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Example 5 5 Explained

The document explains Example 5.5 through a step-by-step process involving source transformations, combining resistors, and applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). It details how to convert current sources to voltage sources and vice versa, along with calculations for equivalent resistances. The final KVL equation is presented, leading to the solution of the current in the circuit.

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Azeema G
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3 views3 pages

Example 5 5 Explained

The document explains Example 5.5 through a step-by-step process involving source transformations, combining resistors, and applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). It details how to convert current sources to voltage sources and vice versa, along with calculations for equivalent resistances. The final KVL equation is presented, leading to the solution of the current in the circuit.

Uploaded by

Azeema G
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Example 5.

5 Explained Step by Step

This PDF explains Example 5.5 in a very simple way: 1. Source Transformation 2. Combining resistors 3.
Understanding KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law)

Step 1 — Why 5A became 15V


In Figure (a), there is a 5A current source in parallel with a 3Ω resistor.

Rule:
Current Source + Parallel Resistor → Voltage Source + Series Resistor

Formula:
V = I × R

So:
V = 5 × 3 = 15V

That is why Figure (b) shows a 15V source and a 3Ω resistor in series.

Step 2 — Right side transformation


On the right side:
1A current source is in parallel with 9Ω resistor.

Use:
V = I × R

V = 1 × 9 = 9V

So it becomes a 9V source with a 9Ω resistor in series.

Step 3 — Combining 3Ω and 4Ω


In Figure (b), the 3Ω and 4Ω resistors are connected end-to-end with no branching.

That means they are in series.

Series formula:
Req = R1 + R2

Req = 3 + 4 = 7Ω

Step 4 — Transforming again


Now we have:
15V source with 7Ω resistor in series.

Convert voltage source to current source.

Rule:
Voltage Source + Series Resistor → Current Source + Parallel Resistor

Formula:
I = V / R

I = 15 / 7 A
Step 5 — Combining two 7Ω resistors
In Figure (c), the two 7Ω resistors are connected between the same two nodes.

That means they are in parallel.

For two equal resistors:


Req = R / 2

Req = 7 / 2 = 3.5Ω

Step 6 — Why current source became 7.5V


Now use source transformation again.

Current source = 15/7 A


Resistor = 3.5Ω

Use:
V = I × R

V = (15/7) × 3.5 = 7.5V

What is KVL?
KVL means Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Simple idea:
If you go around a complete loop, all voltage rises and drops add to zero.

Think like climbing stairs:


If you go up and then come back down, total change becomes zero.

KVL Rules
1. Resistor:
- Moving with current → voltage drop (−IR)
- Moving against current → voltage rise (+IR)

2. Voltage source:
- Moving from − to + → voltage rise
- Moving from + to − → voltage drop

Final KVL Equation


The book writes:

−7.5 + 3.5I − 5Vx + 28I + 9 = 0

Since:
Vx = 2I

Substitute:
−7.5 + 3.5I − 10I + 28I + 9 = 0
Solve:
I = 21.28 mA

Easy Memory Tricks


Current Source → Voltage Source:
V = IR
Parallel resistor becomes series.

Voltage Source → Current Source:


I = V/R
Series resistor becomes parallel.

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