Basic Electric Concepts
Current I Ampere A
Direct Current Dc Ampere A
Alternating Current Ac Ampere A
Voltage V Volts V
Potential Difference Pd Volts V
Electro Motive Force Emf Volts V
Resistance R Ohms Ω
Ohms Law V=IR
Power P Watt W
Energy E Wat Hour Wh
Cycle
Time Period T Second Shz
Frequency F Hertz
Wavelength ƛ Meter M
Wave Form
Sine Wave
Square Wave
Sawtooth
Pulse Width T Second S
Mark T Second S
Space T Second S
Mark To Space Ratio Percent %
Duty Cycle Percent %
Rise Time T Second S
Fall Time T Second S
Fan Out T Second S
Propagation Delay Time T Second S
Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Phase Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
Demodulation
Electronic Components Resistance
Capacitors
Inductors
Diodes
Transistors
1. Resistors
Definition.......................................................Current limiting device
Symbol...........................................................R
SI unit.............................................................Ohm
Unit symbol....................................................Ω
Kilo-ohm........................................................1000Ω
Mega ohm......................................................1000000Ω
Circuit symbol..............................................
Basic circuit..................................................
Color Code.....................................................B B R O Y G B V G W
How to Measure.............................................Multimeter
Ohm’s law......................................................V = I x R
Series Resistance............................................Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 +…..
Voltage divider...............................................Vout = (Ri/Rt)Vin
Parallel Resistance.........................................1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …….
Current divider...............................................Kirchhoff's Current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law
Resistor types.................................................Fixed and variable
Non linear resistors........................................LDR, NTC, PTC, VDR
Variable Resistor............................................
2. Capacitors
Definition.......................................................To store energy in the form of electric charge
Symbol...........................................................C
SI unit.............................................................Farad
Unit symbol....................................................F
millifarad........................................................1f/1000...................................mF
microfarad......................................................1f/1000,000............................µF
nano-farad......................................................1f/1000,000,000.....................nf
picofarad........................................................1f/1000,000,000,000..............pf
Circuit symbol................................................
Polarized and non Polarized
Construction...................................................
Dielectric........................................................Air, Mica, Ceramic, Glass. electrolytic
Working.........................................................
Charging and discharging
Time considerations.......................................RC time constant
How to Measure.............................................Multimeter
Capacity.........................................................
Reactance.......................................................
Series Capacitors............................................1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + …….
Parallel Resistance.........................................Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 +……….
Capacitor Types.............................................Fixed and variable
Variable..........................................................
Uses
Coupling capacitors.......................................
Bypass capacitors...........................................
3. Inductors
Faraday's laws of electromagnetism
1. Current carrying conductor is a magnet
2. Maxwell’s right hand rule
3. Changing magnetic field induces emf to a conductor
4. Len’s law and back EMF
Definition.......................................................To store energy in the form of magnetic filed
Symbol...........................................................L
SI unit.............................................................Henry
Unit symbol....................................................H
Millihenry......................................................1h/1000..................................mH
Microhenry.....................................................1h/1000,000...........................µH
Circuit symbol................................................
Construction...................................................
ECW, SECW, AWG
Core................................................................Air, Iron, Soft Iron, Hard Iron, Ferrite
Working.........................................................
How to Measure.............................................LCR Meter
Inductance......................................................
L = Inductance, N = Number of turns, d = Diameter, l = Length
Reactance.......................................................
Series Inductors..............................................Lt = L1 + L2 + L3 +……….
Parallel Inductors...........................................1/Lt = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 + …….
Inductor Types...............................................Fixed and variable
Variable Inductor...........................................
Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance
Transformers..................................................
Step up transformer .......................................N1 < N2
Step down transformer...................................N1 > N2
Isolation transformer......................................N1 = N2
Transformation Ratio.....................................
Applications
Generators, Motors, Sound systems, Communication, Transformers, industrial, Cranes, Heating
Simple Circuits
1. Filters
Definition.......................................To pass certain frequencies while attenuating other frequencies
Remember Xl = 2πfl
XC = 1/2πfc
Tank Circuit
Resonance frequency
Types according to frequency
1. Low-pass filters Pass low frequency and reject high frequencies
2. High-pass filters Pass high frequencies and reject low frequencies
3. Band-pass filters Pass group of frequencies and reject all other frequencies
4. Band-reject Pass all frequencies except group of frequencies
Band-reject filters are also known as Band-stop filters or Notch filters
Cutt-off frequency...............Fco
Types according to components
RC Filters RL Filters LC Filters RLC Filters
Low-pass filters
High-pass filters
Band-pass filters
Band-reject filters
4. Diodes
Definition......................Two electrode device that conducts in only one direction
Energy bands.................Valance band, Conduction band
Energy gap....................Insulator, Semi-conductor, Conductor, Forbidden energy gap
Carbon family...............Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead, and Flerovium (group 14)
Nitrogen family.............Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, and Moscovium
(group 15).
Boron family.................boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, and ununtrium (group 13)
Doping
Intrinsic semi-conductor................................Pure semiconductor
Extrinsic semi-conductor...............................Impurity is added
N-Type semi conductor..................................Electrons are majority carriers
P-type semiconductor.....................................Holes are majority carriers
PN junction diode..........................................Construction, Depletion layer
Two electrodes...............................................Anode , Cathode
Diode Biasing
1. Forward bias
knee voltage
Forward voltage.............................................0.7v for silicon and 0.3v for germanium (typical)
2. Reverse bias
Reverse voltage
Break down voltage
Avalanche region
3. Diode characteristic curve
Diode Types
P-N Junction Diode, Zener Diode, Tunnel Diode, Schottky Diode, Varactor Diode, Diac, Triac,
SCR, Light Emitting Diode, Photo Diode
Circuit symbol of some diodes
Diode characteristic curve
Testing............................................................Multimeter
Data sheet.......................................................Characteristics
Applications
Blocking, Bypass, Snubber Circuits, Rectifiers, Detection, Demodulation, Voltage Regulation
Frequency Modulation, VCO, Indication, Displays, Switching, Logic Gates and so on
Simple Circuits
2. Rectifiers In Linear Power Supply
Definition......................................................To convert AC electricity into DC electricity
Types of uncontrolled rectifiers....................Half wave rectifier, Full wave rectifier, Bridge rectifier
AC Wave forms............................................Sine wave, Square wave, Saw tooth
AC Mains Transformer Diode Output without Capacitor Diode Output with capacitor
Voltage Output AC DC AC DC
Ripple factor..................................................AC Component in the rectifier output
Filter..............................................................π Filter
Regulation.....................................................Zener Diode
SMPS............................................................Switch Mode Power Supply
Resultant wave form
5. Transistors
A. Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT
Definition......................Transfer resistor, Negative resistance
Construction..................NPN, PNP
Circuit Symbol..............Emitter, Collector, Base
Biasing..........................Forward Bias, Reverse Bias.
Working………Base Current, Collector Current, Emitter Current,Vcc , VBE , VCE ,Rc, RE , RB , GND
Data sheet......................Transistor Part Number
Testing..........................Multimeter
Operation......................Amplifier, Switch, Saturation, Cut-Off, Q-Point
Configuration................Common Base, Common Collector, Common Emitter, α, β, Γ
B. Field Effect Transistors FET, JFET, MOSFET
Construction..................N-Channel, P-Channel
Circuit Symbol..............Source, Drain, Gate
Working........................Gate Current, Drain Current, Source Current,VDD , VSS ,RD, RS , RG , GND
Data sheet......................Transistor Part Number
Testing..........................Multimeter
Operation......................Switch, Saturation, Cut-Off
C. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT
Circuit Symbol..............Gate, Collector, Emitter
D. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOSFET
Circuit Symbol..............Gate, Drain, Source, NMOS, PMOS, Enhancement Mode, Depletion Mode
NMOS PMOS
Simple Circuits
[Link] Characteristics
Procedure
1. Keep IB Constant by using VBB
2. Increase VCE in steps
3. Note down IC
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until IC reaches saturation
5. Repeat the whole process for different IB
6. Plot the graph
IB µA VCE Volts IC mA
Simple Circuits
4. Transistor as a Switch
Temperature Sensor Switch Circuit
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Light Sensor Switch Circuit
Infrared Sensor Switch Circuit
Requirements:
NPN Transistor, Thermistor, LDR, Photo-diode, LED, Potentiometer,
Resistors, 5volt battery, Breadboard, Single Core Connectors.
Simple Circuits
5. Transistor as an amplifier
An amplifier is a electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal
R1 and Microphone.......................................Form voltage divider network
R2..................................................................Base Bias Resistor1
R3..................................................................Current limiting resistor
C1 and C2.....................................................AC coupling capacitors2
Q1 Transistor ...............................................Acts as an Amplifier
Output voltage = Input voltage X Voltage Gain
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1 Base require 0.7volts for Silicon Transistors
2 Capacitors Block DC and Pass AC