23-02-2023
Fundamentals of kinesiology and
biomechanics in sports
Definition of kinesiology and biomechanics in sports
Principle of biomechanics
Types of movements – flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination and
pronation
Axisand planes - concept of it’s application in body
movements
1
23-02-2023
DEFINITION
Kinesiology – two Greek word, KINESIS (movement) and LOGAS (to study)
kinesiology is the study of human movement. It studies the motor performance of the
athletes. Kinesiology helps the players to increase their performance by developing the
movement in their body parts.
Biomechanics is the study of different forces and their effects on living system.
Sports Biomechanics is the science which examines the internal and external
forces acting on the body of the athlete and the effects produced by these forces.
Principle of Biomechanics
Force and Torques – force is simply a push or pull. The movement you see occurs
because of the forces that were applied. When force rotate the body or object this
effect is called torque.
Balance or stability – stability of the sports person (postural and in movement both)
increases when the centre of mass of the body is lower, the base of support is larger
and when the base of support is closer to the centre of mass of the body. Eg.
Wrestling
Maximum efforts - the production of maximum force requires the use of all the
joints that can be used. example bench press
Spin – Spinning the projectile (object) affects the trajectory (path of the object). Eg
volleyball jump serve
Maximum velocity - for the production of maximum velocity during the sports or
any activity it requires the use of joints in order from largest to smallest example
hitting a golf ball.
2
23-02-2023
Newton’s laws of motion
1. law of inertia a body at rest will remain at rest An A body in motion will remain in
motion at the same speed an in the same direction unless any external force is being
used.
2. Law of acceleration - the Law of Force and Acceleration, a force upon an object
causes it to accelerate according to the formula net force = mass x acceleration. So
the acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to the mass. (Acceleration = net force/mass)
3. Law of reaction – to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Movement
usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force. Example, when an
athlete performs a high jump, he or she applied the force down the ground due to
which the reaction is occurred on the body of the athlete is that it experience the equal
force in opposite direction that is, in upward direction. Similarly, a runner applies
force in the backward direction by their legs due to which a reaction is there and it
experiences a forward force.
LEVERS
Fulcrum or pivot- the point about which the lever rotates
Load - the force applied by the lever system
Effort - the force applied by the user of the lever system
How a lever will operate is dependent on the type of lever. Levers are
classified as below:
Class 1 - The fulcrum lies between the effort and the load
Class 2 - The fulcrum is at one end, the effort at the other end and the load
lies between the effort and the fulcrum
Class 3-The fulcrum is at one end, the load at the other end and the effort
lies between the load and the fulcrum
3
23-02-2023
TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS
4
23-02-2023
5
23-02-2023
PLANES OF BODY (Imaginary flat surface
running through the body)
Sagittal Plane: Divides
your left & right side. Forwards
& backwards movements. The
predominant Anatomical
Movements in the Sagittal Plane
are flexion, extension,
hyperextension, dorsiflexion,
planter flexion.
6
23-02-2023
Frontal Plane: Divides your
front & back sides. Side to side
movements. Sometimes called
the Coronal Plane, this plane
going from right to left,
separating your front from your
back. The predominant
Anatomical Movements in the
Frontal Plane are Adduction,
Abduction, lateral flexion,
ulnar and radial deviation.
Transverse Plane
(Horizintal Plane):
Divides your top & bottom.
Twisting movements. Finally,
the Transverse plane runs
parallel to the ground through
the centre of your body,
dividing top and bottom. The
predominant Anatomical
Movements in the Transverse
Plane are Internal (medial) &
External (lateral) Rotation,
supination, pronation.
7
23-02-2023
AXIS ( Imaginary line around which the
body part moves)
Frontal Axis – This line runs
from left to right through the centre of
the body and it is perpendicular to
sagittal plane. e.g. somersault
Sagittal Axis - this line run from
front to back through the centre of
the body also known as antero-
posterior axis. It is perpendicular to
frontal plane E.g. when a person
performs a cartwheel he is rotating
about the sagittal axis
8
23-02-2023
Vertical Axis – this line runs from
top to bottom through the centre of the
body for example when a skater
performs a spin they are rotating around
the vertical axis. This is perpendicular to
transverse plane.