Science 10

3RD QUARTERLY REVIEWER

Disorder:
Lesson 2: Endocrine System ○​
○​ Gigantism - excessive growth and height
Endocrine System caused by overproduction of growth
●​ Consists of different glands that secrete hormones hormone (GH) during childhood.
that control the growth and development of the ○​ Dwarfism - has short stature due to
body. insufficient production of growth hormone
●​ Endocrine system regulates long term ongoing (GH).
metabolic activity, Slower responses, broader
influence Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
●​ Helps in producing and secreting the thyroid
Hormones hormones by the thyroid gland
●​ Are chemical messengers that are used by the ES to
communicate Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
●​ alters metabolic activities of tissues ●​ it targets the ovaries by initiating the development of
●​ are organic substances that are secreted by the the follicles in the ovary, which happens monthly
glands that regulate physiological activities and
maintain homeostasis Luteinizing hormone (LH)
●​ travels throughout the bloodstream of the body,
●​ Initiates ovulation; also controls the secretion of
which are directed toward a specific part of the body
progesterone (female sex hormone)
which is the target organ of the hormone.
●​ Once their functions are fulfilled the hormones would
then be destroyed in the liver
Prolactin
●​ affects the mammary glands by initiating and
Glands maintaining the production of milk especially during
pregnancy
●​ is an organ that produces and releases substances to
perform specific functions
○​ Exocrine - ducted
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
■​ carries their secretion to a specific ●​ responsible for the production and secretion of
location glucocorticoids, the hormones released by the
○​ Endocrine - ductless adrenal gland
■​ goes straight to the bloodstream
●​ Some glands do not function until the organism II. Posterior Pituitary
reaches a certain age
●​ Controls water balance, childbirth, and breastfeeding.
●​ Stores and releases hormones produced by the
Pituitary Gland hypothalamus
●​ A small gland located on a stalk hanging from the
base of the brain
➢​ Hormones secreted by the Posterior are the ff:
●​ It is called the “Master gland” because it controls the
functions of the other endocrine glands
Oxytocin
●​ Activated during and after giving birth; targets the
I. Anterior Pituitary
uterus to cause it to contract during giving birth; also
●​ Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism controls milk secretion in the breasts after giving
birth
➢​ Hormones secreted by the Anterior are the ff:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Human growth hormone (HGH)
●​ causes the kidneys to decrease urine production,
●​ promotes the release of insulin-like growth whid helps in conserving more body water; also
factors(IGFs), which are responsible for the known as vasopressin
production of proteins in the body; maintains muscle
and bone mass for growth; also helps in healing
injuries and repair of tissues.

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Hypothalamus ○​ Thyroxine (T4) - regulates metabolism
○​ Calcitonin - A hormone secreted by the
●​ Is also located in the brain
thyroid gland, responsible for lowering
●​ Link between the nervous and endocrine system
calcium levels in the blood
●​ It controls the functions of the pituitary gland
●​ “Master of the master gland”
Parathyroid Glands
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ●​ small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near
the thyroid
●​ controls the secretion of the TSH
●​ produce parathyroid hormone - increases the level
of calcium in blood
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
○​ Disorder:
●​ stimulates the production of FSH and LH ○​ Hypocalcemia - A condition where there are
low levels of calcium in the blood, often due
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to underactive parathyroid glands
●​ initiates the secretion of the ACTH
Adrenal Glands
Penial Gland ●​ Are located on on top of each kidney
●​ Found in the diencephalon of the brain ●​ Each adrenal gland is divided into the adrenal cortex
●​ Secretes melatonin which regulates body rhythms and the adrenal medulla.
and sleep patterns ○​ Disorder:
○​ Addison’s disease - glucocorticoid
Thyroid Gland deficiency person becomes highly
susceptible to disease and deteriorating
●​ Is located below the larynx (or the voice box). It is
effects of stress
described as a butterfly shaped gland that is
○​ Cushing's Disease - caused by an
composed of the right and the left lobes. It secretes
overproduction of cortisol, often due to a
the hormones thyroxine(T,) and triiodothyronine (T.).
tumor in the pituitary gland, leading to
These hormones are also called thyroid hormones,
symptoms like weight gain, high blood
which are responsible for protein synthesis;
pressure, and skin changes.
regulation of oxygen use, metabolism, and growth;
●​ The Adrenal Cortex secretes the following 2
and the development of the body
hormones:
○​ Disorders:
Mineralocorticoids
○​ Hypothyroidism - a condition where the
thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts ●​ maintains the balance of minerals in the body such as
of thyroid hormones, leading to a slowed sodium and potassium.
metabolism and symptoms like fatigue,
weight gain, and cold sensitivity. Glucocorticoids
○​ Hyperthyroidism - a condition where the ●​ break down proteins and triglycerides needed by the
thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid body; help in the formation of glucose; have
hormones, leading to a fast metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects; cause suppression of
weight loss, and increased heart rate. immune responses
○​ Exophthalmos - condition where the eyes
bulge outward, often caused by Androgens
hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves'
●​ secreted by both males and females, but it is an
disease.
important hormone especially for females because
○​ Goiter - is the swelling of the thyroid gland,
these are converted into estrogen
caused by hormone problems, lack of iodine,
or certain diseases.
●​ Two lobes, located on either side of the trachea, Adrenal medulla
connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ●​ secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) and
isthmus. norepinephrine(noradrenaline), which are released
●​ It secretes 3 hormones: during strenuous activities, such as exercise. These
○​ Triiodothyronine (T3)

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hormones control the heart rate, blood pressure,
blood level, and breathing rate.

Pancreas
●​ Located slightly behind the stomach
●​ a key gland located in the folds of the duodenum
●​ secretes several key digestive enzymes
●​ Largest gland
●​ Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
●​ Alpha cells: Produce glucagon, which Increases the
level of glucose in blood
●​ Beta cells: Produce insulin, which lowers the amount
of glucose in blood
●​ Delta cells: Produce somatostatin, which helps
control blood sugar by limiting the release of insulin
and glucagon.
○​ Disorder:
○​ Diabetes Mellitus - the body has difficulty
regulating blood sugar levels, causing
symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, and
tiredness.

Gonads
●​ Are reproductive organs that produce sex cells and
hormones
●​ Located on the lower abdomen
●​ Female gonads produce eggs
●​ Male gonads produce sperm

Ovaries
●​ located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the
uterus.
●​ Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior
pituitary they manufacture
●​ Estrogeen - responsible for secondary female
characteristics such as breast development, wider
hips, and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
●​ Progesterone
●​ Estrogen and Progesterone have several functions,
including sexual development and preparation of the
uterus for implantation of the egg

Testes
●​ located in the scrotum
●​ produce sperm for reproduction
●​ manufacture testosterone - promotes male growth
and masculinization
●​ Controlled by anterior pituitary hormones FSH and
LH.
●​ Is responsible for secondary male characteristics such
as muscle growth, a deeper voice, pubic hair, and
body hair.

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