Engr.

Furqan Latif Memon

Lecturer
furqanlatif@[Link]

Department of Electrical Engineering

Technology BBS-UTECH, Khairpur
Mirs’, Sindh, Pakistan

1
  Unsymmetrical Faults on a Symmetrical System:
 Def: Those faults on the power system which give rise to unsymmetrical fault
currents (i.e. unequal fault currents in the lines with unequal phase displacement) are
known as unsymmetrical faults.
 When a symmetrical fault occurs, it gives rise to symmetrical fault currents i.e. fault
currents in the three lines are equal in magnitude and displaced 120º electrical from one
another.

 Although symmetrical faults are the most severe and impose heavy duty on the circuit
breakers, yet the analysis of such faults can be made with a fair degree of ease.

 It is because the balanced nature of fault permits to consider only one phase in
calculations; the conditions in the other two phases being similar.

 The great majority of faults on the power system are of unsymmetrical nature; the
most common type being a short-circuit from one line to ground.

2
  Unsymmetrical Faults on a Symmetrical System:
 When such a fault occurs, it gives rise to unsymmetrical currents i.e. the magnitude of
fault currents in the three lines are different having unequal phase displacement.
 The calculation procedure known as method of symmetrical components is used to
determine the currents and voltages on the occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault.
 There are three ways in which unsymmetrical faults may occur in a power system.

 Single line-to-ground fault (L — G)

 Line-to-line fault (L — L)

 Double line-to-ground fault (L — L — G)

3
 Assumptions for Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis:
 In the analysis of unsymmetrical faults, the following assumptions will be made:
 The generated e.m.f. system is of positive sequence only.

 No current flows in network other than due to fault i.e. prefault load currents are
neglected.
 In each case of unsymmetrical fault, e.m.f.s’ per phase are denoted by Ea, Eb and Ec
and the terminal p.d. per phase by Va, Vb and Vc.
 Phase A shall be taken as the reference phase.

 The impedance of the fault is zero.

4
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
 A single line to ground fault occurs when one phase comes in contact with ground.
 Consider a 3-phase system with an earthed neutral.
 Let a single line-to-ground fault occur on the phase A as shown in Figure.
 Since phase “a” is ground. Hence, voltage of phase is zero.
 The phase “b” and “c” are unloaded (open circuited). Therefore, currents in phase
“b” and “c” is zero.
 Hence, the conditions for single line to ground fault are:
Va  0; Ib  0; Ic  0;
 Now, the sequence currents can
be calculated as below:
1
I a0  (I a  I b  I c )
3
1
I a0  (I a  0  0)
3
1
I a0   I a (1)
3 5
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
2  I )  1 (I
1
1
Ia1  (Ia  a  I b  a c a  0  0) Ia1   I a (2)
3 3 3
1 1
I a2  (I a  a 2  I b  a  I c )  (I a  0  0) 1
I a2   I a (3)
3 3 3
 From equation (1), (2) and (3), it can be observed that:

1
I a0  I a1  I a2   I a (4)
3
 Expression for Fault Current:
 Now, the expression for the fault current
is calculated as below: we know that:

Va1  Ea  Ia1  Z1 (5)

Va0  I a0  Z0 (6)
Va2  I a 2  Z 2 (7) 6
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2  I a0  Z 0  Ea  Ia1  Z1  I a 2  Z 2
0  I a0  Z 0  Ea  Ia1  Z1  I a 2  Z2

Ea  I a0  Z 0  Ia1  Z1  I a 2  Z 2
 We know from equation (4) that Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2, Hence, above equation becomes:

Ea  I a0  Z 0  I a0  Z1  I a0  Z2
Ea  I a0 (Z 0  Z1  Z 2 )
Ea
I a0  ( A)
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2 )
 If the fault has ground impedance, then
Ea
I a0  (B)
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3 Ze )
7
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
 The fault current from equation (4) can be calculated as:
Ea
I a  3 I a0  3 (C)
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2 )
 If the fault has ground impedance, then

Ea
I a  3 I a0  3 (D)
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3 Ze )

 Proof of Va = 0:
 
  Z1  Ea (Z 0  Z1  Z 2 )  Ea  Z1
Ea
Va1  Ea  Ia1  Z1  Ea   
 Z 0  Z1  Z 2  Z 0  Z1  Z 2
Ea  Z0  Ea  Z1  Ea  Z 2  Ea  Z1
Va1 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2
Z0  Z2
Va1   Ea (8)
Z 0  Z1  Z 2
8
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
 Ea 
Va0  I a0  Z0     Z 0 V   Z0 
  Ea (9)
 0
Z  Z  Z 2   Z 0  Z1  Z 2 
a0
1

Va2  I a 2  Z 2   Ea 
  Z2 

Z2 
  Ea

 Z 0  Z1  Z 2  V Z (10)
 Z0  Z1
a2
2 
 We know that
Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2
 Putting the values of Va0, Va1 and Va2 in above equation, we get:

 Ea    Ea   Ea 
Va     Z 0  Ea  Z1     Z2
 Z 0  Z1  Z 2   Z 0  Z1  Z 2   Z 0  Z1  Z 2 

 Ea  Z0  Ea (Z 0  Z1  Z 2 )  Ea  Z1  Ea  Z 2
Va 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2
9
 Single Line to Ground Fault:
 Ea  Z 0  Ea  Z 0  Ea  Z1  Ea  Z 2  E a  Z1  Ea  Z 2
Va 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2
0  Note: It should be noted that in single line to ground fault only
Va  0 voltage in phase a and current in phase a are derived. However,
Z 0  Z1  Z 2 we have not derived the formula for current in phase b and c.
However, in my opinion, the current in phase B and C is zero from
derivation.

10
 Example  This example is taken from Book Power System Analysis by
[Link], S. Kuruseelan, Chapter 8, Example 8.1.
 A salient pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and has a direct
axis sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u. the negative and zero sequence reactance are
respectively 0.35 and 0.1 p.u. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded.
 Determine the sub-transient current in the generator and line to line voltages for the
sub-transient conditions when a single line to ground fault occurs at the generator
terminals with the generator operating unloaded at the rated voltage. Neglect resistance.

 Solution:  Sub-Transient Current Ia:

 On a base of 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Ea = 1.0 p.u. since the internal voltage is equal to the
terminal voltage at no load. Now, the sub-transient current in per unit is:
Ea 1 1
I a0      j1.43p.u
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2 ) j0.1 j0.25  j0.35 j0.7
I a  3 I a0  3( j1.43) p.u   j4.29 p.u
Base kVA 201000
I    837 A
a(Base) 3 VBase 3 13.81000
11
 Solution:
Ia( Actual)  Ia( p.u)  Ia(Base)   j4.29 837   j3590 A

 Calculation of Line to Line Voltages:

 To calculate the line to line voltages, first phase voltages are calculated. The phase
voltages are calculated by determining the symmetrical components of the voltages:
Va1  Ea  I a1  Z1  1 ( j1.43)( j0.25)  1 0.357  0.643 p.u

Va2  I a 2  Z2  ( j1.43)( j0.35)  0.5 p.u

Va0  I a0  Z0  ( j1.43)( j0.1)  0.143 p.u

12
 Solution:
 Now, the phase voltages are calculated as below:

Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2  0.143  0.643  0.5  0

V V  a2 V  aV
b a0 a1 a2

Vb  0.143  (0.5  j0.866)(0.643)  (0.5  j0.866)(0.5)

Vb  0.215  j0.99 p.u

V V  aV  a2 V
c a0 a1 a2

Vc  0.143  (0.5  j0.866)(0.643)  (0.5  j0.866)(0.5)

Vc  0.215  j0.99 p.u
 Now, the line to line voltages are:
Vab Va Vb  0  (0.215  j0.99)  0.215  j0.99  1.0177.7 p.u
13
 Solution: Vbc Vb Vc  (0.215  j0.99)  (0.215  j0.99)

Vbc  0  j1.98  1.98270  1.98  90 p.u

Vca Vc Va  (0.215  j0.99)  0

Vca  1.01102.3  1.01  77.7 p.u
 All the above voltages are in per unit, now actual voltages are:

13.8 kV
Vab 1.0177.7  8.0577.7kV
3
13.8 kV
Vbc  1.98270 15.78270kV
3
13.8 kV
Vca  1.01102.3  8.05102.3kV
3 14
 Example  This example is taken from Book Principles of Power System by
[Link], Chapter 18, Example 18.16.
 A 3-ϕ, 11kV, 25 MVA generator with X0 = 0.05 p.u, X1 = 0.2 p.u, and X2 = 0.2 p.u is
grounded through a reactance of j0.3 Ω. Calculate the fault current for a single line to
ground fault.
 Solution:
 Fault Current Ia:
 Let the fault occurs at phase A. Ea = 1.0 p.u. Now, the reactance of ground is given in
ohms and need to be converted into per unit by using the formula.
Base kVA 25106  j0.3 25  j0.062 p.u
Z p.u  Z ohms   j0.3
(Base kV )2 (11103 )2 121
Ea 1
I a0  
( X 1  X 2  ( X 0  3 X N ) j0.2  j0.2  j(0.05  3 0.062)
1 1
I a0     j1.572 p.u
j0.2  j0.2  j(0.05  0.186) j0.636

I a  3 I a0  3( j1.572) p.u   j4.716 p.u

15
 Solution:
Base kVA 25106 251000
Ia(Base)    1312.163 A
3 V Base 3 111000 19.0525

Ia( Actual)  Ia( p.u)  Ia(Base)   j4.716 1312.163   j6188.16 A

16
 Line to Line Fault:
 A line to line fault occurs when two conductors are short circuited with each other.
 Consider a simple power system composed of single generator with neutral is
grounded as shown in Figure.
 Assume that generator is on no load, when short circuit occurs across phase B and C.
 As the phase A is unfaulted phase and generator is on no load, the Ia becomes zero.
 The current in phase B passes through phase C as well through fault but in opposite
direction. Ib = -Ic
 As the phases B and C are
directly short circuited, it follows
that the potential to ground of phase
B is equal to that of phase C.
 Vb = Vc.
 The condition for this fault are as:

Ia  0; Ib  I c
Ib  Ic  0; Vb  Vc
17
 Line to Line Fault:
 The symmetrical components of fault current in phase A at the fault point can be
written as:
1 1 1
I a0  (I a  I b  I c )  (0  I b  I c )  (0  I b  I b )  0 (1)
3 3 3
1 1 1
I a1  (I a  a  I b  a 2  I c )  (0  a  I b  a 2  I b )  (a  a 2 ) I b
3 3 3
1
I a1  (a  a ) I b  ( j 3)  I b 
1 2 1 j  I b (2)
3 3 3
1 1 1 2
I a2  (I a  a  I b  a  I c )  (0  a  I b  a  I b )  (a  a)  I b
2 2

3 3 3
1 1 1
I a2   (a  a ) I b   ( j 3)  I b  
2
j  I b (3)
3 3 3
 It is clear from equation (1) that zero sequence current Ia0 is zero.

 This is expected result since there is no earth return path. 18

 Line to Line Fault:
 From equation (2) and (3), it can be observed that:
1 1
Ia1  I a 2  (a  a ) I b
2
 j  Ib (4)
3 3
 The equation (4) shows that the positive sequence currents component is equal in
magnitude but opposite in phase to negative sequence components of current.
Note: It can be noticed from Equation (1) & (4) that if current in phase A is calculated, it
will be zero according to observation. However, it need to be verified.
Now, again we know that:

Vb  Vc
Va0  a 2 Va1  a Va2  Va0  a Va1  a 2 Va2
a V  a V  a 2 V  a V
2
a1 a1 a2 a2
(a 2  a)V a1  (a 2  a)V a2

Va1  Va2
26
 Line to Line Fault:
 we know that:

Ea  Ia1  Z1  0  I a 2  Z2
Ea  Ia1  Z1  Ia 2  Z2  0
Ea  Ia1  Z1  Ia1  Z2  0
Ea  Ia1 (Z1  Z 2 )  0
Ea
I a1  (A)
(Z 1  Z 2 )
 We know that from equation (4): I b   j  3  Ia1
 Now, the fault current will become:
Ea
I f  I b   j  3  I a1   j  3 
(Z1  Z 2 )
 Hence,
Ea
I f  I b  I c   j  3  I a1   j 3
(Z1  Z 2 )
20
 Line to Line Fault:
 Now, the expression for the phase voltages can be derived as below:

  Ea  Ea  Z1  Ea  Z 2  Ea  Z1
Va1  Ea  Ia1  Z1 a Z  Z
 E  Z 1 
 1 2  Z1  Z 2
Z2
Va1   Ea (B)
Z1  Z 2

 Ea   Z2 
Va2  I a 2  Z 2  (I a1 ) Z 2   Z 2     Ea (C)
 Z1  Z 2   Z1  Z 2 

Va0  I a0  Z0  0 Z0  0 (D)

Va  Va0 V a1 Va2  0  Z2   Z2 

 Ea   Ea
Z1  Z 2  Z1  Z 2 
Z 2  Ea  Z 2  Ea
Va 
Z1  Z 2
21
 Line to Line Fault:
2 Z 2
Va   Ea  2V a1 (E)
Z1  Z2
 Noted: The second part of Equation (E) is my small contribution. Hence, to
calculate Va, no need to calculate Va0, Va2. It can be directly calculated by doubling
the Va1.

V  V  a 2 V  a V Z2  Z2 
b a0 a1 a2  0  a 2 (  Ea )  a    Ea
Z1  Z 2  Z1  Z 2 
Z2 Z2
Vb  (a  a) (
2
 Ea )  (  Ea ) (a  a 2  1)
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2

Vb  (
Z2
 Ea ) 
Va  Noted: The second part of
Z1  Z 2
(F )
2 Equation (F) and whole
1 Equation (G) are my small
Vb   Va   1 (2V a1 )  Va1 (G) contributions.
2 2
22
 Line to Line Fault:
Z2  Z2 
2 
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a Va2  0  a (
2
 Ea )  a   Ea
Z1  Z 2  Z1  Z 2 
V  (a 2  a) ( Z2 Z2
 Ea )  (  Ea ) (a  a 2  1)
c
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
Z2 V a
Vc  (  Ea )  (H )
Z1  Z 2 2
1
Vc   Va   (2V a1 )  Va1 (I )
1
2 2
 Once again it is proved from equation (F) and (H) that Vb = Vc.
 Noted: The second part of Equation (F) shows a very important finding that the
voltage in phase B and C will be equal to the half of the voltage in Phase A with
opposite in phase. Hence, for calculation of Va, and Vb and Vc my approach is more
simple, short as compared to conventional approach of symmetrical components.

23
 Example
 A salient pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and has a direct
axis sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u. The negative and zero sequence reactance are
respectively 0.35 and 0.1 p.u. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded.
Determine the sub-transient current in the generator and line to line voltages for the
sub-transient conditions when a line to line fault occurs at the generator terminals with
the generator operating unloaded at the rated voltage. Neglect resistance.
 Solution:
 Sub-Transient Current Ib and Ic:
 On a base of 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Ea = 1.0 p.u. since the internal voltage is equal to the
terminal voltage at no load. Now, the sub-transient current in per unit is:
Ea 1 1
I a1      j1.667 p.u
(Z1  Z 2 ) j0.25  j0.35 j0.6
I a 2  I a1  j1.667 p.u; I a0  0 p.u
 The current in phase A is calculated as below:

I a  I a0  Ia1  I a 2  0  j1.667  j1.667  0 p.u 24

 Solution:
I b  I a0  a 2  I a1  a  I a2
I b  0  (0.5  j0.866)( j1.667)  (0.5  j0.866) j1.667
I b  2.886  j0.0 p.u I b  I c  2.886  j0.0 p.u
Base kVA 201000
I(Base)    837 A
3 V Base 3 13.81000
Ib( Actual)  Ib( p.u)  Ib(Base)   j2.886 837   j2415.582180 A

Ic( Actual)  Ib( Actual)  j2415.5820 A

 The symmetrical components of the voltages from phase A to ground are:

Va1  Va2  Ea  Ia1  Z1  1 ( j1.667) ( j0.25)
Va1  Va2  1 0.417  0.583 p.u
Va0  0
25
 Solution:

Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2  0  0.583  0.583  1.166 p.u

V  V  a 2 V  a V
b a0 a1 a2

Vb  0  (0.5  j0.866) (0.583)  (0.5  j0.866)  0.583

Vb  0.583 p.u Vb  Vc  0.583 p.u

 Calculation of Line to Line Voltages:

 The line to line voltages are calculated as below:

Vab Va Vb 1.166 (0.583) 1.166  0.583 1.7490p.u

Vbc Vb Vc  0.583  (0.583)  0.583 0.583  0 p.u

Vca Vc Va  0.5831.166  1.749180 p.u

26
 Solution:  All the above voltages are in per unit, now actual voltages are:

13.8 kV
Vab 1.749 13.940kV
3
13.8 kV
Vbc  0  0kV
3

13.8 kV
Vca  1.749  13.94180kV
3 Answer

34
 Example  This example is taken from Book Principles of Power System by [Link],
Chapter 18, Example 18.17.
A 3-phase, 3-wire system has a normal voltage of 10·4 kV between the lines. It is
supplied by a generator having positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of 0·6,
0·5 and 0·2 Ω per phase respectively. Calculate: The fault current which flows when a
line-to-line fault occurs at the generator terminals.

 Solution:

 Fault Current If Calculation using Conventional Method:

By conventional method, the fault current is calculated as below: here only steps are
written to save the time and space.
Ea( Line) 10.4103
Ea( phase)    6004.44 V
3 3
Ea
I a1 
(Z 1  Z 2 )
I a 2  Ia1; I a0  0 28
 Solution:
 Fault Current If Calculation:

Suppose the short circuit fault occurs between phase B and C. Taking Phase A as the
reference, its phase e.m.f. is:

Ea( Line) 10.4103

Ea( phase)    6004.44 V
3 3
Ea 6004.44
I f  Ib   j  3    j 3
(Z1  Z 2 ) ( j0.6  j0.5)
3  6004.44 10400
I f  Ib   j    j  9454.54 A
j1.1 j1.1

29
 Double Line to Ground Fault:
 A double line to ground fault occurs when two of phases come in contact with each
other as well as with ground.
 Consider a three phase system with an earthed neutral as shown in Figure.
 Let us assume that system is unloaded when double line to ground fault occurs on
phases B and C as shown in Figure.
 The conditions of fault are specified by
the following relations:
I a  0; Vb  0; Vc  0;
I f  I b  Ic
 The sequence voltages in phase A can
be written as:
1 
1
  
1
V a (1)
Va0  (Va Vb Vc ) (Va 0 0)
3 3 3

1 1 1
Va1  (Va  a Vb  a Vc )  (Va  a  0  a  0) 3 Va (2)

2 2

3 3 30
 Double Line to Ground Fault:
1 1 1
Va2  (Va  a Vb  a Vc )  (Va  a  0  a  0)  Va (3)
2 2

3 3 3
 From Equation (1), (2) and (3), it can be observed that:

1
Va0  Va1  Va2  Va (4)
3
 Again we know that:
Va1  Ea  Ia1  Z1
Va0  I a0  Z0
Va2  I a 2  Z 2
 From Equation (4) that:
Va0  Va1
 I a0  Z 0  Ea  Ia1  Z1
Ea  Ia1  Z1 V V
I a0  ( )  ( a1 )  ( a0 )
Z0 Z0 Z0
43
 Double Line to Ground Fault:
 From Equation (4) that:
Va2  Va1
 I a 2  Z 2  Ea  Ia1  Z1
Ea  I a1  Z1 V V
I a 2  ( )  ( a1 )  ( a 2 )
Z2 Z2 Z2
 We know that:

Ia  I a0  Ia1  I a 2
Ea  I a1  Z1 )  I Ea  I a1  Z1 )  0
( a1  (  Ia  0
Z0 Z2
 Ea  Z 2  Ia1  Z1  Z 2  Ia1  Z 0  Z 2  Ea  Z0  Ia1  Z0  Z1
0
Z0  Z2
 Ea  Z 2  Ia1  Z1 Z2  Ia1  Z 0 Z 2  Ea  Z 0  Ia1  Z 0 Z1  0 Z 0 Z 2  0

Ia1  Z1  Z 2  Ia1  Z 0  Z 2  Ia1  Z 0  Z1  Ea  Z 2  Ea  Z0

32
 Double Line to Ground Fault:
Ea (Z 2  Z 0 )  Ia1 (Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  Z 2  Z 0  Z1 )
Ea (Z 2  Z0 ) Ea (Z 2  Z 0 )
I a1 
(Z1  Z 2  Z0  Z 2  Z0  Z1 )

(Z1 (Z 2  Z 0 )  Z 0  Z 2 )
 Divide numerator and denominator by (Z0+Z2), We get:

Ea (Z 2  Z0 ) /(Z2  Z0 )
I a1 
(Z1 (Z 2  Z0 ) /(Z2  Z0 )  Z0 Z 2 ) /(Z 2  Z 0 )
Ea
I a1 
Z1  (Z 0 Z 2 /(Z2  Z 0 ))
 Again we know that:

Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2  Va2 Va 2 Va 2  3Va 2 Va0  Va1  Va2
33
 Double Line to Ground Fault:
V  V  a V  a V
2  V
a2
 a 2
V  a V
a2 a2
b a0 a1 a2

V  V (1 a  a)  V  0  0
2
b a2 a2

V  V  a V  a2 V  V  a V  a 2 V
c a0 a1 a2 a2 a2 a2

V  V (1 a 2  a)  V  0  0
c a2 a2
 Hence, the voltage B and C
are zero.

34
 Example
 A salient pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and has a direct
axis sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u. the negative and zero sequence reactance are
respectively 0.35 and 0.1 p.u. the neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Find the
sub-transient current in the generator and line to line voltages for the sub-transient
conditions when a double line to ground fault occurs at the generator terminals with the
generator operating unloaded at the rated voltage. Neglect resistance.
 Solution:
 Conventional Method for Sub-Transient Current If Calculation:
 On a base of 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Ea = 1.0 p.u. since the internal voltage is equal to the
terminal voltage at no load. Now, the sub-transient current in per unit is:
Ea 1
I a1  
Z1  (Z 0 Z 2 /(Z 2  Z 0 )) j0.25  ( j0.1 j0.35 /( j0.35  j0.1))
1 1 1
I a1   
j0.25  (0.035 /( j0.45) j0.25  j0.0778 j0.3278
Ia1   j3.05 p.u
35
 Solution:
 We know that for double line to ground fault:
Va0  Va1  Va2  Ea  Ia1  Z1  1 ( j3.05)( j0.25)  1 0.763
Va0  Va1  Va2  0.237 p.u

V 0.237
I a2  ( a2 )  ( )  j0.68 p.u
Z2 j0.35
Va0 0.237
I a0  ( )  ( )  j2.37 p.u
Z0 j0.1

I a  I a0  Ia1  I a 2  j2.37  j3.05  j0.68  0

I b  I a0  a 2  I a1  a  I a2
I b  j2.37  (0.5  j0.866)( j3.05)  (0.5  j0.866) j0.68
Ib  3.23  j3.555  4.8132.3 p.u
36
 Solution:
I c  I a0  a  Ia1  a 2  I
a2

I c  j2.37  (0.5  j0.866) ( j3.05)  (0.5  j0.866)  j0.68

Ic  3.23  j3.555  4.847.7 p.u

I f  I b  Ic  3.23  j3.555  3.23  j3.555  j7.11 p.u

37
 Solution:

Base kVA 201000

I    837 A
(Base) 3 VBase 3 13.81000

Ia( Actual)  0 A

Ib( Actual)  Ib( p.u)  Ib(Base)  4.8132.3837  4017132.3 A

38
 Solution:
Ic( Actual)  Ic( p.u)  Ic(Base)  4.8132.3837  4017132.3 A

I f ( Actual)  I f ( p.u)  I f (Base)  7.11837  5951 A

 Va Calculation:

Va  Va0 Va1 Va 2  0.237  0.237  0.237  0.711 p.u

V  V  a 2 V  a V
b a0 a1 a2

Vb  0.237  (0.5  j0.866) 0.237  (0.5  j0.866) 0.237

Vb  0.237  (0.237)  0 p.u
39
 Solution:
V  V  a V  a 2 V
c a0 a1 a2

Vc  0.237  (0.5  j0.866)  0.237  (0.5  j0.866) 0.237

Vc  0.237  (0.237)  0 p.u

 Hence, the voltage B and C are zero.

Vab  Va Vb  0.711  0  0.711 p.u

Vbc  Vb Vc  0  0  0 p.u

Vca  Vc Va  0  0.711  0.711 p.u
 The line to line voltages in per unit can be expressed as:

13.8 kV
Vab  0.711  5.660kV
3 40
 Solution:  Vca has the value -0.711, however, in the
end the answer is written positive. Hence,
13.8 kV no need to be confused because the angle is
Vbc  0  0 kV changed from zero degree to 180 degree.
3
13.8 kV
Vca  0.711  5.66180kV
3
 At this stage, we can
compare the fault current of
single line to ground fault, line
to line fault and double line to
ground fault. It can be
observed that among
unsymmetrical faults, double
line to ground fault is more
severe compared to single line
to ground and line to line fault.
41
 Example  This example is taken from Book Principles of Power System by [Link],
Chapter 18, Example 18.18.
 The per unit values of positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of a network at
fault are 0.08, 0.07, and 0.05 p.u respectively. Determine the fault current if the fault is
double line to ground fault.
 Solution:
 Conventional Method for Sub-Transient Current If Calculation:
 Suppose the fault involves phase B and C and the ground. Let its phase emf be: Ea =
1.0 p.u. Now, the sub-transient current in per unit is:
Ea 1
I a1  
Z1  (Z 0 Z 2 /(Z 2  Z 0 )) j0.08  ( j0.07  j0.05 /( j0.07  j0.05))
1 1 1
I a1   
j0.08  (0.0035 /( j0.12) j0.08  j0.02916 j0.1091
Ia1   j9.16 p.u
 We know that for double line to ground fault:
Va0  Va1  Va2  Ea  Ia1  Z1  1 ( j9.16)( j0.08)  1 0.7328
54
 Solution:

Va0  Va1  Va2  0.267 p.u

V 0.267
I a2  ( a2 )  ( )  j3.814 p.u
Z2 j0.07

Va0 0.267
I a0  ( )  ( )  j5.34 p.u
Z0 j0.05

I a  I a0  Ia1  I a 2   j9.16  j3.814  j5.34  0

Ib  I a0  a 2  I  a  I
a1 a2
I b   j9.16  (0.5  j0.866)( j3.814)  (0.5  j0.866) j5.34

Ib  11.235  j8.013 p.u

55
 Solution:
I c  I a0  a  Ia1  a 2  I
a2
I c   j9.16  (0.5  j0.866) j3.814  (0.5  j0.866) j5.34
Ic  11.235  j8.013 p.u
I f  I b  I c  j8.013 11.235  j8.0135 11.235
I f  I b  Ic  j16.026 p.u

56
 Example  This example is the modification of Example 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3, chapter 12, and taken from
Book Electric Power System, and limited to the calculation of fault current.

 The positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of 20 MVA, 13.2 kV

synchronous generator are 0.3 p.u, 0.2 p.u, and 0.1 p.u respectively. The generator is
solidly grounded and is not loaded. Calculate the fault when:
 (a) Single line to ground fault occurs.
 (a) Line to line fault occurs.
 (a) Double line to ground fault occurs. Neglect all resistances.
 Solution:
 (a) Fault Current For Single Line to Ground Fault:
 On a base of 20 MVA, 13.2 kV, Ea = 1.0 p.u. since the internal voltage is equal to the
terminal voltage at no load. Now, the sub-transient current in per unit is:
Ea 1 1
I a0      j1.67 p.u
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2 ) j0.1 j0.2  j0.3 j0.6

I a  3 I a0  3( j1.67) p.u  5  90 p.u

Base kVA 201000
I    874.8 A
a(Base) 3 VBase 3 13.21000
58
 Solution:
I a( Actual)  I a( p.u)  Ia(Base)   j5874.8   j4373.879 A (A)

 Alternatively, we know that the fault current is given by:

Ea
I a  3  3
1
 3
1
  j5.0 A
(Z 0  Z1  Z 2 ) ( j0.1 j0.2  j0.3) j0.6
 Other two step are same. Hence, are not repeated.
 (b) Fault Current For Line to Line Fault: [Link]
Approach
 For line to line fault, Ia0 = 0 because of the absence of ground.
Ea 1 1
I a1      j2.0 p.u
(Z1  Z 2 ) j0.3  j0.2 j0.5
I a 2  I a1  j2.0 p.u; I a0  0 p.u
I b  I a0  a 2  Ia1  a  I a2
Ib  0  (0.5  j0.866) ( j2.0)  (0.5  j0.866)  j2.0
59
 Solution:
Ib  3.464 p.u
I b  I c  3.464 p.u
 Alternatively, we know that the
fault current is given by:
Ea
I f  Ib   j  3 
(Z 1  Z 2 )
1.0
I f  Ib   j  3 
( j0.2  j0.3)
3
I f  Ib   j   3.4644 p.u
j0.5
Ib( Actual)  Ib( p.u)  Ib(Base)  3.4644 874.8  3030.3072 A (B)

Ic( Actual)  Ib( Actual)  3030.3072 A

60
 Solution:
 (c) Fault Current For Double Line to Ground Fault:
Ea 1
I a1  
Z1  (Z 0 Z 2 /(Z 2  Z 0 )) j0.3  ( j0.2 j0.1/( j0.2  j0.1))
1 1 1
I a1   
j0.3  (0.02 /( j0.3) j0.3  j0.06 j0.366

Ia1   j2.73 p.u

 We know that for double line to ground fault:
Va0  Va1  Va2  Ea  Ia1  Z1  1 ( j2.73)( j0.3)  1 0.819
Va0  Va1  Va2  0.181 p.u

V 0.181
I a2  ( a2 )  ( )  j0.905 p.u
Z2 j0.2
61
 Solution:
Va0 0.181
I a0  ( )  ( )  j1.81 p.u
Z0 j0.1

I a  I a0  Ia1  I a 2  j1.81 j2.37  j0.905  0

I b  I a0  a 2  I  a  I
a1 a2

I b  j1.811  (0.5  j0.866) ( j2.37)  (0.5  j0.866)  j0.905

Ib  3.1477  j2.7225 p.u

I c  I a0  a 2  I  a  I
a1 a2

I c  j1.811  (0.5  j0.866) ( j2.37)  (0.5  j0.866)  j0.905

Ic  3.1477  j2.7225 p.u

I f  Ib  Ic  3.1477  j2.723  3.1477  j2.723
49
 Solution:
I f  I b  I c  5.43 p.u
Ia( Actual)  Ia( p.u)  Ia(Base)  5.43874.8  4750.164 A (C)

 It can be observed from

Equation (A), (B) and (C)
shows that among
unsymmetrical faults, double
line to ground fault is more
severe.
Answer

THANK YOU

50