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Biological Classification

The document outlines the 5 kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, based on criteria such as cell structure and mode of nutrition. It details characteristics of the Monera kingdom, including bacteria types and their reproduction methods, as well as the Protista kingdom, which consists of single-celled eukaryotes with various reproductive strategies. Additionally, it describes the Fungi kingdom, emphasizing their cell structure, reproduction methods, and life cycles.

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6 views2 pages

Biological Classification

The document outlines the 5 kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, based on criteria such as cell structure and mode of nutrition. It details characteristics of the Monera kingdom, including bacteria types and their reproduction methods, as well as the Protista kingdom, which consists of single-celled eukaryotes with various reproductive strategies. Additionally, it describes the Fungi kingdom, emphasizing their cell structure, reproduction methods, and life cycles.

Uploaded by

unneeta03
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

THE 5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION: -

 Proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969) where kingdoms were defined as – Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia.
 The main criteria: cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic
relationships.

Kingdom MONERA: -

 Consists of bacteria
 Live in extreme habitat
 reproduce mainly by fission, spores (asexual) and DNA transfer (sexual)
 Classification based on shape:
i. Spherical Coccus (cocci)
ii. Rod shaped Bacillus (bacilli)
iii. Comma shaped Vibrium (vibrio)
iv. Spiral shaped Spirrilium (spirilla)
1. Archaebacteria (primitive):
 Salty areas (halophiles)
 hot springs (thermoacidophiles)
 marshy areas (methanogens) – present in gut of ruminants for production of methane (biogas).
2. Eubacteria (true bacteria):
 rigid wall
 photosynthetic autotrophs – cyanobacteria – chlorophyll a -
unicellular/colonial/filamentous/marine.
 chemosynthetic autotrophs – oxidize inorganic substances – recycle N, P, Fe, S
 heterotrophic bacteria – most abundant – decomposers – curd – nitrogen fixation – pathogens
 mycoplasma – lack cell wall – oxygen not needed for survival – pathogenic to plants and animals

Kingdom PROTISTA: -

 single celled eukaryotes


 reproduce – cell fusion (asexual) and zygote formation (sexual)
1. Chrysophytes (chief producers in ocean):
 fresh water and marine environments – microscopic
 diatoms – two thin indestructible silica overlapping shells (cell wall) –
diatomaceous earth (accumulation of cell wall in habitats) – gritty thus used in
polishing, filtration of oil and syrups.
2. Dinoflagellates (2 flagella appear in green, yellow, brown blue or red):
 mostly marine and photosynthetic – stiff cellulose cell wall – red
(gonyaulax) make sea appear red due to rapid multiplication – kills
marine animals by toxins
3. Euglenoids (cell wall of pellicle):
 Stagnant water – pellicle cell wall makes bidy flexible – 2 flagella –
Photosynthetic in sunlight – heterotroph in its absence – euglena
4. Slime moulds (saprophytic protists):
 Engulfs decayed organic matter – plasmodium forms fruiting bodies in unfavourable conditions –
sporespossess true walls – resistant and survive for yrs
5. Protozoans (heterotrophs):
 Amoeboid protozoans – fresh water/sea/moist soil – capture prey by pseudopodia (amoeba) – silica
shells (entamoeba)
 Flagellated protozoans – free living/parasitic – flagella – trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
 Ciliated protozoans – aquatic – cilia – cavity (gullet) – paramecium
 Sporozoans – infectious life cycle stage – plasmodium

Kingdom FUNGI (heterotrophs):-

 Cell walls of chitin and polysaccharides


 Reproduction – vegetative (fragmentation, fission and budding) – asexual (conidia, sporangiospores,
zoospores) – sexual (oospores, ascospores, basidiospores)
 Sexual cycle involves:
i. Plasmogamy (fusion of protoplasm)
ii. Karyogamy (fusion on 2 nuclei)
iii. Meiosis resulting to haploid spores

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