Chapter 7

External Forced Convection

Nikhil Ingle, PhD.

Lecturer,
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Kennesaw State University
Office: E111
Email: ningle1@[Link]

KENNESAWSTATE
[Link] & Afshin Ghajar Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Application, 5th edition, UNIVERSIT
Objectives

Provide an overview of external flow, with emphasis on friction and pressure

drag, flow separation, and the evaluation of average drag and convection
coefficients.
Understand parallel flow over flat plates.
Analyze the turbulent flow over flat plates with and without an unheated starting
length.
Cross flow over cylinders and spheres, and present graphs and empirical
correlations for the drag coefficients and the Nusselt numbers and discuss their
significance.
Finally, we consider cross flow over tube banks in aligned and staggered
configurations, and present correlations for the pressure drop and the average
Nusselt number for both configurations.

K ENNESAW STATE
Drag and Heat Transfer in External Flow.

Fluid flow over solid bodies frequently occurs in practice

such as the drag force acting on the automobiles, power.
lines, trees, and underwater pipelines; the lift developed by.
airplane wings; upward draft of rain, snow, hail, and dust..
particles in high winds; and the cooling of metal or plastic.
sheets, steam and hot water pipes, and extruded wires.
Free-stream velocity: The velocity of the fluid relative to an
immersed solid body sufficiently far from the body..
It is usually taken to be equal to the upstream velocity V.
(approach velocity) which is the velocity of the approaching.
fluid far ahead of the body..
The fluid velocity ranges from zero at the surface (the no-slip
condition) to the free-stream value away from the surface

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Friction and Pressure Drag
Boundary layer
Drag: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the
flow direction..
The components of the pressure and wall shear forces in Ty T
the normal direction to flow tend to move the body in that (a)
direction, and their sum is called lift High pressure -Low pressure

Both the skin friction (wall shear) and pressure contribute

to the drag and the lift.

Wind tunnel
60 mph

Wall shear
(b)
FIGURE7-3
(a) Drag force acting on a flat plate
parallel to the flow depends on wall.
shear only. (b) Drag force acting
FIGURE 7-2
on a flat plate normal to the flow.
Schematic for measuring the drag depends on the pressure only and is
force acting on a car in a wind tunnel independent of the wall shear, which
NNESAW STATE
acts normal to the free-stream flow.
IIVERSITY
The drag force Fp depends on the density of the fluid, the upstream velocity V, and the size, shape, and orientation
of the body, among other things..
The drag characteristics of a body is represented by the dimensionless drag coefficient Cp defined as

[Link] = 0

Drag coefficient:
Fp
tpV-A [Link] = 0

Fp=FD,niction= F= CgADV2

The part of drag that is due directly to wall shear stress tw.
is called the skin friction drag (or just friction drag) since it.
is caused by frictional effects, and the part that is due.
FIGURE 7-4
directly to pressure P is called the pressure drag.. For parallel flow over a flat plate, the
pressure drag is zero, and thus the
drag coefficient is equal to the friction
coefficient and the drag force is equal
Cp = Cp, friction + Cp, pressure to the friction force

Flat plate:
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At low Reynolds numbers, most drag is due to friction drag.
Wake
The friction drag is proportional to the surface area. region
The pressure drag is proportional to the frontal area and to the.
difference between the pressures acting on the front and back of the
immersed body.
The pressure drag is usually dominant for blunt bodies and negligible.
for streamlined bodies..
FIGURE7-5
Separation during flow over a tennis
When a fluid separates from a body, it forms a separated region. ball and the wake region
between the body and the fluid stream.
Separated region: The low-pressure region behind the body here Wake: The region of flow trailing the
recirculating and backflows occur. body where the effects of the body on
The larger the separated region, the larger the pressure drag. velocity are felt.
Viscous and rotational effects are the
most significant in the boundary layer,
the separated region, and the wake.

ENNESAW
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Heat Transfer

Local and average

Nu=fi(x*, Re,Pr) and Nu = f2(Ret, Pr)
Nusselt numbers:

Average Nusselt number: Nu=CRePr n

Film temperature:
Ts+ To
Tf= 2

Average friction
coefficient:

Average heat transfer h= [Link]

coefficient: Lo
The heat transfer rate:
Q=hAT-T
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KENNESAWSTATE
Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry, surface roughness
upstream velocity, surface temperature, and the type of fluid, among other things, and is best
characterized by the Reynolds number..
The Reynolds number at a distance x from the leading edge of a flat plate is expressed as

pVx Vx
Too Re,
V

A generally accepted value for

the Critical Reynold number

amina

5 X 105
The actual value of the engineering critical.
Reynolds number for a flat plate may vary.
FIGURE7-6 somewhat from 105 to 3 106, depending on the.
Laminar and turbulent regions surface roughness, the turbulence level, and the
of the boundary layer during
variation of pressure along the surface..
flow over a flat plate.
NNESAW
ONIVERSIT
 If we are flowing room temperature (20C) water over a flat plate at a free stream velocity of 10 m/s.
Calculate the distance (x) at which flow changes from laminar to turbulent.
Use the property of fluid from table A-9 from book..

What would happen to (x), if the velocity is reduced to 1 m/s..

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Friction Coefficient Re=Vx/v
C=[Link]
Laminar: 8 4.91x
Re1/2
and Cf.x
0.664
Rel/2 Re5105 L0.664dx
L Jo Rel/2
0.664 LVx
1/2
0.059
Turbulent: =80.38x and Cfx Rel/5 5 X 105 Re 107 0 d
Re!/5
0.664 1/2

1.33
Laminar:
Rel/2
Rep5105 1/2
20.664
L
0.074
Turbulent:
Re1/5
5 105Re 107 1.328
Rell2

Combined laminar + turbulent flow:

+ xp fx,turbulent
FIGURE 7-7
The average friction coefficient over a
surface is determined by integrating
0.074 1742
Rel/5 ReL 5 105 Re 107 the local friction coefficient over the
entire [Link] values shown here
are for a laminar flat plate boundary
layer.
Rough surface, turbulent: (1.89 - 1.62 1og e)-25
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 Relative Friction
roughness, coefficient
E/L
0.0* 0.0029
1 x 10-5 0.0032
1 x 10-4 0.0049
1 x 10-3 0.0084
*Smooth surface for Re = [Link]
calculated from Eq.7-18 for fully
rough flow.

FIGURE 7-8
For turbulent flow, surface roughness
may cause the friction coefficient to
increase severalfold.

Rough surface, turbulent: Cg = 1.89 - 1.62 10g

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Heat Transfer Coefficient
The local Nusselt number at a location x for laminar flow over a flat plate may be obtained by solving the
differential energy equation to be

Laminar:

hxx
k
Nu=hxx = 0.332 Re05 Pr113
0990
Pr > 0.6

Nux
k
Turbulent: = 0.0296 Re0.8Pr1/3
hxA
Cj. 5 X 105 Re, 107
These relations are for isothermal and smooth
surfaces
The local friction and heat transfer coefficients are
higher in turbulent flow than they are in laminar flow.
Also, h, reaches its highest values when the flow
FIGURE7-9 becomes fully turbulent, and then decreases by a
The variation of the local friction and factor of x-0.2 in the flow direction.
heat transfer coefficients for flow over
a flat plate.
The variation of the local friction and heat transfer coefficients.
for flow over a flat plate.
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 Nusselt numbers for average heat transfer coefficients

Laminar:
k
Nu =hL = 0.664 Re0.5 Pr1/3 Ret5 105
0.6 Pr 60
Turbulent: Nu hL
= = 0.037 Re.8 Pr1/3
k 5 105 Re 107
hx, turbulent

Laminar+ turbulent Nu =
hL 0.037 Re9.8 =871)Pr1/3
k
09 90
5 105 Re 107

For liquid metals.

Nu = 0.565(Re, Pr) 1/2 Pr 0.05
For all liquids, all Prandtl'numbers
hxx 0.3387 Pr1/3Rel/2 FIGURE7-10
Nux
k
Graphical representation of the
[1 + (0.0468/Pr)2/3]1/4 average heat transfer coefficient for a
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flat plate with combined laminar and
turbulent flow.
 It is desirable to have a single correlation that applies to all fluids, including
liquid metals. By curve-fitting existing data, Churchill and Ozoe (1973) pro-
posed the following relation which is applicable for all Prandtl numbers and
is claimed to be accurate to 1%

hxx_ 0.3387 Pr1/3Rel/2

Nu=k[1 + (0.0468/Pr)2/31/4 Re, Pr 100 (7-26)

Pe= RePr is the dimensionless Peclet number

FIGURE 7-11
Jean Claude Eugene Peclet
(1793-1857),a French physicist, was
born in Besancon,[Link] was one
of the first scholars of the Ecole
Normale at Paris. His publications
were famous for their clarity of style
sharp minded views and well
performed experiments. The
dimensionless Peclet number is
named after him KENNESAW STATE
DX JNIVeRSIA'y
Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length

Local Nusselt numbers

Nux (for s=0) 0.332 Re0.5 Pr1/3
Laminar: Nu, = [1 - (5/x)3/4]1/3 [1 (g/x)3/4]1/3
Nux (for g=0) 0.0296 Re0.8 Pr1/3a
Turbulent:
Nu, = [1 - (E/x)9/10]1/9 6/1[01/6(x/3) - 1]

To
V
Thermal boundary layer
Average heat transfer coefficients.
Velocity boundary layer
2[1 (/x)3/4]
Laminar:h =
1 /Lhx=I

5[1 (E/x)9/10]
Turbulent:h =
4(1/D) hx=I

Flow over a flat plate with an unheated starting

length. ENNESAWSSTATI
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Uniform Heat Flux
For a flat plate subjected to uniform heat flux

Laminar:Nu = 0.453 Re.5 Pr1/3 Pr>0.6, Re,5 105

Turbulent:Nu=0.0308 Re0.8Pr1/3 0.6Pr60 5 X 105 Re, 107
These relations give values that are 36 percent higher for.
laminar flow and 4 percent higher for turbulent flow relative.
to the isothermal plate case.

When heat flux is prescribed, the rate of heat transfer to or from the plate and the surface
temperature at a distance x are determined from

qs
qs=hx[Ts(x)-T] T(x)= T+ hx

ENNESAWSTATE
K UNIVERSIT
EXAMPLE 7-1 Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate Noting that the pressure drag is zero and thus Cp = C for parallel flow over a
flat plate, the drag force acting on the plate per unit width becomes
Engine oil at 60C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate whose
temperature is 20C with a velocity of 2 m/s (Fig.7-13).Determine the total FD= CA pV2=0.0066351m876kg/m2m/s IN 58.1N
drag force and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate. 2 2 (1kgm/s
The total drag force acting on the entire plate can be determined by multiply
SOLUTIONEngine oil flows over a flat plate. The total drag force and the rate ing the value obtained above by the width of the plate.
This force per unit width corresponds to the weight of a mass of about 6 kg.
of heat transfer per unit width of the plate are to be determined.
Therefore, a person who applies an equal and opposite force to the plate to
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible.2 The critical Reynolds keep it from moving will feel like he or she is using as much force as is necessary
number is Re=510 to hold a 6-kg mass from dropping.
Properties The properties of engine oil at the film temperature of T=(T+ T/ Similarly, the Nusselt number is determined using the laminar flow relations
2=20+60)/2=40C are Table A-13 for a flat plate,

Nu hL
= = 0.664 Re p3 = .664 (4.024 105 296210 = 1913
p=876 kg/m Pr=2962
K
k=0.1444 W/m-K =2.48510m/s Then,
Analysis Noting that L= 5 m the Reynolds number at the end of the plate is
h= Nu=0.1444 W/m-K (1913) = 55.25 W/m2 K
L 5m
VL 2m/s5m
Re= P 2.48510-4m/s 4.02410 pue

which is less than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar flow Q=hAT-T=55.25 W/mK)51m60-20C=11,050W
over the entire plate, and the average friction coefficient is
DiscussionNote that heat transfer is always from the higher-temperature medium
to the lower-temperature one. In this case, it is from the oil to the plate. The heat
C=1.33 Re0.5 = 1.33 (4.024 10)0.5= 0.00663 transfer rate is per m width of the [Link] heat transfer for the entire plate can
be obtained by multiplying the value obtained by the actual width of the plate.
T=60C
V=2m/s

=5 KENNESAW STATE
FIGURE7-13
Schematic for Example 7-1.
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Flow Over Cylinders And Spheres.
Flow over cylinders and spheres is frequently encountered in practice.
The tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger involve both internal flow through the tubes and external flow
over the tubes.
Many sports such as soccer, tennis, and golf involve flow over spherical balls..
The characteristic length for a circular cylinder or sphere is taken to be the
external diameter D. Thus, the Reynolds number is defined as Re = VD/v
where V is the uniform velocity of the fluid as it approaches the cylinder or.
sphere. The critical Reynolds number for flow across a circular cylinder or.
sphere is about Rec. 2 105. That is, the boundary layer remains laminar.
forRe2X10is transitionalfor 2 10Re 210and
becomes fully turbulent for Re 2 106

At very low velocities, the fluid completely wraps around the.

cylinder. Flow in the wake region is characterized by periodic.
vortex formation andllowpressures,

Laminar boundary layer separation with.

a turbulent wake; flow over a circular
cylinder at Re=2000
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For flow over cylinder or sphere, both the friction drag, and the pressure drag can be significant.
The high pressure in the vicinity of the stagnation point and the low pressure on the opposite side in the
wake produce a net force on the body in the direction of flow
The drag force is primarily due to friction drag at low Reynolds numbers (Re<10) and to pressure drag
at high Reynolds numbers (Re >5000).
Both effects are significant at intermediate Reynolds numbers.

400
At Re~10, At Re~90,
200 separation separation with
vortex
Cd remains mostly
constant (relatively). Flow
starts occurring Sudden drop is experienced at
100 on the rear of formation. in B.L is Laminar but the
flow in the separated
about 2X105, because the flow B.L
the body
60 region past the cyl is highly becoming turbulent. This moves.
Until Re the separation point further on the
40 ~1000,
turbulent.
rear of the body.
20 separation
keeps
10 increasing.
Here drag is
6 For Re <1, we mostly (95%) Average drag coefficient for.
4
from skin
have creeping
friction.
cross-flow
flow, and the
Smooth cylinder over a smooth circular cylinder.
2 drag coefficient
decreases and a smooth sphere.
1 with increasing
Reynolds
0.6 [Link] a
0.4 sphere, it is CD
=24/[Link]
Srphere
0.2 is no flow
separation in
0.1 this regime.
0.06
10-1 100 10' 102 103 104 105 106 KENNESAW STATE
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 FIGURE 7-18
Flow visualization of flow over (a) a
smooth sphere at Re =15,000,and
(b) a sphere at Re = 30,000 with a trip
wire. The delay of boundary layer
separation is clearly seen by
(a) comparing the two photographs.

Flow separation occurs at about 80 (measured from the front stagnation

point of a cylinder) when the boundary layer is laminar and at about 0 140
when it is turbulent

(b)
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KENNESAWSTATE
Effect of Surface Roughness.

streamlined bodies
For blunt bodies such as a circular cylinder or sphere, however, an increase in the surface roughness may
increase or decrease the drag coefficient depending on Reynolds number.

0.6 At Re =2 x105,for example, Co~0.1 for a rough sphere

with e/D = 0.0015, whereas Co~ 0.5 for a smooth one
=relative roughn
0.5

At Re = 106, Co~ 0.4 for a very rough sphere, whereas

Co~0.1 for a smooth one
Golf
ball

0.2
golf balls are intentionally roughened to induce turbulence
=1.25102 =0(smooth) at a lower Reynolds number to take advantage of the sharp
D
0.1 =510 drop in the drag coefficient at the onset of turbulence in the
1.510-3 boundary layer

4 10 105 2105 4 105 6 4x10

Re=VD
ENNESAW STATE
The effect of surface roughness on the drag coefficient of a sphere. ONIVERSIT
 CD
Smooth Rough Surface,
Re Surface E/D=0.0015
2 x 105 0.5 0.1
106 0.1 0.4

FIGURE7-20
Surface roughness may increase or
decrease the drag coefficient of a
spherical object, depending on the
value of the Reynolds number.

K KENNESAW STATE
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EXAMPLE7-4 Drag Force Acting on a Pipe in a River
A 2.2-cm-outer-diameter pipe is to span across a river at a 30-m-wide sec-
tion while being completely immersed in water (Fig. 7-21). The average flow
velocity of water is 4 m/s and the water temperature is [Link] the
drag force exerted on the pipe by the river.

SOLuTioN A pipe is submerged in a river. The drag force that acts on the
River
pipe is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The outer surface of the pipe is smooth so that Fig.7-17 can be
used to determine the drag coefficient.2 Water flow in the river is steady.3 The direc-
tion of water flow is normal to the pipe.4 Turbulence in river flow is not considered. Pipe
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 15C are p = 999.1 kg/m
and =1.138 10-3 kg/m-s Table A-9. WOE
Analysis Noting that D = 0.022 m, the Reynolds number is
FIGURE 7-21
VD pVD 999.1 kg/m4 m/s0.022 m Schematic for Example 7-4.
Re=
1.13810kg/ms
=7.7310
The drag coefficient corresponding to this value is,from [Link] = 1.0.
Also, the frontal area for flow past a cylinder is A = LD. Then the drag force
acting on the pipe becomes

pV2 999.1 kg/m4 m/s IN

Fp=CpA =1.0300.022m
2 2 1kg-m/s
=5275N=5.30kN

Discussion Note that this force is equivalent to the weight of a mass over 500 kg.
Therefore, the drag force the river exerts on the pipe is equivalent to hanging a
total of over 500 kg in mass on the pipe supported at its ends 30 m apart. The
necessary precautions should be taken if the pipe cannot support this force. If
the river were to flow at a faster speed or if turbulent fluctuations in the river
were more significant, the drag force would be even larger. Unsteady forces on
the pipe might then be significant. K KENNESAWSTATE
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Heat Transfer Coefficient
Flows across cylinders and spheres, in general, involve flow 700

separation, which is difficult to handle analytically..

600
Flow across cylinders and spheres has been studied Re=219
experimentally by numerous investigators, and several empirical 500
186,000
170,000
correlations have been developed for the heat transfer coefficient.
140,00
400

101,300
300
Note that, for all cases, the value of Nu starts out relatively high at 70,800

the stagnation point (0 = 0) but decreases with increasing 0 as a 200

result of the thickening of the laminar boundary layer.
After 80o (separation point), the Nu then increases with 0 as a 100

result of intense mixing in wake region..

For high Re flows, the sharp increase in Nu at about 0 = 90o is due 40 80 120 160
to the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Nu drops again due 0 from stagnation point

to thickening of B.L. FIGURE7-22

Nu reaches its second minimum at about 0 =140o, which is the flow Variation of the local heat transfer
coefficient along the circumference of
separation point in turbulent flow, and increases with O as a result a circular cylinder in cross flow of air.
of the intense mixing in the turbulent wake region From Giedt,1949.
 For flow over a cylinder.
5/8-4/5
hD 0.62 Re1/2 Pr1/3 Re
Nucyl 7
0.3 [1 + (0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4 282,000
RePr > 0.2

The fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature. T=T+ T)

For flow over a sphere

hD
Nusph = 2 + [0.4 Re1/2 + 0.06 Re2/3] Pr0.4

3.5Re80.000and 0.7Pr380
The fluid properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature T..,.
except for s, which is evaluated at the surface temperature Ts.

hD Constants C and m are.

Nucyl K
C RemPr"
given in the table.

The relations for cylinders above are for single cylinders or cylinders oriented such that the.
flow over them is not affected by the presence of others. They are applicable to smooth
surfaces. ENNESAW STATE
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TABLE 7-1
Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection.
over circular and noncircular cylinders in cross flow (from Zukauskas,1972
Jakob 1949,and Sparrow et al.,2004)

Cross-section
of the cylinder Fluid Range of Re Nusselt number
Circle 0.4-4 Nu = O.989Re0.330Pr1/3

Gas or
4-40 Nu = 0.911Re0.385Pr1/3
D 40-4000 Nu = O.683Re0.466Pr1/3
liquid
4000-40,000 Nu = 0.193Re0.618 Pr1/3
40,000-400,000 Nu = 0.027Re0.805 Pr1/3

Square Gas 3900-79.000 Nu = 0.094Re0.675Pr1/3

Square Gas 5600-111,000 Nu = 0.258Re0.588Pr1/3

(tilted D
45)

K UNIVERSIT
KENNESAW STATE
 TABLE7-1
Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection
over circular and noncircular cylinders in cross flow (from Zukauskas, 1972
Jakob 1949, and Sparrow et al., 2004)

Hexagon Gas Nu=O.148Re0.638Pr1/3

Hexagon Gas Nu = 0.162Re0.638Pr1/3

(tilted Nu = 0.039Re0.782Pr1/3
45)

Vertical Gas Nu = O.257Re0.731Pr1/3

plate D

Ellipse Gas Nu = 0.197Re0.612Pr1/3

KS UNIVERSIT
KENNESAW STATE
EXAMPLE7-5 Heat Loss from a Steam Pipe in Windy Air
T=110C
A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is
110C passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds
(Fig.7-23).Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length V=8m/s
when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10C and the wind is blowing across the
pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.
T=10C

SOLUTION A steam pipe is exposed to windy air. The rate of heat loss from.
the steam is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.2 Radiation effects are
negligible.3 Air is an ideal gas.
The properties of air at the average film temperature of T=T,+
T_)/2=110+10)/2=60C and 1 atm pressure are Table A-15)
FIGURE7-23
k=0.02808W/m-K Pr=0.7202=1.89610-m/s Schematic for Example 7-5.
AnalysisThe Reynolds number is
TABLE7-1
Re= VD
8m/s)0.1 m)
V 1.89610m/s 4.21910 Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection
over circular andnoncircular cylinders in cross flow (from Zukauskas, 1972
The Nusselt number can be determined from Jakob 1949, and Sparrow et al., 2004)
hD Re
K
0.62 Re/2pr1/3
Nu= =0.3+[1+ (0.4/Pr)231/4 282.000
Cross-section
of the cylinder Fluid Range of Re Nusselt number

=0.3+
0.624.2191020.7202 4.21910 Circle 0.4-4
4-40
Nu = 0.989Re0.330Pr1/3
Nu=0.911Re0.385Pr1/3
[1 + (0.4/0.7202231/4 282,000 Gas or
40-4000 Nu=0.683Re0.466Pr1/3
= 124 liquid 4000-40,000 Nu = 0.193Re0.618Pr1/3
and 40,000-400,000 Nu = 0.027Re0.805Pr1/3

h= Nu=0.02808 W/m-K (124) = 34.8 W/m2-K Square Gas 3900-79,000 Nu=O.094Re0.675Pr1/3

D 0.1 m
D
Then, the rate of heat transfer from the pipe per unit of its length becomes

A=pL=DL=0.1m1m=0.314m
Q=hAT-T=34.8W/m-K0.314 m110-10C=1093W Square Gas 5600-111,000 Nu=0.258Re0.588Pr1/3
The rate of heat loss from the entire pipe can be obtained by multiplying the
(tilted
value above by the length of the pipe in m 45)
Discussion The simpler Nusselt number relation in Table 7-1 in this case
would give Nu = 128, which is 3 percent higher than the value obtained above KENNESAW STATE
using Eq.7-35.
UNIVERSITY
A 25-cm-diameter stainless steel ball (r = 8055 kg/m3, cp = 480 J/kg.K) is removed from the oven at a
uniform temperature of 30o C (Fig. 7-24). The ball is then subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure
and 25 C with a velocity of 3 m/s. The surface temperature of the ball eventually drops to 200 C.
Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient during this cooling process and estimate
how long the process will take.
Air
L=25C Steel
ball
V=3 m/s 300C

FIGURE7-24
Schematic for Example 7-6.

K KENNESAW STATE
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 Flow
Flow Across Tube Banks direction

Cross-flow over tube banks is commonly encountered in practice in

heat transfer equipment, e.g., heat exchangers.
In such equipment, one fluid moves through the tubes while the other
moves over the tubes in a perpendicular direction.
Flow through the tubes can be analyzed by considering flow through
a single tube and multiplying the results by the number of tubes.
For flow over the tubes the tubes affect the flow pattern and
turbulence level downstream, and thus heat transfer to or from them
are altered.

FIGURE7-25
Flow patterns for staggered and in-line INESAW STAT
tube banks IVERSIT
 diagonal pitch Sp = VS + (St/2)2
pVA= pVmaxAT ST
Staggered and Sp<(S+D/2 Vmax =2(Sp-D)
S7
ma

V,T pVA = pVmax(2Ap) or VS= 2Vmax(Sp D)

V,T
1
Re

Arrangement of the tubes in in-line and

staggered tube banks (A1, Ar, and Ap.
are flow areas at indicated locations, and
A=SL L is the length of the tubes)..
1strow 2nd row 3rd row
AT=S-DL (b Staggered
aIn-line Ap=SD-DL UNIVERSIT
Nup=
hD =C Re Pr"(Pr/Pr,)0.25 T;+Te
K Tm All properties except Prs are to be evaluated at
2 the arithmetic mean temperature
Correlations in Table 7-2.

TABLE7-2
Nusselt number correlations for cross flow over tube banks forN > 16and
0.7 Pr500(from Zukauskas,1987)*
Arrangement Range of Rep Correlation

0-100 Nup = 0.9 Re,4Pr0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25

In-line 100-1000 Nup =0.52 Re%%Pr0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25

1000-2X105 Nup= 0.27 Re0.63pp0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25
2105-2106 Nup 0.033 Re,Pr0.4(Pr/Pr)0.25
0-500 Nup =1.04 Re,4Pr0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25
500-1000 Nup=0.71 ReB5Pr0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25
Staggered 1000-2 x105 Nup = 0.35(S/St)0.2 Re,6Pr0.36(Pr/Pr,)0.25
2X105-2106 Nup=0.031S/S0.2Re,8Pr0.36Pr/Pr)0.25

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The average Nusselt number relations in Table 7-2 are for tube banks with more than 16 rows.

Those relations can also be used for tube banks with N, < 16 provided that they are modified as

Nup,N<6 = FNup N<16

where F is a correction factor whose values are given in Table 7-3
For Rep > 1ooo, the correction factor is independent of Reynolds number.

TABLE7-3
Correction factor F to be used in Nup, N,<1 FNufor N>16 and Re>1000 Nup,N<1 = FNup
(from Zukauskas, 1987)
NL 1 2 3 4 5 10 7
13
In-line 0.70 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.99
Staggered 0.64 0.76 0.84 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.99

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Heat transfer rate.

Ts-Te-Ts-Ti_ATe-AT
ATm = n[(T, - T)/(T; ~ T)] In(AT,/AT) Log mean temperature difference

Exit temperature
Ash
T=Ts-T-Texp mc As=NDL m=pV(NgSL)

Q=hATim=mc,(Te-Ti) Heat transfer rate

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 60
40

Pressure drop 20 P=SD

10
P=SD P=P

pVinax
AP=Nfx 2
Friction factor,f
[Link]
P1P-1
0.4

Wpump = VAP = mAP 0.2

3.0
0.1

V=V(NSL) 8103 104 810 810

m = pV= pV(NSrL) Rep,max
(a) In-line arrangement

80

f is the friction factor and xis the correction

60
40 [Link]
factor. 20
10

The correction factor x given is used to

account for the effects of deviation from Friction factor,f

square arrangement (in-line) and from =1.2

8090
equilateral arrangement (staggered). Pr/P

0.
6810 68102 468103 4681042 6810512 46810
Rep,max VSTATE
(b) Staggered arrangement RSITY
 Analysis It is given that D=0.015m,S=S=0.05 mand V=4.5 m/s.
EXAMPLE-7-7 Preheating Air by Geothermal Water in aTube Bank Then the maximum velocity and the Reynolds number based on the maximum
velocity become
In an industrial facility, air is to be preheated before entering a furnace by
0.05
VS-D
geothermal water at 120C flowing through the tubes of a tube bank located ST
in a duct. Air enters the duct at 20C and 1 atm with a mean velocity of (4.5 m/s) = 6.43 m/s
0.05 0.015
4.5 m/s, and flows over the tubes in normal direction. The outer diameter
of the tubes is 1.5 cm, and the tubes are arranged in-line with longitudinal
and transverse pitches of S= S=5 [Link] are 6 rows in the flow Rep
pVD 1.059 kg/m6.43m/s)0.015 m
=5086
direction with 10 tubes in each row as shown in [Link] the 2.008 10kg/m-s
rate of heat transfer per unit length of the tubes, and the pressure drop
The average Nusselt number is determined using the proper relation from
across the tube bank. Table 7-2 to be
The rate of heat transfer can also be determined in a simpler way from
Nup=0.27 Re963P0.36Pr/Pr0.25
transfer to air and the pressure drop of air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature
of the tubes is equal to the temperature of geothermal water.
=0.275086).630.7202)0.360.7202/0.7073)0.25= 52.1 =hATm=mcT-T)
Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not This Nusselt number is applicable to tube banks with N> 16. In our case =2.709kg/s)1007J/kgK29.11-20C=2.4910W
known. We evaluate the air properties at the assumed mean temperature of the number of rows is N=6, and the corresponding correction factor from
60C (will be checked later and 1 atm (Table A-15: For this square in-line tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to
Table 7-3 is F = [Link] the average Nusselt number and heat transfer
coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank become Rep=5086 and S/D=5/1.5 =3.33is,from Fig.7-27a,f=[Link]
k=0.02808W/m-K p = 1.059 kg/m3 x=1 for the square [Link] the pressure drop across the tube
bank becomes
Cp=1.007kJ/kgK Pr=0.7202 Nup.N= FNu= 0.945)52.1) = 49.3
pVA
=2.00810kg/m-s Pr=Prc=0.7073 AP=NfX
[Link] 49.3(0.02808 W/m-K)
Also, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 20c (for use in the mass 92.2W/m-K
flow rate calculation at the inlet) is p= 1.204 kg/m. D 0.015m
=60.161
1.059 kg/m6.43 m/s
1 kg-m/s
Air The total number of tubes is N=N N=6 10=[Link] a unit tube
V=4.5m/s T=120C length (L =1 m) the heat transfer surface area and the mass flow rate of air
T=20C (evaluated at the inlet) are
DiscussionThe arithmetic mean fluid temperature is T+ T/2 =
A=NDL=600.015 m1 m)=2.827m 20+ 29.11/2 =24.6C,which is not close to the assumedvalue of 60C.
Repeating calculations for 25C gives 2.57 104 W for the rate of heat trans-
m=m=PV(NSL fer and 23.5 Pa for the pressure drop.
O =1.204 kg/m4.5m/s100.05 m1 m=2.709 kg/s

Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the

O00000 rate of heat transfer become

T=T-T-Texp
2.827 m92.2W/m-K
S=S=5cm D=1.5cm =120120-20)exp 2.709 kg/s)1007J/kgK 29.11C
FIGURE 7-28
Schematic for Example 7-7. ATm T-T-T-T
InT-TT-T)
12029.1112020
n120-29.11120-20]
95.4C

Q=hA7=92.2W/m-K2.827m95.4C=2.4910W K UNIVERSIT
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Pressurized water is often available at elevated temperatures and may be used for space heat-
ing or industrial process applications. In such cases it is customary to use a tube bundle in.
which the water is passed through the tubes, while air is passed in cross flow over the tubes. S = 34.3 mm Water tube
S=31.3 mm D=16.4 mm
Consider a staggered arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is 16.4 mm and the
T=70C
longitudinal and transverse pitches are S=34.3mm and S= 31.3 [Link] are seven
rows of tubes in the airflow direction and eight tubes per row. Under typical operating condi- T=T=15C
tions the cylinder surface temperature is at 70C, while the air upstream temperature and V=6m/s
velocity are 15C and 6m/s, respectively. Determine the air-side convection coefficient.
and the rate of heat transfer for the tube [Link] is the air-side pressure drop?.

PropertiesTable A.4,air T=15C)p=1.217 kg/mcp=1007 J/kgK,v =14.82

10m/sk=0.0253W/mKPr=[Link].4airT=70CPr=0.701. Air
Table A.4,airT=43C):v=17.4X 10m/s,k=0.0274W/mK,Pr=0.705.
Row 1 Row7

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Summary
> Drag and Heat Transfer in External Flow
> Friction and pressure drag.
7 Heat transfer
Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates
Friction coefficient
> Heat transfer coefficient.
> Flat plate with unheated starting length
> Uniform Heat Flux.
> Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
> Effect of surface roughness
Heat transfer coefficient
> Flow across Tube Banks
> Pressure drop

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