INDEX

Topic Topic Marks Distribution Total Page

numbe Numbers Number
r
MCQ CRQs ERQs
s
1 Measuremen 3 Total 3 6
ts marks
(1 CRQ)
2 Kinematics 6 5 marks
Choose 19
3 Dynamics 8 any ONE
From TWO
4 Turning 2 Total 3 5
Effect of marks
Forces (1 CRQ)
5 Deformation 1 Total 3 4
of Solids marks
(1 CRQ)
6 Work, Energy 6 5 marks
and Power Choose
any ONE 17
8 Thermal 6 From TWO
physics
7 Pressure 4 Total 3 7
marks
(1 CRQ)
9 Transfer of 2 Total 3 5
Thermal marks
Energy (1 CRQ)
10 Nature of 2 2
Science

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SLO#1.1.1: Differentiate between physical and non-physical quantities;

Physical Quantities Non-Physical Quantities

Quantities that can be measured Things that cannot be measured
Have numerical value (magnitude) and unit Do not have units or exact values
Can be expressed in numbers Cannot be expressed numerically

Related to science and mathematics Related to feelings, qualities, or ideas

Example: Length, mass, Time Example: Honesty, Kindness, Intelligence

SLO#1.1.2: Exemplify that physics is based on physical quantities only;

Definition: Physics is the branch of science that studies matter, energy, motion, force and natural
phenomenon using measurable quantities called physical quantities.

Explanation:
 In physics, everything is measured numerically.
 Physical quantities help scientists:
1. Perform Calculations
2. Make Formulas
3. Compare Results
4. Verify Experiments
 Example:
Physical Quantity: Length, Use in Physics: Distance measurement
Physical Quantity: Speed, Use in physics: Motion analysis

SLO#1.1.3: Identify various physical quantities as base and derive

quantities;

Base Quantities: Physical quantities that are independent and cannot be expressed in terms of
other quantities are called base quantities.
Important Points:
 Fundamental quantities
 Have their own SI unit
 Used to drive other quantities

Derived Quantities: Physical quantities formed from two or more base quantities are called
derived quantities.

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 Important Points:
 Depend on base quantities
 Obtained through mathematical relations
 Have derived units

SLO#1.2.1: List the seven base quantities of International System (SI)

along with their symbols and units;
Base Quantities SI unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

Derived Quantities Formula SI unit

Speed Distance/Time m/s
Force Mass*Area N(newton)
Area Length*Breadth m
2

Volume Length*Breadth*Height m
3

Density Mass/Volume Kg/m 3

SLO#1.2.2: Differentiate between base and derived physical quantities and

units;

Feature Base Physical Derived Physical

Quantities Quantities
Definition Quantities that are
independent and cannot be Quantities formed from base
expressed in terms of other quantities through
quantities mathematical relations
Nature Fundamental Quantities Combination of bas Quantities
Dependency Independent Dependent on Base Quantities
Formation Cannot be derived Can be Derived mathematically
Units Have Base units Have derived units

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 SI units Fundamental SI units Combination of SI base units
Examples of Quantities Length, Mass, Time Speed, Force, Density
Examples of units Meter(m), kilogram(kg), m/s, N, kg/m 3
Second(s)

SLO#1.3.1: Convert prefixes and their symbols to indicate multiples and sub-
multiples for base and derived units;

Prefixes: Prefixes are added before SI units to represent very large or very small quantities.

 Multiples → Larger than the base unit

 Sub-multiples → Smaller than the base unit
 Prefixes represent multiples and sub-multiples of units
 Multiples make large quantities easier to write
 Sub-multiples make small quantities easier to write
 Each prefix has a symbol and power of 10
 Prefixes are used with both base and derived units

Prefix Multiples/Sub- Symbol Power of 10

Multiples
Giga G 10
9

Mega M 10
6

Kilo K 10
3

Hecto h 10
2

Deca da 10
1

−1
Deci d 10
−2
Centi c 10
−3
Milli m 10
−6
Micro u 10
−9
nano n 10

Example: Convert 250 cm into metres.

Solution
We know:
1 cm = 0.01 m
So,

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250 cm=250×0.01
250×0.01=2.5
Answer
250 cm=2.5 m

SLO#1.3.2: Convert numerical values of measurement in scientific notation;

Scientific Notation: Scientific notation is a method of writing very large or very small numbers in
the form:

n
a × 10 Where, a is number between 1 to 10
and n is a positive or negative integer.

Example: Convert 45000 into scientific notation

Move decimal 4 places left:
45000=4.5×104

SLO#1.4.1: Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities;

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

Quantities only have magnitude Quantities have both magnitude and direction
Described by numerical value only Described by value and direction
Added by ordinary algebra Added using vector rules
Simpler Quantities More complex Quantities
No direction required Direction is necessary
Example: Mass, Time Example: Force, Velocity

SLO#1.4.2: List out various physical quantities as scalar or vector;

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

Length Displacement
Distance Velocity
Speed Acceleration
Mass Force
Time Weight
Temperature Momentum
Energy Torque
Power Electric field
Volume Magnetic Field

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 Density Gravitational Force

SLO#1.4.3: Describe the ‘head to tail’ rule of vector addition;

HEAD TO TAIL Rule of Vector Addition: The head-to-tail rule is a method used to add two or
more vectors.
In this method:
 The tail of the second vector is placed at the head of the first vector.
 The resultant vector is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
Example:
Suppose:
 Vector A = 5 m east
 Vector B = 3 m north
Using head-to-tail rule:
 Draw vector A first
 From its head, draw vector B
 Join starting point of A to ending point of B
That line gives the resultant vector.

SLO#1.4.4: Determine, using Pythagoras theorem and graphs, the resultant

of two vectors at right angle;

Resultant of Two Vectors at right angle: When two vectors act at 90° to each other, their
resultant can be found using the Pythagoras theorem.

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Formula:
If two vectors are:

 A
 B

Then Resultant R is:

R=√ A 2 + B2

Example:
Two Vectors
 3N east
 4N north
Find the resultant
Solution:
Using rules
R=√ 3 2+ 42 R=√ 9+16R=√ 25 R=5 N AnsGraphical Method:

SLO#1.5.1: Identify measuring instruments;

SLO#1.5.2: Determine the least count (LC) of the measuring instruments;

Measuring Instrument: Device used to measure physical quantities

Least Count(L.C): Smallest measurement an instrument can measure accurately

Instrument Quantity Measured Use Common Least

Count (LC)
Measuring cylinder Volume of liquids Measures Liquid Volume 1mL or 0.5mL

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 Measuring tape Length/Distance Measures Long Distances 1 mm
Meter Ruler Length Measures Length of 1 mm
Objects
Physical/Electronic Balance Mass Measures mass 0.1g or 0.01g

Screw Gauge Thickness/Diameter Measures very small 0.01 mm

thickness
Spring Balance Weight/Force Measures force/weight 0.1 N
Stopwatch Time Measures time intervals 0.1s or 0.01s
Vernier Caliper Internal/External Diameter, Measures diameter and 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
Depth depth

How to Determine Least Count:

Instrument Method
Meter Rule Smallest Division on scale
Measuring tape Smallest Marking
Stopwatch Smallest readable time
Vernier calipers Value of 1 smallest Vernier division
Screw gauge Pitch/Circular scale Division

1. Measuring Cylinder:

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2. Measuring Tape:

3. Meter Rule:

4. Physical/Electronic Balance:

5. Screw gauge:

6. Spring Balance:

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7. Stopwatch:

8. Vernier caliper:

SLO#1.5.3: Describe the working of measuring instruments;

Measuring Instrument Working Description Main Principle

Measuring cylinder Liquid is poured into the cylinder Graduated volume markings
and volume is read at the meniscus
level on the graduated scale

Measuring tape Flexible tape with markings is Scale measurement

stretched along the object to
measure length or distance

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 Meter rule Scale measurement
Object is placed along the scale and
length is read from markings

Physical/Electronic Balance Compares or electronically detects Comparison/electronic sensing of

mass and displays the reading mass

Screw Gauge Rotating screw moves spindle Screw movement principle

towards object; reading is taken
from main scale and circular scale

Spring Balance A spring stretches when force is Hooke’s law (Spring extension)
applied; extension shows
weight/force on calibrated scale
Stopwatch Starts and stops electronically or Time counting mechanism
mechanically to measure time
interval
Vernier calipers Sliding Vernier scale moves along Vernier scale principle
main scale to measure diameter,
thickness, or depth accurately

SLO#1.5.4: Determine an average value of the measurement by measuring

multiples values of the quantity;

Average Value of Measurements: The average value of a measurement is obtained by taking

several readings of the same quantity and dividing their sum by the total number of readings.

Why Average is important??

 Reduces measurement error

 Gives more accurate result
 Minimizes mistakes in single reading
 Improves reliability of experiment

Formula of Average:
Average=
∑ of all readings
Number of readings

Example:
A student measures the length of a table three times:
 2.1 m
 2.3 m
 2.2 m
Find the average length.

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Solution
Step 1: Add readings
2.1+2.3+2.2=6.6
Step 2: Divide by number of readings
Average=6.6/3
6.6/3=2.2
Answer
Average=2.2 m

SLO#1.6.1: Identify sources of errors (systematic and random) in the

measurement;

Error: Error is the difference between the true value and the measured value of a physical quantity.

Types of errors:

1. Systematic error: Systematic errors are consistent, repeatable errors that occur in the
same direction (always too high or too low).

Sources of systematic errors:

 Instrumental error: Fault in measuring instrument (e.g. zero error in balance)
 Observational error: Due to incorrect reading (parallax error)
 Environmental error: Changes in temperature, pressure and humidity affect temperature
 Personal error: Due to observer’s mistake or bias

Key points:
 Can be corrected if identified.
 Reduce accuracy.

2. Random errors: Random errors are unpredictable errors that vary from one measurement
to another.

Sources of random error:

 Small fluctuations in conditions: Temperature or air changes
 Instrument limitations: Small unavoidable variations
 Human reaction Time: Delay in starting/stopping stopwatch
 Reading variations: Slight changes in measurement each time

Key points:
 Occur Randomly
 Cannot be completely eliminated

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  Reduced by taking average values

SLO#1.6.2: differentiate between precision and accuracy;

Accuracy Precision
Closeness of measured value to the true value Closeness of repeated measurements to each other
Shows correctness of measurement Shows consistency of measurement
Affected mainly by systematic errors Affected mainly by random errors
Accurate value may or may not be precise Precise values may or may not be accurate
Related to true value Related to repeated values

SLO#1.7.1: describe significant figures;

Significant Figures: Significant figures are the meaningful digits in a measurement that include:
 All certain digits
 One uncertain (estimated) digit
They show the precision of a measurement.

Why significant figures are important:

 Show accuracy of measurement
 Prevent false precision
 Important in scientific calculations
 Reflect precision of instruments
Rules of Significant Figures:

Rule Example
All no-zero digits are significant 245 -> 3 Significant figures
Zeros between significant figures are significant 2005 -> 4 significant figures
6.08 -> 3 significant figures
Leading zeros are not significant 0045 -> 2 significant figures
Trailing zeros after decimal are significant 2.500 -> 4 significant figures
Trailing zeros without decimal are not significant 1500 -> 2 significant figures

SLO#1.7.2: apply the rules for rounding a number to the appropriate number
of significant figures.

Rounding off: Rounding off means reducing a number to the required number of significant figures
while keeping its value nearly the same.

Rules of Rounding off:

Rule Description
If digit after required figure is less than 5 Leave the previous digit unchanged

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 If digit after required figure is equal to 5 or greater than 5 Increase previous digit by 1
Remove Remaining digits after rounding Final rounded value obtained

Example:
Round 4.342 to 3 significant figures.
 First 3 significant figures → 4, 3, 4
 Next digit = 2 (less than 5)
4.342≈4.34

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SLO#2.1.1: Define rest and motion;

Rest: A body is said to be at rest if its position does not change with time relative to its surroundings.
There is no change in position.
Example: A book lying on a table, A person sitting in a bus is in rest relative to the bus
Motion: A body is said to be in motion if its position changes with time relative to its surroundings.
There is change in position.
Example: A moving car on road, A person sitting in a bus viewed from road side is in motion

SLO#2.2.1: Differentiate among the different types of motion, i.e.,

translatory (linear, random, circular), rotatory and vibratory motion;

Translatory: Motion in which every part of body moves same distance in same direction.
Motion type Definition Path of motion Direction Example
Translatory motion Train moving on
Linear along a straight line Straight line Fixed straight track

Motion with no Continuously Motion of Gas

Random fixed path or Irregular path changing molecules
direction
Motion along a Changes Stone tied to string
Circular circular path Circular path continuously moving in a circle

Rotatory Motion: Motion about a fixed axis

Example: Ceiling fan

Vibratory motion: To and fro motion about mean position

Example: Swing moving back and forth, vibrating string of a guitar

SLO#2.3.1: Define the following terms: a. distance, b. displacement, c.

speed, d. velocity, e. acceleration;

Term Definition Type Direction Formula Example

Required
??
Distance Total Path covered by Scalar No A car Travels
a moving body 1km
Shortest path Vecto Yes A person moves
between initial and r 5m east
Displacement final position in a
specific direction

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 Speed Distance travelled per Scalar No Distance Car moving at
Speed =
unit Time 60km/h
Displacement per unit Vecto Yes Velocity = Wind blowing
Velocity in a specific direction r Displacement 20km/h north
Time
Rate of change of Vecto Yes Acceleration = Speed of car
Acceleration velocity with time r Change∈velocity increasing with
Time respect to time

SLO#2.3.2: Calculate average speed, average velocity and acceleration;

Total distance covered

Average Speed=
Total time

Total displacement covered

Average Velocity=
Total time

vf ( final velocity )−vi(Initial velocity)

Average Acceleration=
Total time

Question1: A car travels 120 km in 2 hours. Find average speed.

Solution in km/h:
Average Speed=120/2
Answer in km/h:
Average Speed=60km/h

Solution in m/s:
Distance=120km=120x1000=120000m
Time=2hours=2x60x60=7200secs
Average speed=120000/7200
Answer in m/s:
Average speed=16.67m/s

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Question2: A person moves 100 m east in 20 s. Find average velocity.
Solution:
Average velocity=100/20
Answer:
Average velocity = 5m/s east

Question3: A car increases velocity from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 5 s. Find acceleration.

Solution:
Average acceleration=(30-10)/5
Average acceleration=20/5
Answer:
Average acceleration = 4m/s 2

SLO#2.3.3: differentiate between: a. distance and displacement, b. speed

and velocity, c. average speed and instantaneous speed, d. uniform and non-
uniform velocity, e. uniform and non-uniform acceleration;

a. Distance and Displacement:

Distance Displacement
Total path travelled by an object Shortest distance from initial to final position
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
No direction Has Direction
Always positive Can be positive, negative, or zero
Greater Than equal to displacement Less than or equal to distance
Can not be zero Can be zero

b. Speed and velocity:

Speed Velocity
Distance travelled per unit time Displacement per unit time
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
No direction Direction Required
Always positive May change with direction
Based on Distance Based on displaacement

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c. average speed and instantaneous speed:
Average Speed Instantaneous Speed
Total Distance ÷ Total Time Speed at a particular instant

Calculated over a time interval Measured at a specific moment

Gives overall speed Give exact speed at any instant
Example: Whole journey speed Example: Speedometer reading

d. Uniform and non-uniform velocity

Uniform Velocity Non-uniform Velocity
Velocity remains constant Velocity changes
Magnitude and direction remains same Direction and magnitude changes
Equal displacement in equal interval of time Unequal distance in equal interval of time
Acceleration is zero Acceleration is present (greater or less than zero)

e. Uniform and non-uniform acceleration

Uniform acceleration Non-Uniform Acceleration
Equal change in velocity in equal interval of time Unequal change in velocity in equal time intervals
Constant acceleration Uniform acceleration
Velocity changes at constant rate Velocity changes at different rates
Example: Free fall (ignoring air resistance) Example: Car in city traffic

SLO#2.3.4: describe the universal speed limit of any object in the universe
that is approximately3 ×1 08 m/s ;
Universal speed limit: The speed of light in vacuum is called the universal speed limit because
nothing in the universe can travel faster than it.
Its value is:
c=3 ×1 08 m/s ;

Important points:
 It is the highest speed possible in the universe.
 No object with mass can travel faster than light.
 Signals and information cannot travel faster than this speed.
 The speed of light in vacuum is 3 ×1 08 m/s .
 It is represented by the symbol c.
 It is fastest speed known in nature.

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  Therefore, It is the universal speed limit.

SLO#2.4.1: Interpret distance-time graph and speed-time graph;

SLO#2.4.2: Determine the slope/ gradient of distance-time and speed-time
graph;
SLO#2.4.3: Infer the following states of a body based on the given graph:
a. at rest,
b. moving with constant speed,
c. moving with positive acceleration,
d. moving with negative acceleration;

1. Distance-Time Graph: A distance-time graph shows how the distance travelled by an object
changes with time.
Change∈distance
Slope(Gradient) of Graph = Speed =
Change∈time

a. at Rest:

 Distance does not change with time, Body is at rest

 Horizontal line, parallel to Time axis

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b. Moving with constant speed:

 Distances increases linearly with time. Speed is constant.

 Straight line(with constant slope)

c. Moving with positive acceleration:

 Curves become steeper with time. Speed is increasing

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d. Moving with negative acceleration

 Curve becomes less steep with time. Speed is decreasing.

2. Speed-Time Graph: A speed-time graph shows how the speed of an object changes with time.
Change∈speed
Slope(Gradient) of graph = Acceleration =
Change∈time

A. At rest

 Speed is zero, Body is at rest

 Line on time axis(t=0)

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B. Moving with constant speed

 Speed does not change with time. Speed is constant.

 Horizontal line (parallel to time axis)

C. Moving with positive acceleration

 Speed increases linearly with time. Acceleration is positive

 Straight line sloping upwards

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 D. Moving with negative acceleration:

 Speed decreases linearly with time. Acceleration is negative.

 Straight line sloping downwards

SLO#2.4.4: Calculate the area under the speed-time graph of uniformly

accelerated objects to find out the distance covered by the objects;

Area under the speed-Time graph gives distance covered by the object.
1. At constant speed:

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 Area under the graph is a rectangle
Area of rectangle = length x breath
Distance = speed x time
Distance = 10 x 5
Distance = 50m

2. Uniformly accelerated motion:

Area under the graph is a triangle

breath x height
Area of triangle =
2
25 x 5
Distance =
2
Distance = 62.5m
SLO#2.5.1: Define acceleration due to gravity;
Definition: Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration produced in a body when it falls freely
towards the Earth due to Earth's gravitational force.
 Symbol: g
 Value: 9.8m¿ s2
 It acts towards the center of the earth
 All freely falling object accelerate at the same rate

SLO#2.5.2: Solve word problems related to free-falling bodies using the

relation g = Δv/ Δt.

Question: A stone is dropped from rest. Find its velocity after 3 s. Take g=9.8 m/s2
Solution:
v−u
u(initial velocity)=0 m/s -> dropped from rest g=
t
v−0
g(Gravity) = 9.8 m/s2 9.8 =
3

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t (time)= 3 sec 9.8*3=v
v(final velocity) = ? v = 29.4 m/s

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SLO#3.1.1: Differentiate between mass and weight;

Mass Weight
Amount of matter in a body Gravitational force acting on a body
Scalar quantity Vector Quantity
Remains constant everywhere Changes from place to place
Measured with a physical/electronic balance Measured with a spring balance
SI unit: Kilogram (kg) SI unit: newton (N)
Symbol: m Symbol: W
Independent of gravity Depends on gravity
Cannot be zero unless no matter exists Can be nearly zero in space
m = W/g W = mg

SLO#3.1.2: explain that the mass of an object resists changes from its state
of rest or motion (inertia);

Inertia: Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of which it resists any change in its state of rest or
state of motion
 Mass is a measure of inertia
 The greater the mass of an object, the more difficult it is to:
Start moving it if it is at rest.
Stop it if it is moving.
Change its speed or direction.

SLO#3.1.3: Define gravitational field strength;

Gravitational field strength: Gravitational field strength at a point is the gravitational force
acting on a unit mass placed at that point
 Earth attracts every object towards its center, The strength of this attraction at a place is called
gravitational field strength
 It us represented by “g”
 Its SI unit is m/s 2
 Near earth’s surface, g=9.8 m/s 2
 It tells how strongly gravity pulls object

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SLO#3.1.4: Solve word problems using the relation w = mg;

Question 1: A bag has a mass of 5 kg. Find its weight.

Solution:
Given:
 m=5kg
 g=9.8m/s 2
W=mg
W =5 x 9.8
W= 49 N

Question 2: A body has a weight of 196 N. Find its mass.

Solution:
Given:
 W=196 N
 g=9.8m/s 2
W=mg
m = W/g
m= 196/9.8
m = 20 Kg

SLO#3.2.1: Describe the concept of force with its SI unit;

Force: Force is a push or pull that can change the state of rest, motion, speed, direction, or shape of
an object.
 SI unit: Newton (N)
 Force is a vector quantity because it has magnitude and direction

SLO#3.2.2: Define contact and non-contact forces;

Contact Force:
 A force that acts when two objects are in direct physical contact
 Requires touching between objects
 Acts through direct interaction
 Friction and muscular force are contact force
Non-Contact Force:
 A force that acts between objects without physical contact
 Do not require touching
 Acts from a distance
 Gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic forces are non-contact force

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SLO#3.2.3: Identify the following forces as contact and non-contact forces:
a. air resistance, b. drag force (push, pull), c. electrostatic force, d. force of
friction,
e. gravitational force, f. magnetic force, g. tension (elastic force),
h. thrust (driving force);

Force Contact/Non-Contact Explanation

Force
Air resistance Contact Force Air particles collide with the moving
objects
Drag force(push/pull) Contact force Force exerted by a fluid (air or water) on a
moving object
Electrostatic force Non-Contact force Acts between charged objects without
touching
Frictional force Contact Force Acts between surfaces in contact

Gravitational Force Non-Contact Force Acts between masses without any physical
contact
Magnetic Force Non-Contact Force Acts between magnet or magnetic
materials without touching.

Tension Contact Force Transmitted through a stretch string, rope,

or elastic band
Thrust Contact Force Produced by engines, propellers, or
pushing actions through contact

SLO#3.2.4: State four fundamental forces of nature in terms of their relative

strength;

Force Relative Range Acts on Example

strength
Strong Nuclear Strongest 1 Very short Nucleus particles Holds proton and neutrons
force together in a nucleus

Electromagnetic 1/137 Infinite Charged Particles Attraction and repulsion

force between charges

−13
Weak Nuclear 10 Very Short Subatomic particles Radioactive decay
force
−38
Gravitational 10 Infinite All masses Attraction between masses
Force

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SLO#3.2.5: Mention the role of Pakistani scientists in proving the weak forces
and the electromagnetic force are unified;

Scientist: The most important Pakistani Scientist associated with this achievement is Abdus Salam.
Contribution:
 Abdus Salam worked with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg
 They developed the Electroweak theory
 This theory showed that the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force are actually two
aspects of a single force called the electro weak force.
 Their theory helped explain the behavior of subatomic particles

SLO#3.2.6: Represent the forces acting on a body using a free-body

diagram;
Definition: A free body diagram is a simple diagram that shows all the forces acting on a object using
arrows.
 The object is represented by a box or a dot
 Each force is shown by a arrow
 The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the force

Diagram:

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