic Effects:
In some cases, mixtures can exhibit synergistic effects where the combined effect of the components
is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This can be seen in some pharmaceutical or
chemical mixtures.

 Wider Range of Applications:

The ability to combine different substances allows for a broader range of applications compared to
using individual components.

DISADVANTAGES OF MIXTURES:
 Potential for Instability:
Mixtures can be less stable than pure substances, with components potentially separating or reacting
over time. This can be a concern in pharmaceuticals or other applications where consistency is
crucial.

 Potential for Dose Inaccuracy:

In some mixtures, ensuring accurate dosing of individual components can be challenging, potentially
leading to inconsistent results or adverse effects.

 Complexity in Studying Interactions:

Mixtures can make it more difficult to study the properties and behaviour of individual components
due to potential interactions. This can be a challenge in research and development.

 Potential for Undesirable Interactions:

In some cases, components in a mixture can interact negatively, leading to unwanted side effects or
reduced effectiveness.

 Storage and Handling Challenges:

Mixtures can be bulky or require specific storage conditions, making them more difficult to handle
and transport.

TABLET
Solid medicaments may be administered orally as powders, pills, cachets, capsules or tablets .These dosage
forms contain a quantity of drug which is given as a single unit and they are known collectively as solid unit
dosage forms, even in the case of sustained action preparations which, technically, contain the equivalent of
several normal doses of drug .The stringent formulation requirements of modern medicaments, the many
advantages of tablet and capsule medication, coupled with expanding health services and the commitment
need for large‐scale economic manufacture, have led to a steady decline in the prescribing of powders and
pills .Tablets and capsules, on the other hand, currently account for well over two third of the total number
and cost of medicines produced all over the world. Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form
containing medicaments with or without excipients. According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia Pharmaceutical
tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a mixture of
drugs, with or without diluents. They vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight, depending on
amount of medicinal substances and the intended mode of administration. It is the most popular dosage form
and 70% of the total medicines are dispensed in the form of Tablet. All medicaments are available in the
Tablet form except where it is difficult to formulate or administer.

Types of Tablets

(A) Tablets ingested orally:

 Compressed tablet, e.g. Paracetamol tablet

 Multiple compressed tablet
 Repeat action tablet
 Delayed release tablet, e.g. Enteric coated Bisacodyl tablet
 Sugar coated tablet, e.g. Multivitamin tablet
 Film coated tablet, e.g. Metronidazole tablet
 Chewable tablet, e.g. Antacid tablet

(B) Tablets used in oral cavity:

 Buccal tablet, e.g. Vitamin‐c tablet

 Sublingual tablet, e.g. Vicks Menthol tablet
 Troches or lozenges
 Dental cone

(c) Tablets administered by another route:

 Implantation tablet
 Vaginal tablet, e.g. Clotrimazole tablet

(D) Tablets used to prepare solution:

 Effervescent tablet, e.g. Dispirin tablet (Aspirin)

 Dispensing tablet, e.g. Enzyme tablet (Digiplex)
 Hypodermic tablet
 Tablet triturates e.g. Enzyme tablet (Digiplex)
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TABLET DOSAGE FORMS:

 A tablet should have elegant product identity while free of defects like chips, cracks,
discoloration, and contamination.
 Should have sufficient strength to withstand mechanical shock during its production packaging,
shipping and dispensing.
 Should have the chemical and physical stability to maintain its physical attributes over time
 The tablet must be able to release the medicinal agents in a predictable and reproducible manner.
 Must have a chemical stability over time so as not to follow alteration of the medicinal agents.

Advantages :

 They are unit dosage form and offer the greatest capabilities of all oral dosage form for the
greatest dose precision and the least content variability.
 Cost is lowest of all oral dosage form.
 Lighter and compact.
 Easiest and cheapest to package and strip.
 Easy to swallowing with least tendency for hang‐up.
 Sustained release product is possible by enteric coating.
 Objectionable odour and bitter taste can be masked by coating technique.
 Suitable for large scale production.
 Greatest chemical and microbial stability over all oral dosage form.
 Product identification is easy and rapid requiring no additional steps when employing an
embossed and/or monogrammed punch face.

Disadvantages:

 Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients.

 Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low density
character.
 Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties, optimum absorption high in GIT may
be difficult to formulate or manufacture as a tablet that will still provide adequate or full drug
bioavailability.
 Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable odour or drugs that are sensitive to oxygen
may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may offer the best and lowest
cost.
EXAMPLES OF TABLETS BASIS OF TYPES, FUNCTIONS AND THERAPEUTIC USES

SINGLE HERB TABLETS

Tablet Name Herbal Ingredient Uses

Ashwagandha Tablet Withania somnifera Stress relief, adaptogen, immunity booster

Turmeric Tablet Curcuma longa Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant

Amla Tablet Emblica officinalis Rich in Vitamin C, immunity booster, antioxidant

Neem Tablet Azadirachta indica Antibacterial, skin detox, blood purifier

POLY HERB TABLETS

Tablet Name Key Ingredients Uses

Triphala Tablet Amla, Haritaki, Bibhitaki Digestive health, detox, antioxidant

Capparis spinosa, Cichorium
Liv.52 (Himalaya) Liver health, hepatoprotective
intybus, etc.
Herbal Diuretic Tablet Punarnava, Gokshura, Varuna Relieves water retention, urinary issues

CONDITION-SPECIFIC HERBAL TABLETS

Tablet Name Condition Key Herbs

Herbal Antidiabetic Tablet Diabetes Gymnema, Bitter melon, Fenugreek

Memory Booster Tablet Cognitive support Brahmi, Shankhpushpi, Mandukaparni

Joint Care Tablet Arthritis/pain relief Shallaki (Boswellia), Guggulu, Nirgundi

Digestive Care Tablet Acidity, bloating Ginger, Fennel, Triphala, Jeera

NUTRITIONAL HERBAL TABLETS

Tablet Name Purpose Herbs

Iron-Rich Herbal Tablet Treat iron deficiency Moringa, Spinach, Amla

Calcium Herbal Tablet Bone strength Cissus quadrangularis, Moringa

Multivitamin Herbal Tablet General wellness Amla, Spirulina, Wheatgrass

Tablet Preparation Methods

There is three methods of preparation of tablets:

1. Wet Granulation Method

2. Dry Granulation Method
3. Direct Compression Method
Wet granulation process -
It is the most commonly used method. Using water as the main granulation fluid, heat is applied to dry the
formed granules. This procedure has sufficient mechanical properties and the quality of the tablet is affected
by the choice and concentration of binder and the type and volume of granulation fluid. This method is not
as efficient as others.

Advantages -

 Uses low concentration of the therapeutic agent

 Reduces intra and inter-batch variability due to decrease in segregation of formulation
components during storage and processing
 Not dependent on the inclusion of special grades of excipients
 Tablets are responsive to post-processing unit operations

Disadvantages -

 Includes several processing steps

 Usage of various solvents may lead to drug degradation
 Enhances the hardness of the granule
 Application of heat might degrade the thermolabile therapeutic agents

Dry granulation process -

When the granulated ingredients are sensitive to moisture or heat, this procedure is implemented. Granules
are produced without the aid of any liquid solution as the name suggests. This technique is used for the
preparation of aspirin and other aspirin combinations for tablets.

Advantages -

 Both roller compaction and slugging require conventional grades of excipients

 No heat or solvent required
 Not associated with alterations in drug morphology

Disadvantages -

 Specialised equipment is necessary

  Issues regarding powder flow
 Tablets produced are softer than wet granulation leading to difficulty in processing techniques
afterwards
 Reduced yield of tablets due to the generation of considerable dust
 Segregation of components might occur during post mixing

Direct compression process -

Without any pre-treatment of the powder blend when it is compressed directly from a powder mixture of
API and suitable excipients, then the method is called direct compression. This is a dry process where the
powdered tablet formulation is directly compressed into the tablets, without any specific physical nature
modification of the former.

Advantages -

 Cost-effective due to lesser steps

 Does not require any solvents, thereby negating potential threats of unstabilised therapeutic
agents
 Reduces transfer losses and contamination threats as lubrication and powder mixing are
carried on the same vessel

Disadvantages -

 Special grade excipients are required

 Quality and uniformity of the tablet depends on the excipients
 Tablets produced are softer than wet granulation leading to difficulty in processing techniques
afterwards
 The method is avoided when a colourant is required as resulting dosage form appear mottled

INFUSION

Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or Flavors from plant material in a solvent such as
water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often
called steeping). An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from
both decoction—a method of extraction involving boiling the plant material—and percolation, in which
water is passed through the material (as in a coffeemaker).

Preparation:

Infusion is a chemical process that uses botanicals (typically dried herbs, flowers or berries) that are volatile
and release their active ingredients readily in water, oil, or alcohol. In this process, a liquid is typically
boiled (or brought to another appropriate temperature) and poured over the herb. After the herb has been
allowed to steep in the liquid for an appropriate period of time, it is removed (possibly by straining)
leaving an infusion. Unless the infusion is to be consumed immediately, it is bottled and refrigerated for
future use.

The amount of time the herbs are left in the liquid depends on the kind of infusion. Infusion times can range
from seconds (for some kinds of Chinese tea) to hours, days, or months (for liqueurs like sloe gin).

There are several accessories and techniques for removing the steeped or leftover botanicals that were used
to infuse liquids, including metal steeper’s (which look like clamps), tea infusers (which act as strainers),
and French presses (which are commonly used to infuse water with various teas and coffee). The most
commonly used technique is the teabag, which is made with filter paper and filled with various tea Flavors.

How it works:

 Preparation: Boil water and pour it over the dried or fresh herbs, ensuring the plant material is fully
submerged.
 Steeping: Cover the container and let it steep for a specific time, typically 10-20 minutes for leaves
and flowers.
 Straining: Remove the plant material, either by pouring through a strainer or using a tea infuser.

Key aspects of herbal infusions:

 Extraction of Volatile Oils: Infusions are particularly effective for extracting volatile oils, which are
responsible for the aroma and some therapeutic properties of herbs.
 Gentle Method: Infusion is a gentle method compared to decoction (boiling) and is preferred for
delicate plant parts.
 Versatility: Infusions can be made in various containers, such as teapots, French presses, or even
mason jars (though caution is advised with hot liquids).
 Fresh vs. Dried Herbs: Both fresh and dried herbs can be used for infusions, with dried herbs being
more common due to their longer shelf life and concentrated flavor.
 Examples: Common herbal infusions include chamomile tea, peppermint tea, and various tisanes
(herbal teas).
 Variations: Infusions can be customized by varying the herb combinations, steeping times, and
liquid temperatures.
 Safety: When making infusions, it's crucial to be aware of potential contaminants like pyrrolizidine
alkaloids

Examples:

 Tea is a common example of an infusion; most varieties of tea call for steeping the leaves in hot
water, although some variants (e.g. Moroccan mint tea) call for decoction instead. Many herbal
 teas are prepared by infusion, as well; lemon, chamomile, senna, apple, ginger, rooibos, and many
other plants are used individually or in combination.

 Coffee can be brewed by infusion (as in a French press) or percolation.

 Herbal remedies are commonly produced through infusions in water or oil.

 Flavoured oils: Plants with desirable Flavors may be steeped in an edible oil or vinegar for an
extended period; the infused oil or vinegar is often sold still containing the plant and is then used as
flavouring. Chilis, lemon, garlic, and many other plants may be used. There can be ambiguity in the
labelling of these oils: for example, what is described as sesame oil may be oil extracted
from sesame seeds or another vegetable oil infused with sesame.

 Cucumber water, a mix of sliced cucumber with citrus slices and herbs such as mint, is a popular
infusion.

TINCTURE

A tincture is a type of herbal preparation made by soaking a plant or medicinal substance in alcohol or a
mixture of alcohol and water to extract its active constituents. It is a common dosage form in herbal
medicine.

“A tincture is a concentrated liquid extract of herbs, typically made with ethanol (alcohol) as the solvent”.

“A tincture is a liquid extract, typically made by dissolving plant or animal material in a solvent, most
commonly alcohol”.

“The alcohol acts as a solvent, drawing out the active compounds from the material”.

“Tinctures can also be made with other solvents like vinegar or glycerine, but alcohol is the most common”.

Types of Tinctures:

1. Alcohol-based tinctures – Most common and effective.

2. Glycerine tinctures (glycerites) – Alcohol-free, good for children.
3. Vinegar-based tinctures (acetracts) – Used for specific herbs.
Common Uses:

 Medicinal: Tinctures are a way to administer herbal remedies, where the alcohol extracts the
beneficial compounds from the herbs.
 Other uses: Tinctures can be used for flavouring, as in culinary applications, or for their specific
properties, like the stimulant effects of some tinctures.
Preparation:

 Maceration: The most common method involves soaking the material in the solvent for a period of
time.
 Percolation: A more advanced method using a specific apparatus to gradually extract the liquid.
 Simple solution: Some tinctures are created by directly dissolving the substance in the solvent.

Examples:

 Herbal tinctures: Common examples include tinctures made from echinacea, turmeric, or other
herbs.
 Other tinctures: Tinctures of orange, benzoin, or even opium can be found.

Advantages:

 Long shelf life (often several years)

 Quick absorption when taken orally
 Convenient and portable
 Easy to dose
Disadvantages:

 Alcohol content may be unsuitable for children, pregnant women, or people with certain conditions
 Bitter taste
 Not suitable for people avoiding alcohol for religious or personal reasons

OINTMENT

An ointment is a semi-solid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
It usually has an oleaginous (oily) base and is used for protective, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes.

Ointments are semi-solid dosage forms that are widely used in medicine for treating various skin conditions.
These are made by combining a drug or a combination of drugs with a base or vehicle, which is typically a
mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Ointments have a number of advantages and disadvantages that
should be considered before using them for treating skin conditions.
Types of Ointment

Type Base Properties Examples

Vaseline, white
Hydrocarbon Base Petrolatum, paraffin, waxes Greasy, water-repellent, occlusive
ointment
Lanolin, wool fat, hydrophilic
Absorption Base petrolatum
Absorbs water, greasy, emollient Hydrous wool fat
Water-Removable Easily washable, non-greasy,
Oil-in-water emulsions Vanishing cream
Base spreadable
Non-greasy, water-miscible, non-
Water-Soluble Base Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
occlusive
PEG ointment

Classification of Ointment Bases

 Hydrocarbon or Oleaginous Bases: Hydrocarbon bases are the most commonly used type
of ointment bases. They are composed of hydrocarbons such as petrolatum and mineral oil,
which provide a greasy consistency and occlusive properties. They are ideal for use in dry
skin conditions and for protecting the skin from moisture loss.
 Absorption Bases: Absorption bases are ointment bases that are designed to be absorbed into
the skin. They are made up of mixtures of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, such
as lanolin, beeswax, and petrolatum. Absorption bases are ideal for use in wet skin
conditions, such as weeping eczema, as they absorb the excess moisture from the skin.

Emulsion Bases:
 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Water-in-oil emulsions are ointment bases that contain a mixture of water
and oil. They are designed to be used on wet or exudative skin conditions, such as weeping eczema
or dermatitis. They provide a cooling and soothing effect and are easily spreadable.
 Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Oil-in-water emulsions are ointment bases that contain a mixture of oil
and water. They are ideal for use on dry skin conditions and provide a moisturizing effect. They are
easily absorbed into the skin and do not leave a greasy residue.
 Water-Soluble Bases: Water-soluble bases are ointment bases that are composed of water-
soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol. They are ideal for use in ointments that require
easy washability and for delivering water-soluble drugs.
 Combination Bases: Combination bases are ointment bases that combine two or more types
of bases to provide a synergistic effect. For example, a combination of hydrocarbon and
absorption bases can be used to provide both occlusive and absorbent properties.

Method of Preparation of Ointment:

 Step 1: Collection of the Ingredients and Equipment: Before starting the preparation of an
ointment, gather all the necessary ingredients and equipment. The ingredients typically include
the drug or drugs, the base or vehicle, and any additional ingredients such as preservatives or
 emulsifiers. The equipment required includes a mixing vessel, a heating source, a thermometer,
and a spatula.

 Step 2: Weigh the Ingredients: Accurately weigh the required amount of each ingredient. This
is important to ensure that the final product has the correct strength and consistency.

 Step 3: Melt the Base: Melt the base in a mixing vessel using a heating source such as a water
bath or hot plate. Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature and ensure that the base does not
overheat or burn.

 Step 4: Addition of Drug: Once the base has melted, add the drug or drugs to the mixing vessel.
Mix thoroughly to ensure that the drug is evenly distributed throughout the base.

 Step 5: Additional Ingredients: If required, add any additional ingredients such as preservatives
or emulsifiers to the mixing vessel. These ingredients help to stabilize the ointment and prolong
its shelf life.

 Step 6: Homogenize the Mixture: Homogenize the mixture using a spatula or a mixer. This
helps to ensure that the drug and any additional ingredients are evenly distributed throughout the
base.

 Step 7: Cool and Store: Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature before transferring it to
a suitable container for storage. Store the ointment in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Ointments with Examples

Type of Ointment Description Base Used Example

Oleaginous Greasy, water-free, protect skin, occlusive, Hydrocarbon base White soft paraffin
Ointments difficult to wash off (e.g., petrolatum) ointment

Absorption Absorb water but still greasy; used as emollients Hydrophilic base in Hydrocortisone in
Ointments and drug vehicles oil (lanolin, etc.) lanolin base

Water-in-Oil Emulsion type, occlusive, less greasy than

Cold cream base Cold cream, Eucerin®
Emulsion oleaginous but still moisturizing

Oil-in-Water Non-greasy, washable, used for hydrophilic Fluocinolone acetonide

Vanishing cream base
Emulsion drugs cream

Water-soluble Greaseless, washable, used when drug stability Polyethylene glycol Mupirocin ointment in
Ointments requires absence of oil (PEG) base PEG base
Advantages:
 Enhanced Drug Delivery: Ointments are often used to deliver drugs to the skin because they
can penetrate the skin more effectively than other topical formulations, such as creams or lotions.
This allows the drug to be absorbed more quickly and effectively, resulting in faster and more
complete healing.

 Long-lasting Effects: Ointments have a longer duration of action than other topical
formulations. This is because they remain on the skin for a longer period of time, allowing the
drug to be absorbed more slowly and providing sustained release of the active ingredient.

 Protection: Ointments form a protective barrier on the skin that can help to prevent further
damage or infection. This is particularly useful in treating conditions such as burns or open
wounds, where the skin is vulnerable to infection.

 Minimal Irritation: Ointments are generally less irritating to the skin than other topical
formulations, such as creams or lotions. This is because they contain fewer preservatives and
additives that can cause skin irritation.

Disadvantages
 Greasy Texture: Ointments have a greasy texture that can make them uncomfortable to use. This
is particularly true for people with oily or acne-prone skin, who may find that the ointment clogs
their pores and exacerbates their condition.

 Staining: Ointments can stain clothing and bedding, which can be inconvenient and unsightly.
This is particularly true for ointments that contain strong dyes or pigments.

 Limited Use: Ointments are not suitable for all skin conditions. For example, they may not be
effective in treating conditions that require the active ingredient to be absorbed quickly into the
skin, such as acne.

 Allergic Reactions: Some people may be allergic to the ingredients in ointments, which can
cause skin irritation, itching, or a rash. This is particularly true for people with sensitive skin or
those who have a history of allergic reactions.
 HERBAL CREAM
Semi solid dosage forms that are usually applied topically on skin are called creams. The herbal cream is
basically water in oil type of emulsion. The natural ingredients chosen for preparation of herbal cream are
Turmeric, Papaya, Aloe-Vera, Tulsi, Amla, Cucumber, Neem. The choice of these ingredients is based on
their individual properties. The preparation of the cream is basically done by using the cream base i.e., liquid
paraffin, beeswax, borax, methyl paraben. The natural content in the botanicals does not cause any side
effects on the human body; instead enrich the body with nutrients and other useful minerals.

Creams are semisolid dosage forms that are administered topically to the skin, on the eye's surface, or
applied rectally, vaginally, or through the nose for medical, preventive, or cosmetic purposes. Face cream is
used topically to achieve a softening and cleansing effect. Skin creams possess two main purposes: they
protect the skin from environmental pollutants and provide skin with a calming effect. There are different
kinds of cream, namely hand and body massage, vanishing, night, cleansing, cold, and foundation creams.

Herbal creams are emulsions which includes both oil and water. They may contain things like neem,
papaya, aloe vera, Tulsi, and turmeric. Different tinctures, extracts, and essential oils can be found in herbal
creams. Vitamins and minerals are natural nutrients found in herbal creams, which are free of synthetic
additives that might be toxic.

Definition:
Herbal creams are semi-solid emulsions containing medicinal plant extracts, used for topical applications to
treat skin issues like dryness, inflammation, infections, or cosmetic purposes like moisturizing and anti-
aging.

Herbal creams are topical skincare products formulated with plant-derived ingredients, offering potential
benefits like gentle application, reduced irritation, and natural nourishment. However, they may have a
shorter shelf life and slower results compared to synthetic creams. Common types include cold
creams, vanishing creams, and all-purpose creams, each with specific formulations and uses.

Types of Herbal Creams:

They fall into two categories:
1) Oil-in-water (O/W) Creams: Creams that consist of small oil droplets distributed in a continuous
phase are referred to as oil-in-water (O/W) creams. Whereas, an emulsion containing oil droplets
dispersed across the aqueous phase is referred to as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.
2) Water-in-oil (W/O) Creams: creams consisting of water combined with oil in a continuous phase,
are referred to as water in-oil (W/O) creams. The emulsion is considered to be water-in-oil (W/O)
type when the dispersed phase is water and the dispersion medium is oil.

 Cold Creams:
 These are typically water-in-oil emulsions, known for their moisturizing and protective
properties, often used for dry skin and harsh environments.
 Vanishing Creams:
These are oil-in-water emulsions, designed to be lightweight and non-greasy, suitable for oily
skin types and everyday use.
 All-Purpose Creams:
These are versatile creams designed for various skincare needs, including moisturizing,
nourishing, and even addressing minor skin issues.
 Other types:
Medicated cold creams, night creams, day creams, massage creams, and cleansing creams.

Types of Herbal Creams with examples:

Type Description Example Ingredients

Moisturizing Cream Hydrates dry or flaky skin Aloe vera, honey, coconut oil

Antiseptic Cream Prevents or treats infections Neem, turmeric, tea tree oil

Anti-inflammatory
Reduces swelling and inflammation Calendula, chamomile, Boswellia
Cream

Slows down signs of aging (wrinkles, Green tea extract, ginseng,

Anti-aging Cream
spots) ashwagandha

Sandalwood, carrot seed oil,

Sunscreen Cream Protects skin from harmful UV rays
liquorice

Enhances complexion, reduces

Fairness or Glow Cream Saffron, manjistha, turmeric
blemishes

Pain Relief Cream Used for muscle/joint pain Menthol, eucalyptus, camphor

Formulation of Herbal Cream

Phase Ingredients Function

Natural oils (coconut, almond, jojoba) Emollient, base

Oil Phase Consistency and
Beeswax, emulsifiers
emulsification

Aqueous Phase Purified water, herbal extracts (decoction/infusion) Solvent and active agents

Preservatives (natural like potassium sorbate) Stability

Additives
Fragrances, antioxidants Sensory and preservation
PREPARATION OF HERBAL CREAMS:

Vast types of plants and plant products are used in manufacturing of different types of herbal creams which
are intended for different aims of applications. However, all the methods follow some common chain
process that can be presented as follows. The process starts with the collection of raw plant materials which
after procurement are cleaned and quality assessment of the same are performed. Thereafter depending on
need these are dried or processed as such. In the next step the raw plant materials, wherever applicable, are
extracted utilizing standard methods and specific solvents or juice/gels are collected using standard methods.
The oil phase preparation is the next step where liquid paraffin and beeswax are heated to 75 °C consistently
which yields the oil phase to be used in creams. Borax and methyl paraben are mixed with distilled water are
heated to 75 °C to create a clear solution. This is known as preparation of aqueous phase. Once the oil phase
is heated, gradually water phase is added to it and mixed which is then followed by addition of the herb
extract or juices or jelly to yield smooth creams. Finally appropriate aroma is added and the product is ready
to be packed.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS :

 Good penetration ability, allowing the medication in the cream to absorb into the skin to deliver the
intended effect.
 It should not be poisonous in order to prevent undesirable skin reactions, such as itching, rashes, or
redness.
 It should spread freely across skin when applied.
 When applied to skin, it should melt or liquefy at body temperature.
 Be non-irritating and not produce skin inflammation

LIMITATIONS:

 It can be used primarily for medications that require extremely little plasma concentration for effect.
 It increases the risk of allergic reaction.
 Larger particle-sized medications are difficult to absorb through skin pores.
 Possibility of contact dermatitis or skin irritation from any medication.

ADVANTAGES OF HERBAL CREAMS:

 Gentle and natural: Herbal creams are generally milder and less likely to cause irritation or allergic
reactions compared to synthetic creams.
 Reduced toxicity: They are often free from harsh chemicals and synthetic additives, potentially
minimizing toxicity and side effects.
 Natural nourishment: Herbal creams can provide vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that
support healthy skin.
 Eco-friendly: Natural ingredients can be more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
DISADVANTAGES OF HERBAL CREAMS:

 Shorter shelf life: Natural ingredients may have a shorter shelf life compared to synthetic
preservatives.
 Slower results: Herbal creams may take longer to show noticeable results for certain skin
conditions.
 Potential for allergies: Although less likely, some individuals may still be allergic to specific herbal
ingredients.
 Variable quality: The quality and potency of herbal extracts can vary, potentially impacting
effectiveness.
 Cost: Depending on the ingredients and brand, herbal creams may be more expensive than some
synthetic options.
 COMMON HERBS IN HERBAL CREAM PREPARATIONS

Chemical Primary Use in Functions of

Herb Botanical Name
constituents Creams Cream

Anti-
Aloin, glucomannan, Moisturizing,
Aloe Vera Aloe barbadensis inflammatory,
salicylic acid, lignin soothing, healing
cooling, hydrating

Nimbin, nimbidin, Antiseptic, anti- Antibacterial,

Neem Azadirachta indica
azadirachtin, quercetin acne antifungal

Curcumin, Antioxidant,
Brightening, anti-
Turmeric Curcuma longa desmethoxycurcumin, antimicrobial,
inflammatory
zingiberene healing
Flavonoids, Anti-
Calendula Wound healing,
Calendula triterpenoids, inflammatory,
officinalis anti-irritation
carotenoids soothing
Anti-
Matricaria Apigenin, bisabolol, Calming, for
Chamomile inflammatory,
chamomilla chamazulene sensitive skin
antioxidant

Melaleuca Terpinen-4-ol, Anti-acne, Antimicrobial,

Tea Tree
alternifolia cineole, alpha-pinene antiseptic antifungal

Anti-
Cooling, anti-
Sandalwood Santalum album Santalol, β-santalene inflammatory,
tanning
aromatic

Eugenol, Ursolic acid, Skin purification, Antibacterial,

Basil (Tulsi) Ocimum sanctum
Rosmarinic acid anti-acne detoxifying

Anti-
Glycyrrhizin, Skin lightening,
Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra inflammatory,
liquiritin, glabridin soothing
melanin-inhibitor

Alizarin, purpurin, Skin brightening, Antioxidant, anti-

Manjistha Rubia cordifolia
munjistin blood purifier pigmentation

Gingerol, shogaol, Anti-aging, Stimulating,

Ginger Zingiber officinale
zingerone warming creams antioxidant

Asiaticoside, Collagen
Healing scars,
Gotu Kola Centella asiatica madecassoside, boosting, wound
firming skin
triterpenes healing

Lavandula Linalool, linalyl Relaxing, for dry Antiseptic,

Lavender
angustifolia acetate, camphor and inflamed skin calming