2- The data link layer Specific responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units called frames.2- The data link layer Specific responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the physical address of the sender (source address) and receiver (destination address) of the frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender's network, the receiver address is the address of the device that connects one network to the next. 12- The data link layer Specific responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: Flow control If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control mechanism to prevent overwhelming the receiver.2- The data link layer Specific responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. It also uses a mechanism to prevent duplication of frames. Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of the frame (See Chapter 2). n2- The data link layer Specific responsibilities of the data link layer include the following: Access control When two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any given time.2- The data link layer In Fig. 3.8, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link. At the data link level, this frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection.Dae wa seondl \ Destination Lo ‘oudese2- The data link layer Example of the frame format_at_data_link Vayer A data link layer protocol used in SNA is SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control protocol). ANSI! modified it to become ADCCP (Advanced Date Communication Control Protocol). ISO modified it to become HDLC (High Level Date Link Control). CCITT adopted and modified it. All the bit oriented protocols use the frame structure shown in Fig. 3.9. Address filed is used to identify one of the terminals. The control field is used for sequence numbers and ACK. Date field may contain arbitrary information. Checksum filed is CRC. The frame is delimited with another flag sequence (01111110).vy conina | adérese heckeum Fig, 3.9: Frame format for HDLC,2- The data link layer The media access functions tend to use software, running on microprocessor equipment at the node, with a little support from hardware. The logical link control functions are mostly carried out by software.3- The network layermodel. Fig, 3.4: The OST reference3- The network layer The purpose of this layer is to provide the ability to_link_all_ open networks together into_a single global network. The network layer is responsible for routing data between networks and in the process of converting between connectionless and connection-oriented communications. If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need for a network layer. Fig. 3.10 shows the relationship of the network layer to the data link and transport layers.From transport layer Taste To ronsport ayer ase sermon aver sermon aver Dante Bate “To dealin yer Fig. 3.10: Network layer. rom rank ayer3- The network layer Each network connected may have different constraints on the maximum packet size that can be handled. Thus, this layer must be able to perform segmentation and _ re-assembly of messages. It is concerned with getting packets from the source all the way to the destination. Getting to the destination may require making many hops at intermediate nodes along the way. The network layer is the lowest layer that deals with end-to-end transmission.3- The network layer To achieve its goal, the network layer must know about the topology of the communication subnet and choose appropriate paths through it. It must also take care to choose routes to avoid overloading some of the communication lines while leaving others idle. Finally, when the source and destination are in different networks, it is up to the network layer to deal with these difficulties and solve the problems that result from them.3- The network layer Specific responsibilities of the network layer include: + Logical addressing The physical addressing implemented by the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If a packet passes the network boundary, we need another addressing system to help distinguish the source and destination systems. The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that. among other things, includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.3- The network layer Specific responsibilities of the network layer include: : Routing When independent networks or links are connected together to create an inter-network (a network of networks) or a large network, the connecting devices (called routers or gateways) route the packets to their final destination. One of the functions of the network layer is to provide this mechanism.3- The network layer Now imagine that in Figure 3.11 we want to send data from a node with network address A and physical address 10, located on one local area network, to a node with a network address P and physical address 95, located on another local area network. Because the two devices are located on_ different networks, we cannot use _ physical addresses only; the physical addresses have only local jurisdiction. What we need here are universal addresses that can pass through the boundaries of local area networks.3- The network layer The network (logical) addresses have this characteristic. The packet at the network layer contains the logical addresses, which remain the same from the original source to the final destination (A and P. respectively, in the figure). They will not change when we go from network to network. However, the physical addresses will change when the packet moves from one network to another. The box with the R is a router.