Assay Of Aspirin
• To standardize hydrochloric acid (HCl) using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),
perform a titration: a precisely known mass or concentration of sodium
carbonate is dissolved to create a standard solution, which is then titrated with
the unknown HCl solution using methyl orange as an indicator. The color
change from yellow to light red or peach indicates the end point, where
you record the volume of HCl used to calculate its molarity using the
balanced chemical equation and stoichiometry.
• The yellow color in the basic Na₂CO₃ solution, due to methyl orange in a
basic environment, gradually transitions to orange and then to a
persistent pinkish-red at the endpoint when the solution becomes acidic,
signaling the completion of the reaction
A gram equivalent is the mass in grams of a substance that will combine with or
displace a fixed quantity of another substance, such as 1 gram of hydrogen or 8
grams of oxygen.
For an element: The equivalent weight is its atomic weight divided by its valence.
For an acid: The equivalent weight is its molar mass divided by the number of
replaceable hydrogen ions (H+).
For a base: The equivalent weight is its molar mass divided by the number of
replaceable hydroxide ions (OH-).
For a salt: The equivalent weight is its molar mass divided by the total number of
positive or negative charges.
For an oxidizing or reducing agent: The equivalent weight is its molar mass
divided by the number of electrons gained or lost, or the change in oxidation state.
Assay Of L-ascorbic Acid
Assay Of L-ascorbic Acid
Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers),
commonly denoted "L" (for "levo") and "D" (for "dextro"). The L
isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in
many foods, and is one form ("vitamer") of vitamin C, an essential
nutrient for humans and many animals.
standardization of Na2S2O3 by potassium dichromate solution
Feature Capital D/L Lowercase d/l
Meaning Relative configuration based on a Optical rotation: d (dextrorotatory) for
reference molecule like D- clockwise rotation, l (levorotatory) for
glyceraldehyde. counterclockwise rotation.
Application Primarily used for sugars and amino Used to describe the physical property of a
acids to define their structure relative compound's ability to rotate plane-
to the reference standard. polarized light.
Relation to Not an absolute configuration. It is a Does not indicate absolute
absolute relative designation that does not configuration. A d enantiomer could be R
configuration directly tell you the R/S or S, and an l enantiomer could be R or S.
configuration.
Usage note D/L stereodescriptors are based on a The d/l notation for optical rotation is now
relative comparison, whereas R/S is considered obsolete and is often replaced
an absolute assignment system. with (+) and (-) symbols, respectively.
Standardization of Na2S2O3 by potassium dichromate solution
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is added to a solution of potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and potassium iodide (KI) to act as a buffer,
controlling the pH and preventing the acidification of the solution,
which helps to prevent the decomposition of sodium thiosulfate
(Na2S2O3) and stabilize the liberated iodine. While a strongly
acidic environment is required for the (K2Cr2O7) to oxidize (KI) to
(I2), strong acidity can cause unwanted side reactions like the
decomposition of (Na2S2O3). Bicarbonate neutralizes excess acid,
preventing these side reactions.
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is added to an iodometric titration to prevent
two problematic side reactions: the air oxidation of iodide and the
decomposition of thiosulfate in acidic conditions. It achieves this through two
distinct mechanisms
Estimation of Alcoholic hydroxy Group
Estimation of Alcoholic hydroxy Group
Estimation of Alcoholic hydroxy Group
Hydrolysis of Actic Anhydride
Pyridine used as a solvent in acetylation reaction
because it is inactive towards the reagents, it removes
the acid products by salt formation and it also srve as
a catalyst.
Estimation of Amine
Saponification is simply the process of making soaps. Soaps are just
potassium or sodium salts of long-chain fatty acids. During saponification,
ester reacts with an inorganic base to produce alcohol and soap.
Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the
number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions
specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of
all the fatty acids present in the sample in form of triglycerides. The higher the
saponification value, the lower the fatty acids average length, the lighter the
mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice versa. Practically, fats or oils
with high saponification value (such as coconut and palm oil) are more
suitable for soap making.
Mechanism Of Hydrolysis
Where,
B is the volume of HCl solution used for the blank run, in mL
S is the volume of HCl solution used for the tested sample, in mL;
M is the molarity of HCl solution, in mol / L;
56.1 is the molecular weight of KOH, in g / mol;
W is oil/fat is the weight of sample, in g.