Type of fire and extinguisher?

What are the precautions to be taken to prevent electrical Write temperature rise test of three phase induction motor.
Fire is a chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen shock? Temperature Rise Test of Three Phase Induction Motor
in the presence of heat, producing flame, heat, Precautions to Prevent Electrical Shock *The temperature rise test is conducted to determine the
smoke, and light. *Use proper earthing for all electrical equipment. heating of the motor under rated load condition.
Classification of Fire *Never touch electrical appliances with wet hands. *The motor is run at rated voltage, frequency and full load for
1. Class A – Fires involving solid *Switch off the power supply before repairing or handling a sufficient time until constant temperature is reached.
combustible materials such as wood, electrical circuits. *During the test, temperature of windings, bearings and other
paper, cloth, rubber, etc. *Use insulated tools, rubber gloves and rubber shoes while parts are measured by thermometer or resistance method.
2. Class B – Fires involving flammable working. *The rise in temperature is calculated by subtracting ambient
liquids such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, *Replace damaged wires and loose connections immediately. temperature from final temperature.
oil, paint, etc. *Avoid overloading of sockets and circuits. *The measured temperature rise should not exceed the
3. Class C – Fires involving flammable *Keep electrical equipment away from water and moisture. permissible limit specified for the insulation class of the
gases and electrical equipment. *Use proper fuse, MCB and safety devices in electrical motor.
4. Class D – Fires involving combustible installations. Purpose
metals such as magnesium, sodium, *Describe methods of providing artificial respiration. *To check heating performance of the motor.
aluminum powder, etc. Methods of Providing Artificial Respiration *To ensure safe operation without insulation damage.
Types of Fire Extinguishers and Their Uses Artificial respiration is given to restore breathing of a person *To verify suitability of cooling system and insulation.
1. Water Extinguisher – Used for Class A who has stopped breathing due to electric shock, drowning, Prepare trouble shooting chart for D.C. machine or
fires involving wood, paper, and cloth. etc. transformer.
2. Foam Extinguisher – Used for Class A Methods:**Mouth-to-Mouth Method Trouble Shooting Chart for D.C. Machine
and B fires involving solids and Lay the victim on the back. Motor fails to start
flammable liquids. Open the airway and close the nose. Causes: No supply, blown fuse, loose connection
3. CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide) Extinguisher – Blow air into the victim’s mouth until chest rises. Remedy: Check supply, replace fuse, tighten connection
Used for electrical fires and Class B fires. Repeat about 12–15 times per minute. Excessive sparking at brushes
4. Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) Extinguisher Mouth-to-Nose Method--Used when mouth cannot be Causes: Dirty commutator, improper brush position
– Used for Class B, C, and electrical fires. opened. Blow air through the nose while keeping the mouth Remedy: Clean commutator, adjust brushes
5. Metal Powder Extinguisher – Used for closed. Schafer’s Prone Pressure Method--Victim is laid face Motor overheating
Class D metal fires. downward. Pressure is applied on the back rhythmically to Causes: Overload, poor ventilation
1. Write a short note with schematic diagram on Back force breathing. Silvester Method--Victim lies on the back. Remedy: Reduce load, improve cooling
to back test. Mark 4 Arms are moved upward and downward to expand and Low speed
Back to Back Test (Sumpner’s Test) compress the chest. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Causes: Low voltage, overload
Back to back test is performed on two identical Combination of chest compression and artificial breathing. Remedy: Check voltage, reduce load
transformers to determine their efficiency and Used when breathing and heartbeat both stop. Noise and vibration
temperature rise under full load conditions without Discuss generalized procedure of installation of electrical Causes: Worn bearings, misalignment
wasting much power. It is also called Sumpner’s Test. machine. Remedy: Replace bearings, align machine properly
Principle Generalized Procedure of Installation of Electrical Machine Trouble Shooting Chart for Transformer
Two identical transformers are connected in parallel. Selection of Site and Foundation Transformer overheating
Primary windings are connected to the supply. Choose a dry, clean and well-ventilated place. Causes: Overload, low oil level
Secondary windings are connected in opposition so Prepare a strong and level foundation to avoid vibration. Remedy: Reduce load, maintain oil level
that no current flows initially. Positioning and Mounting Low insulation resistance
By applying a small voltage in secondary circuit, full- Place the machine properly on the foundation. Causes: Moisture in oil or winding
load current circulates through the transformers. Align the machine correctly with the driven equipment. Remedy: Dry transformer and filter oil
Thus: Tighten foundation bolts securely. Excessive humming noise
Wattmeter W₁ measures iron (core) loss. Electrical Connections Causes: Loose core parts
Wattmeter W₂ measures copper loss at full load. Connect power cables according to circuit diagram and rating. Remedy: Tighten core and bolts
Schematic Diagram Provide proper earthing for safety. Oil leakage
Check insulation resistance before energizing. Causes: Damaged gasket, loose joints
Inspection and Testing Remedy: Replace gasket, tighten joints
Check lubrication, bearings and moving parts. Fuse blowing repeatedly
Ensure all terminals and connections are tight. Causes: Short circuit or overload
Perform no-load test and observe voltage, current, noise and Remedy: Check fault and reduce load
vibration. What are the advantage of preventive maintenance.
Commissioning Advantages of Preventive Maintenance
Start the machine gradually under supervision. Reduces Breakdown
Monitor temperature, speed and performance. Prevents sudden failure of machines and equipment.
Put the machine into regular service after satisfactory Increases Equipment Life
operation. Regular maintenance improves the working life of machines.
Methods of Drying of Three Phase Power Transformer Improves Efficiency
Advantages 1. Hot Air Drying Method Machines operate smoothly with better performance.
Full-load test can be done without actual load. Hot air is circulated through the transformer to remove Reduces Repair Cost
Power consumption is very low. moisture from insulation and windings. Early detection of faults minimizes major repair expenses.
Efficiency and temperature rise can be determined 2. Vacuum Drying Method Decreases Downtime
The transformer is placed in a vacuum chamber. Reduces interruption in production and operation.
accurately.
Moisture is removed by reducing air pressure and heating the
Applications Ensures Safety
transformer.
Used in testing large power transformers in Prevents accidents caused by faulty equipment.
3. Oil Heating Method
laboratories and substations. Heated insulating oil is circulated through the transformer. Saves Energy
What are the qualities of good transformer oil? Mark The heat evaporates moisture from the windings. Properly maintained machines consume less power.
4 4. Short Circuit Drying Method Improves Reliability
Qualities of Good Transformer Oil Low voltage current is passed through transformer windings Equipment becomes more dependable for continuous
A good transformer oil should possess the following under controlled conditions. operation.
qualities: Heat produced dries the insulation. Inspection of electrical machine is necessary. Why?
*High Dielectric Strength-It should withstand high 5. Infrared Lamp Drying Method Why Inspection of Electrical Machine is Necessary
voltage without electrical breakdown.*Good Insulating Infrared lamps are used to provide heat directly to the 1. To Detect Faults Early
PropertyThe oil must provide proper insulation transformer parts for drying. Helps identify defects before serious damage occurs.
between transformer parts.*High Flash and Fire Point- Explain breakdown test or acidity test of transformer oil. 2. To Ensure Safe Operation
Breakdown Test of Transformer Oil
It should not catch fire easily at high Prevents electrical hazards, shock and accidents.
*The breakdown test is performed to determine the dielectric
temperature.*Low Viscosity-Low viscosity helps in 3. To Improve Efficiency
strength of transformer oil.
easy circulation and better cooling of the *In this test, oil is placed between two standard electrodes at a Maintains proper performance and reduces power loss.
transformer.*Good Cooling Property-It should fixed distance. 4. To Prevent Breakdown
effectively remove heat generated inside the *AC voltage is gradually increased until sparking or breakdown Regular inspection reduces sudden machine failure.
transformer.*Free from Moisture and Impurities- occurs between the electrodes. 5. To Increase Service Life
Water, dust, and acids reduce insulating strength and *The voltage at which breakdown takes place is called the Proper checking and maintenance extend machine life.
damage the transformer.*Chemical Stability-The oil Breakdown Voltage (BDV). 6. To Reduce Maintenance Cost
should not oxidize or form sludge during long-term *A high BDV value indicates good insulating quality of oil, while a Early repair avoids costly major repairs.
operation.*Low Pour Point low value indicates moisture or impurities in the oil. 7. To Check Insulation Condition
It should remain fluid even at low temperatures. Purpose Ensures insulation is healthy and safe for operation.
A d.c. motor fails to start. What are the possible *To check insulating strength of transformer oil. 8. To Ensure Reliable Operation
causes and corresponding remedies? 4 mark *To detect presence of moisture, dirt or contaminants. Keeps the machine dependable for continuous service.
*To ensure safe operation of transformer.
Causes and Remedies of D.C. Motor Fails to Start Drying out of machine is essential. Why?
Acidity Test of Transformer Oil
No supply voltage- Drying out of electrical machine is essential for the following
*The acidity test is carried out to determine the amount of acid
Remedy: Check main supply, fuse and switch. present in transformer oil. reasons Removes Moisture from Insulation-
Loose or broken connections- *Oil becomes acidic due to oxidation during service. Moisture reduces insulation resistance and may cause leakage
Remedy: Tighten and repair all connections. *In this test, a known quantity of oil is mixed with alcohol and current or short circuit. Prevents Insulation Failure-
Faulty starter- neutralized using potassium hydroxide (KOH). Wet insulation becomes weak and can break down during
Remedy: Repair or replace the starter. *The result is expressed as Neutralization Number in mg of KOH operation, damaging the machine. Improves Electrical
Open circuit in armature or field winding- required to neutralize acid in 1 gram of oil. Efficiency- Dry insulation ensures proper current flow and
Remedy: Check continuity and repair winding. Purpose reduces power loss. Avoids Overheating and Flashover-
Poor brush contact or dirty commutator- *To determine deterioration of transformer oil. Presence of moisture may cause sparking, overheating, and
Remedy: Clean commutator and adjust brushes *To prevent corrosion and sludge formation inside transformer. flashover in [Link] Safe and Reliable Operation-
properly. *To decide whether oil needs filtration or replacement. Drying increases the life, safety, and reliability of the electrical
Excessive load on motor- machine.
Remedy: Reduce or remove the load.
Low supply voltage-
What are the instructions necessary before installation? Distinguish between routine test and type test State the factors affecting preventive maintenance
Necessary instructions before installation of an electrical schedules.
machine are:
Factors Affecting Preventive Maintenance Schedules
Check Name Plate Details
Verify voltage, frequency, phase, speed, and power rating with Type of Equipment
supply system. Different machines require different maintenance
Inspect the Machine Physically intervals.
Check for any damage, loose parts, rust, or moisture during Operating Conditions
transportation. Dust, moisture, temperature and vibration affect
Measure Insulation Resistance maintenance frequency.
Test insulation resistance using megger to ensure insulation is
Working Hours of Machine
healthy.
Machines operating continuously need more
Check Foundation and Alignment
Ensure the foundation is strong, level, and properly aligned. frequent maintenance.
Verify Power Supply and Wiring Age of Equipment
Confirm correct cable size, earthing, and protective devices are Older machines require more inspection and
provided. servicing.
Lubricate Bearings and Moving Parts Load Conditions
Apply proper lubricant if necessary for smooth operation. Overloaded machines need frequent maintenance.
Ensure Proper Ventilation
Manufacturer’s Recommendation
Installation place should have sufficient cooling and ventilation.
Keep Necessary Tools and Safety Equipment Ready Maintenance schedule should follow manufacturer
Use proper tools and follow electrical safety precautions before Interpret the factors on which life of insulation depends. guidelines.
installation. Factors on which the life of insulation depends: Past Breakdown History
Temperature Machines with frequent faults require closer
Explain the procedure to be followed to rescue the person Excessive heat deteriorates insulation and reduces its life. attention.
who has received an electrical shock Availability of Skilled Personnel and Spare Parts
Moisture
Procedure to rescue a person who has received an electrical
Presence of water or humidity lowers insulation resistance and Maintenance planning depends on manpower and
shock:
damages insulation. spare parts availability.
Switch Off the Power Supply
Immediately disconnect the main switch or power source. Mechanical Stress
Separate the Victim from Electrical Contact Vibration, shock, and mechanical strain may crack or weaken Explain the total productive maintenance.
If power cannot be switched off, use a dry wooden stick, rubber insulation. Eight Pillars of Total Productive Maintenance
gloves, dry rope, or other non-conducting material to remove Electrical Stress (TPM)
the victim from the live conductor. Autonomous Maintenance
Overvoltage and surge voltage can puncture insulation.
Never touch the victim directly with bare hands.
Overloading Operators perform routine cleaning, lubrication and
Move the Person to a Safe Place
Continuous overload causes overheating and aging of insulation. inspection of machines.
Shift the victim away from the electrical source and ensure
proper ventilation. Planned Maintenance
Quality of Insulating Material
Check Breathing and Pulse Maintenance activities are scheduled regularly to
Better quality insulation gives longer service life.
Examine whether the victim is breathing and has heartbeat. prevent breakdowns.
Chemical Effects
Provide Artificial Respiration / CPR Quality Maintenance
Oil, acid, dust, smoke, and corrosive gases damage insulation.
If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration or CPR Maintains machine condition to produce defect-free
immediately until medical help arrives. Proper Maintenance
products.
Treat Burns and Injuries Regular cleaning, testing, and drying increase insulation life.
Focused Improvement (Kaizen)
Cover burns with a clean dry cloth and avoid applying ointment
Continuous improvement to reduce losses and
or water. State the precautions taken while drying out of transformer
Call Medical Assistance increase efficiency.
Precautions taken while drying out of transformer:
Arrange immediate medical aid or take the victim to the nearest Education and Training
hospital. Check Insulation Resistance Regularly Provides training to operators and maintenance
Keep the Victim Warm and Calm Measure insulation resistance during drying to monitor condition. staff for better skills.
Loosen tight clothes and keep the person comfortable until Control Temperature Properly Early Equipment Management
recovery. Do not allow temperature to exceed the safe limit of insulation. New equipment is designed and installed for easy
Provide Proper Ventilation maintenance and high reliability.
Explain the procedure to be followed to rescue the person
Ensure adequate air circulation during drying process. Safety, Health and Environment
who has received an electrical shock
Procedure to rescue a person who has received an electrical Avoid Direct Flame Contact Ensures accident-free, safe and healthy working
shock: Heating should not be done with open flame near windings or conditions.
Switch Off the Power Supply insulation. Office TPM
Immediately disconnect the main switch or power source. Keep Transformer Clean and Dry Improves efficiency in office and administrative
Separate the Victim from Electrical Contact Remove dust, moisture, and oil leakage before drying. activities related to production and maintenance.
If power cannot be switched off, use a dry wooden stick, rubber Use Correct Heating Method
gloves, dry rope, or other non-conducting material to remove
Apply suitable drying methods such as hot air or short-circuit Describe the maintenance schedule of three phase
the victim from the live conductor.
Never touch the victim directly with bare hands. method carefully. induction motor
Move the Person to a Safe Place Monitor Heating Continuously Maintenance Schedule of Three Phase Induction
Shift the victim away from the electrical source and ensure Observe temperature and current throughout the drying process. Motor
proper ventilation. Ensure Safety Precautions 1. Daily Maintenance
Check Breathing and Pulse Proper earthing and fire protection arrangements should be Check supply voltage and current.
Examine whether the victim is breathing and has heartbeat. Observe abnormal noise, vibration and overheating.
available.
Provide Artificial Respiration / CPR
Check cleanliness and ventilation of motor.
If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration or CPR
immediately until medical help arrives. Explain the procedure for leveling and alignment of two shaft of 2. Weekly Maintenance
Treat Burns and Injuries directly and indirectly coupled drives. Inspect terminal connections and tighten loose
Cover burns with a clean dry cloth and avoid applying ointment Procedure for Leveling and Alignment of Two Shafts of Directly connections.
or water. and Indirectly Coupled Drives Check lubrication of bearings.
Call Medical Assistance Leveling of Machine Clean dust and dirt from motor body.
Arrange immediate medical aid or take the victim to the nearest 3. Monthly Maintenance
1. Place both machines on a strong and rigid foundation.
hospital.
2. Use a spirit level to check horizontal leveling. Measure insulation resistance using megger.
Keep the Victim Warm and Calm
Loosen tight clothes and keep the person comfortable until 3. Insert shims under the base where necessary. Inspect cooling fan and air passages.
recovery. 4. Tighten foundation bolts after proper leveling. Check alignment and condition of coupling and
Alignment of Directly Coupled Drives belts.
What precaution should be taken to avoid fire due to the 1. Bring the motor and driven machine close together. 4. Half-Yearly Maintenance
electrical reason? Replace or refill bearing grease if required.
2. Check alignment of both shafts using straight edge or dial
Precautions to avoid fire due to electrical reasons: Check rotor and stator for damage.
Avoid Overloading of Circuits gauge.
3. Ensure both shafts are in the same horizontal and vertical line. Inspect earthing connections properly.
Do not connect too many appliances to one socket or circuit.
Use Proper Fuse and Circuit Breaker 4. Adjust position by adding or removing shims. 5. Yearly Maintenance
Install correctly rated fuse, MCB, or protective devices. 5. Rotate shafts manually and recheck alignment. Perform complete overhauling of motor.
Maintain Good Insulation 6. Tighten coupling and foundation bolts securely. Clean and varnish windings if necessary.
Replace damaged or worn-out wires and cables immediately. Check bearings, shaft and replace worn-out parts.
Alignment of Indirectly Coupled Drives (Belt/Pulley Drive)
Ensure Proper Earthing Conduct performance tests before putting motor
Proper grounding prevents leakage current and sparks. 1. Check that motor and driven pulley are properly leveled.
into service.
Avoid Loose Connections 2. Ensure pulleys are in the same plane.
Tighten all electrical connections to prevent overheating. 3. Use straight edge to check pulley alignment.
Use Standard Electrical Equipment 4. Adjust pulley position to avoid belt misalignment.
Use good quality and ISI-marked electrical appliances and 5. Maintain correct belt tension.
accessories.
6. Run the system and check for vibration or abnormal noise.
Keep Flammable Materials Away
Do not keep petrol, paper, cloth, or chemicals near electrical
equipment.
Switch Off Supply When Not in Use
Disconnect unused appliances and machines to reduce risk.
Regular Inspection and Maintenance
Periodically check wiring, switches, and electrical installations.
Provide Proper Ventilation
Ensure electrical machines and panels have adequate cooling to
prevent overheating.
 list of mechanical faults and electrical faults in the electrical
equipments.
Mechanical Faults in Electrical Equipment
1. Bearing wear or damage
2. Shaft misalignment
3. Loose foundation bolts
4. Excessive vibration
5. Overheating due to poor ventilation
6. Worn-out belts or couplings
7. Rotor rubbing with stator
8. Lubrication failure
9. Broken fan blades
10. Noise due to mechanical looseness
Electrical Faults in Electrical Equipment
1. Short circuit fault
2. Open circuit fault
3. Earth fault
4. Insulation failure
5. Overloading
6. Low or high supply voltage
7. Single phasing in three-phase system
8. Loose electrical connections
9. Sparking at brushes or commutator
10. Winding failure or burning of winding

Maintenance schedules of the Low voltage switch gear :-

The maintenance schedules for low voltage switchgear can vary
depending on the specific equipment, manufacturer
recommendations, and industry standards. However, here is a
general guideline for the maintenance of low voltage
switchgear:
Visual Inspection: Perform regular visual inspections to check
for any signs of damage, loose connections, or overheating.
Inspect for any dust, debris, or moisture that could affect the
performance of the switchgear.
Electrical Testing: Conduct periodic electrical tests to ensure
the proper functioning of the switchgear. This may include
insulation resistance tests, contact resistance measurements,
circuit breaker timing tests, and protective relay testing.
.Lubrication: Check and lubricate moving parts, such as hinges,
latches, and contact mechanisms, as per
the manufacturer's recommendations. Use the appropriate
lubricants and ensure proper application.
Maintenance schedules of the high voltage switch gear
The maintenance schedules for high-voltage switchgear can
vary depending on several factors, including the specific type of
switchgear, its operating conditions, and the manufacturer's
recommendations. However, here are some general guidelines
for maintenance schedules:
Regular Inspections: Visual inspections should be conducted
periodically to check for any
signs of damage, corrosion, loose connections, or overheating.
This can be done annually or semi-annually, depending on the
operating conditions
.Lubrication: If the switchgear has moving
parts, lubrication may be required at regular intervals to ensure
smooth operation. The frequency of lubrication depends on the
manufacturer's recommendations and can range from monthly
to annually.
Cleaning: Switchgear should be kept clean and free
from dust, dirt, and debris. Regular cleaning can help prevent
the accumulation of contaminants that can affect the
performance of the equipment. The frequency of cleaning can
vary but may be performed annually or as needed.