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Matrix Notes I Sem

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and operations associated with them. It covers concepts such as matrix order, diagonal elements, and various types of matrices like real, complex, rectangular, and square matrices. Additionally, it discusses matrix operations such as addition, multiplication, and finding the rank of a matrix, along with elementary transformations and equivalent matrices.

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rakeshreddy0726
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5 views154 pages

Matrix Notes I Sem

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and operations associated with them. It covers concepts such as matrix order, diagonal elements, and various types of matrices like real, complex, rectangular, and square matrices. Additionally, it discusses matrix operations such as addition, multiplication, and finding the rank of a matrix, along with elementary transformations and equivalent matrices.

Uploaded by

rakeshreddy0726
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
UNIT-L Matrix the. numbers (Real or complex) whieh ave arranged Ina seelangular avrey of sows and celumns is Called a madwix. .. the numbers ina mateix ave colted elements gngeneral sMadsees are denoted by ceprlal tellers -and the. elements of the moteix ave clenoleel by Small letters. , order of a matrix tf the madtsc containing ‘a vows and ‘n! eelurons then the “madsire 15 said -lo be of osder *mxn! A mad rice of ovdes men is usually represente J Aan ay = A- Gy Aaa - Omi Amg - == Amn ois briefly wertlen as Az [ay Jaren | Types of matvices Real matox if all the elements In the mnatviz ave veal numbers “ten dhe matsiz 15 caliel Real madsix. ~ €9% 2 3! 1s 3 Gola [+ 5 i] Belse ¢ 164 ew. 4 complex IP atleast one of the clernent in the rnadsrx Is complex number then the mortise 1g called complet mato. 5% p23) waif U4 4 a-|as5 6 8 6 ows 2 164 ‘ 1 a3 . © scanned with OKEN Scanner Reclangular marleixe A matrix in which number of rows ave nol egual to the number of columns, fa! Ss o8 97 Toa (3 3 "] ora) spuase meatnix ; A omadvix in which» number of sews ave egual to the number of columns * rs 4 yt $s -f3 ra feel, Big aye 3 Row mals A matrix having only a one vow enc! any number of columns. : ; - s ‘S teluran matoie A matsix having onl cof rOws+ . i g «-[t}, » » Null tev) Zero madeix [3 564d) y one Column anel any urate if atl elements in a rintsix ase xexoes then the meds 13 Null gor) zer0 matelx. : coe g a (S5e] 0: A rere rnatvix of orcles men 18 denoted by Onn, A zero madsin of ardey,, rien Is 5 emote by On Diagenal elernents the elements ina Syuare malix A> [if , Ons 0,5 -5° Inn ave cottodt oragenal , ‘element's ge 7 . a [ae Sl . ag 7 . Here §.6,7 ave Diagonal elements © scanned with OKEN Scanner principle piagenal > the line aleng “which she diagonal elements We 5 called peireiple diagonal ‘of the mate!x : 4 ¥ oe [S) . 4 r Diagonal madeix ss A spuare matyiz. in, which “all the nen~diagepa! ilemends ave E7065 ve dio e . az] odie . : o 0 ds) - It can “dlse be written as A vebiag [lide ota] Bae [ee] \ o oe) . note: 4g A= diag [eiedieds] then pr diag [didi s dy] wm ar= diag [a> do.d;'] Viyan. deg [arid do] gi it ae [ee3] then A ood Trace of the mad the Sum of she diagonal cherrls of a Spuare matsid: gx . et. 15 dencted by trlA) Ce) Fracela) fA = [ay] yyrn 5-2 SPHOE matzix . then THA) = aytayt ~~~ + t4nn . : 7 a¢é6 Fis mfg SJ ast then Tala) = tet Stalas madteix A dragenal matsiz in which all the elements 7 the principle diagenal are egual le « sealar K fer. .:fK oo _ +e oo as eg] sie 223] ook az foes © scanned with OKEN Scanner MOTE « Spevey scalar. madsre 18, 4, diagonal rmatie nyevery cragonal madsix .nped rot be sealay matrix. unit Cor) tderdely mater A dragenal matsix in which alt the poinciple diagenal elernands awe epual lo ‘1’, A ound malsix of avder ‘ern’ is denoled by Trvn CO Ty, , lo { : a lS), 27 [s Pe] : . 86} S3x3, upper tuangulay marl yix 4 sguave mateize in whieh all the elements below the principle chagenal elements gre’ eeres a 12 3 ' Arlo 5 @ want oo7 ‘ ie tower drangular matrix” ° A spuare madris in whieh “alt “the the principle chagonol yelamenls ave zeroes. 100 = 15 0 4 [334 i ‘ Thidngular mater A matri ehich is cither upp’ tdlernents above ex triangular matrix or lover Lriangulas mart Fire toms 123 pl 9 Olle azl[os 6 o> faze [s34 . 36 14 idempotent medvin A spuare matvin ‘a’ is catted Tdempotest matrx do Abed \ gi wa-lo é] then webs] a Marae operations * 4 > egualily of matrices’ * . er e ioe [+t | then p25 and g=4 1¢ “lie? © scanned with OKEN Scanner Matrix Addition cut ar[s 2) and ise £3 , fo ow then are [3 ny batt ate-brA] pifference of maroices te ae [$3 and eff e a6 ther aa [? 7 4 ! and Bea, { 2 1] “oe Mutlipheadion of a matnix by sealy aK Woas [s ; 1 pthee was [i ee Jotere Ke ae 2k ek K nen- zero Stalay (1. a-6he-a] Madtsix rullipheation swe miatsices can be mmuttiplied enly when cumber ef colurnns* in the Past matrix 15 epuel le the nurbes ef rows in the second modtsix. if As 3m matixz and 6 is 201 madsrx thee Ab exist , BA abesn't exst At doesn't exist et cust - ' © ue : Mo aand @ have Same arcler Chery AB,BA/A and & ore exis “ “ af |S Sf then Age 12 d g= Ae (8 30 aol 27] and 8 (3 pel a (4 2105) ole 2] at, fa 12 (2 yo #(65]04) gt 4 e] “£0 49 ' © scanned with OKEN Scanner P Transpose ofa merloix A malyix obtained by interchanging of soeos and Clumns of a given mates. “4 the -transpese. of the moteim A is dencted by Awa Wa (42 GE] stem ate B28] 642 : F442 properties : : C8). ATag? (a-eo"= At-8" 7 (aay = BAT lat) [al (at)"= a Sub mataix “the matare “whith ts oblamed by deleting fees cr tcluning ef a givth tnadaix B called .a, sub matyis note . i: . othe gwen mato self is a sub martsis ) Eveay element m a matyise form a sub meds g meee] booy . . 78 4 fre 3] [a Leave veelangulas sab matrices “let pes \ a [! 2] [i Bs F] ek ase gpuare 4 + . ‘sub erert>ices manos of the mateix ; Lela be: any madtaix -then “the tdetesrnand of a catted “Minds ‘of the mater sguaxe sub matin 1 : sub maliixtis xy then 1f the orces of suave He clederrmmant is called! Minor of vender x fone [22] then 164 ag . 299 Miners axe [hg Zz 164 ay2 Minerss ave | E| - © scanned with OKEN Scanner mr eminorG are {rl fate lat, et, ete h sf Lee Rank of a matrimn The lan sk aude of eng renee werney Of “the given peed re 13 celled For she number ¥ 1s dalled rank of the matate 1 A it has the fellewing Me condiliens . is) these 15 alleasd ene non-dere reined than ¥ axe ii) AU dhe emrinows af cadens highes equal te ese. rank of the radnixe is denoted by por) cad of okt v the Bx3 Pinar; |e |: areas) acaba at 3ce? 3) 78 = 3-2 6490-9 = -gti2-7 sg than 3 “0 Here aya inex value. [50.50 sank of A 1S les 2x20 Miner x nor [as - g-8> 31D Here gx mines value 19 ne! epual lo 7ete Sp. Rank of A ecaAyt = rind the vank ef mare -1 8 i] 36 1 axd Minot [ge | (2 3 “ps 1 ale Cw +6 C3 F209 = its 60335 ~ tind 119 re ie] FO Rank of given meter is 2 properties af asa null matsiz then @CA=0 ah A is nota null matere then eA >t Wat singulae malar of ovdey nxn th FPA is nan gingulas mata ef esdex m*r then en @(AD SN Puen ah a Reclongulay pe minfern} Wx 1s dently matic of ovde then mate ef codex man ay ae CCE © scanned with OKEN Scanner Fr rind the rank of dhe matorx e2g4 a* [: eat 7 #1 OS tey,y tuven dhat 4, 44 e 12 4 A [z 4. gto 5 Here asia of vexcler 3X4s co, QCM) 4 min [3144 RUA 4 3 5 12 3B Y]- . - 7 ls sy = 1 Cor 49) #2.(o-s6) +9 (35-42) ~ = 49-26-5643 ce = -494 2 39 = 63-34 =2¢ rind the value of k Such that CA 13 2 wWHeDe “ae fi trl [pia] 3.-2Kk . Given that af 54] use . thy ayy] - 2-2 also given that Qa) =2. Hexe pA)=3 means 3x3 mires Yalue 35 >ere 2-3 afer (-3K4e) -1(2K-12)-1 0-4 +4) 3K . os -3k 482K 1059 Oe -SKH0-5 ie, O = SKIS SKIS ke3 © scanned with OKEN Scanner Elementary operations tor) Lransformad ions there ave ‘three types of elementany chranstorrmaticn: they ave : 7) Trterchange of any lo vows 08) Columns Re PR; ii)mul liply each clement of a 20) nen-zen0 scalay Ry§ 7 BRE i) Add the elemends of a sow Column) to the Kelines erresponding dlernents of amether vow cecluran) R32 KRUT RG csansformedions gre called an elerrentary ty ot a column by elementary vow tranthssmations ex elementacy colurnn transformations as. it applies le sews ond columns elementary Jnansforeoations do not change the yonk ofa matsix dyad, Equivalent materces . : dB ave said le be eguivalent seo matrices A-an con be cbtained -[rern another | birvile number of elernerrlany if one matrix matsiz by using daanstormactions. Note : . . Equivalent matsices have t hah BJ ancl ae [l 2] then the’ sarie asdex and rank a [s 3] and Bel 4G RF RR RRR, an~f[i ? bn [5 4a] Ano By A Here A and B ave spurvalend matsices zeae Row TH all the elements ina sow of the ger moder ave zesoes then the voto 15 called 2e20 Are NON ze36 Row Tf -atleaed ane of -the elernenls egual 0 Zexo in a quen mata ln veew © scanned with OKEN Scanner +r idise Here, Rpard Ry ase “called Won=veno Rows & 15 called vex0 Bow neil, Methods lo -fincl Rank of a mali YD Echelon -form Cupper brangular form) 3) wormal -fosm ( canonieal Soren) py aermal form of type pag Echelon foom A tee A madsix 1s said to be in echleon Pore if it Sadisties the fotlewrng Conditions.. > eeve rows if any must be below the mon-zerxo yows ~y The number of zeros before fest nen “weve element ima non-zero vow 15 153 than the number of serx0s before the! fest ren-zexo next” nonzero ‘vou The fisst non-zero element in the elements in each non-2620 teow if 2 athys Corrdition is not mandalory te. veduce the gwen matsix imlo echleor -form wwe hoye le use elernenlary eis aperadions anly +f the malwx 18 tn echleen fotrd then Rank of the mate 18 number of non ‘reso sews PLA) = No of non verx0 sous procedure to seduce the guen malere into Echleen -foom epi! Assume clhat a, fo , Ho ayroethen we interchange the asd sd with ony anothers sou) ‘to make the clement a,, Fe: Step 2 rake all the életmends below ayn lhe first column ave zeros by using fwsd vow step3: Make atl the elements ibeloc ayq in the aecend column ave zeros by using gecend vew © scanned with OKEN Scanner step imole an the elements below az, the third column are zeroes by using thd row. Step siths proceclare 15 continued until ne fuether elimination . the final sesultond prado 5 d Reduce the matrix 4 « form and -find its sank Given that vi acne so - ce , Reduce the given mati Ai ib Re jabs ' echleon foam and tind ats gat > yank. 3's Fah cuven that A? lage 32 - a « ‘ 3243 = 6S 7S © scanned with OKEN Scanner Reduce the given matix A= [4 3 ff finto echleon foam and find Ht yank ! See g ‘ tet deed Liven that 1234 ar) =p P =e > RERy 6a3¢4 ' 000 =3 died ee) a] * RR 4 Aa Lk B14 “yal poe ' lon Bk od RRR, bag Re Ret he Am [e123 Qraa ow ; 2-3) pee Ry Ra ' sf) Q aq o1fag AML oo 0 7 2 00 -3f RR IRs 123 4 7 erg An a0 ot ono 6 whieh 1s In Eehlean -foxm .OCA)= No-ef nom Ze20 woWIs Ctad= 3 as Reduce the gveh matec a=[F 2% 3] into Ethleen : v -fown and find its sank ee Gawen thet, Qi g aw |o 0-8 <1] ehich 6 in echleon fer 0 000 o a00 QA)" 2 5 BF pind the rank of the mative A= (3 a 3] 24) 4 13 437% Awfoaoe -6 060-2) pane Ra L 5 penne 2 % pind the rank of “the tmalei% | 2 using + echelon form : . 2 A tO p2® Fooy 4 et A- |a fe 2 + “lp io 4 2 3 4 1 Seer, <1 -2 10 a loa 7 Am lig -2 3 - . 23-4 sae “pen te Ryo Ra tlORr i o 6 22 Rag PO Rqt2hy Aer fe -22 103 ia . 7 o -l mn ; Rak - 2 7 ' 4 3 ' fh ° 1 te3 4 o nf ad RA? Re to oF . > choo at 2 r2l l03 ta | a ¢ ( é 3 3 Ryo ksn 2k + | cha T] Rye Ree BR = iaakeal 8 @atesha array © scanned with OKEN Scanner nical fom eclucect “lo the ‘form the Normal -form (ev) cane Evay man maleit an be 2 {h = o [tJ 0 [f] ov [tro] by “eng operations oy Colurary finite elementary row ig an tdenbrly operations ov both » where Ts matrix of cadex ¥, Hexe ‘o". indicates , zank of the mateit. 0°, i ! dyice 15 ‘the an Normal -foxm, ‘the rank of the rmateix Srdex of the Tdenlily rnatvix. Reduce the ralsix A ah 2 e | into nowmal fev and find ils - yank -[.fo24 Given that go ft 2 oe ‘ = |-2 va\'s ] my fo 72 -¢ : Roo R ATR rato SRR, aAnw]eoe So fr Ry Rs o-2 1-3 ® 2 TOR GR tRGAR I aio Ry shea Aw Jo ° : : PL Gg 2 ap rse ¢ 5 04 - 'Q@0o0 de re, An [28 so Sara fr oF oO 08 F 32 © scanned with OKEN Scanner to ole . Anejo! ca ° o 4 to , ve av [45 °] tehich is -in -noxenal -foren w- MAYS order of 73 ecay= 3 1 1220 Reduce the matox 1} 13) 3213 6845 1230 [ef the given mats AT] 24 32 : 3213 > oes , pep Re , agape + pip Ry 3: 32 oP Ry ar 98. a8 Reo Ran ER: ong us pole a 32d . Berke | Td a wo rAzto 3R,> — 3 o-ans|]. eo73 2 O° Vg -4-83 Z a o 0-32] ROR 2 ae fixe? o -gedlis fer Ac Ro Ce 3 -2] ' ve é eo 3 2 Ry APRA TOR 3 eae § pr 23 oO ) ica te | Ora & Py PF) A [2 oF a | 2, tps, P00 o | Gren ze 4 “= Cyrey-3 Ci © scanned with OKEN Scanner <= QCA) = order ef Tz eta) = 3 Find, the zank of the malic [PI 7 by seducing, inlo nevmal form. [7 12 % ‘ o1 -3 <1 tet Ali ony 2 2 rtp. od pis Ry tot -2 0 to ood Aa “Taide : ot -3 of ROKR, Lob ea 6 RyRy 3k, ote 1 “a “loa¢e # ote - - 3 -1J p> R-2R, 7 © scanned with OKEN Scanner eee osad eo 2 2 S = : Ro RAR Posa S000 o- 09 — 00 co 2] 2 ecay © scanned with OKEN Scanner pind the rank of the mae atlas yeelucing indo noamal fore als ae es Roo RAR, i Rye RPh ‘ nenaten hs 9G 2C, de con ! 3 " “ES [ES | Sas ofaa oot > 2 — 27] Gets GP La-C, vey “29 age 80 a oot oboe e 3 : MS egp 2097 3Cy > & — oo- eve yoo 2) eect, sts? leo 99° uC o-9° ' ° aw (3 “as[Is] OCA)=3 pind the rank of the metart *i san zany nate a hun ae a 2 15) p> tife \ Pa @ 4 © scanned with OKEN Scanner o eco} . Gove og Od . o- es fy seco UL Ss uu] a « 2 a < < - Ss x . ‘tn i > s — i epee So ute Yihs que ~ams ove? ae ene mou pee ne cv earned =A em - ae —_ na 2 é te. < a4 ee noe es & rh of oe aes i o — Qi aim & erit * ani? -80a0 i < = & og 4 ‘a * J x » 8 ‘7 ial m— %r-— "oe doo o0o9 = 7 9209 BF a0 wee eTeco * ooo “Fee ode -e TOoo CPG Oy? O/T fy yey © scanned with OKEN Scanner pind the vank of -the 2 Keaton! deducing ‘into (cheler, -lorm s 1 2-2 21s 4). goon a1he ae »losgt fia 2-4 2434 274765 } 31 3 -2 - 25H 6 630-7 ' 2] : loo 07 An ole | o00 6. lacy ty following mataces aw [fh 3] Peaye 2 au DF). a R27TS Reins ‘Ra Ra Ra REPRE A b)- a fa rata Aw fo 247 o2aer oas a Ry? Rafa 213 4 e341 an lea ay - lo24 4 Rao? Rye Ra Bg 304 tan |? a A~ lo 3.4 | 2 O16 6 Ty 2Ry-3 Ra “(2 143 fe 3'3 ft A~ loo 4 4 cone Gly ¥ tu 3 Aw o3 4 oe -4 ea 0 “QP agns < © scanned with OKEN Scanner ee) oj} | Aw leo -4 1 bo 6 6 Wy, os? eyfeg ocgrr afer toce : eit an leery . of ao Syrah Gay Cat tooo . ‘ aw \o0%°? 89°86 C4 > Ca Cy . loon eo! oof M2 lao oO tg o% 006 Tae]! aw FBS PeA)= 3 | 23-1 -t . Da-fP aay Boal 3 laf, 6 3 0-7 - Ream Rr Wel -@ -4 Aw faba nn at Br 35 Q € 34 oo <7 > Ry~ CR+Rat Ps) fo -g -47 5 2 Bop ot An13 1 3g o o 6 o Re Rm2Ry , Rad Ry BR, fo-p Bo ost Arlo 4 4@ to ©" eo © Ry SRy- 4 Ro 4-1 +2 -4 os 3 4 An 2 0 33 92 © 6 © 6 Ra? Pali oe O5.3 1. AX~lo oo 3 2 6 6 fo ermegte, 5 Cg Fa tC © scanned with OKEN Scanner Solution of system ef Ineay epuelians Linear eguation fin eguaction of the form ay tay tit agtyt ~~ - tanta oh. where ayers... In and b constants and Uy WyyAy, - -- + Tn ave variables Cenknowns) . 15 cated a lincae epuation. &° PAtSYASZ = 0, gtd syn gh Zee System of fneas epuations consider m linear eguadions mn verables as ghen below . OnE yt Oy HO3 Xyt on Tne ~6, Oo) t agg hy tH aapty be FO; tn be : A,X 44a, 2,433 AT ttn es Oey t pt Femi hy t Omg Bt tt mn hn * “the malice -forr of the above system of Inear equarens - 0 On Oy as 67 7 On x by 94) O32 %3-- ~~ Mn Be be 94, ayn Gy -- IaH a = | bs! Bin Pony Amy Aran} EP A x 3 Ve pyeg ; Hee Ae coefficient mateix Vaviable es unknown malync B= constant maisix Augmented marr : ° sthe made obtained bye attaching matuz G lo A a8 its last colurnm the. ¢onstant he M4 An hy -- 57 Fn by Cals) © | Oar ans ary - + te bs Og) asa ayy =~ -430 by Amy) Arma Meg = 7s © scanned with OKEN Scanner types of syttem of brea epuadions ee tino dypes of system of tineow eguatien 1) dione Home gentous system of lineas epuations 3) Hemogeneous system of fineas equations Non-damegencees syeters of bneas epuacl ons if alleast one ef bybiybas- -- bem Ip none E86 m 220 then the system of linea eguations are Called man-Hormogenreys system of lmear epuatrens. Con) } athe. system ef lineax eguations AX-B VE calles Nene Homagence us systers of near apuerdians if athe mats Bis, nota nul matin ge pavayasz > 6 > . ait yt 3Z re ‘ atsytae = oO° gat patsy taz* T aay tbe =F lorteyt bZro ‘ 693i getsyete a7 ayaa sees garydgred Heme, neous system cf bnear epuadions | qt bebe 7 bmn ein eee then the system of lincax epuations ane Called) somagenceus gystere of lirica cepuartien® tod . : tthe systern of Itineay epuntrons Ar-®8 ave alien Hernoge neous cystern of fintor eguadtiens wfothe maton Bis a mull roacdarX 6 “phe maddy form of the dremogene re? system ef Mneas epuatrons is AXrO © scanned with OKEN Scanner Solution ef sion-momegencous systera of Uneas epuations 7 72 solve Nen~somege neous system of linear epuatiens, we have the following mnethoels cramess aule Motsit Invession methecd Gwass ellminatian’ meted Rank metheel Rank method Coneisdency cf Non Ho megene ous gystern of Iineax eguadrons t+ . Consistent : . The Non Homegencous \ gyster ok linear epuaticr ARx=B ase said to be consistent if if they ave consistent then they have atleast one solulien. i) unigue goludion IF etny=etAsyen acthen the Sy equations have wnigue stern of lution Non Home ge neous Solu 4) infinite number of sekrlions IE Sta) = @(nB) case-7 Dif peayeecaipy=n then the pre ave consistent and they have unigué solutren 3) 1 PKAD= Pca) Sgkts\-2 Se Ney take? 7 oh syn Bk substute yan = values in @ jake? Ape (223K) 4 = 2 a he des O38) git 4-6 TSK TIO loge g1-k+8 slo “Sa-KE EO Sa=étK . 2 The mfinite, numbes, oF Soludions are To get, infin ga ket, 5 ye ardk ' yr "5 z>K ' eo where [= 0,123.6 8 mo © scanned with OKEN Scanner rosa est -fox consisteney and solve the eg 4 ay dloz = Saye aytae st p aL ryt ae Tis 1h serayds 17> 4 Btddy a 244, THN? YANO © Given, eguatrons are whe matin -form of cguattons ~ ole 6 RD BROS Ra-D3R3-TRa ors Mage ‘ “116. 16 -48 Ree Rafa 1 Ry? Ral BE Ty 26 2 49 Caigl~ foo ou -t 3 oom Ah 3 Rye Ry Fe [aig] ~ [3a fe “ i} ° —0 Heee A 15 In Echelon Rs PCAY= PCAIB) = 7 n-3 r ataye ecatpyen «then the eguartions ave have “indinites soluclion s Bl 6 dons ‘ir se Sh mas 83. Cas} ~ ee 2 2] ° consistent and they . oo (ef 31] -[3 oo ojlt eo) , Braacy +22 = 4 -@ : iy. 2 > 9 —-O i © scanned with OKEN Scanner To get infinite Solutions we haye -lo give arbidary constant de p-y = 3-92) variable ted 79K, substute in p® Wy-Keg ys 3th yo BE s substute In ep @ gate¢ (SHR yaK= 4 BBX + W+IGKEWKH I Baur atk = 19-8 gaatack 3! aay ~ ale tek ye ales : 33 2 the intinte numbes of “solutions ave Zek where Ko O18 . Jest fos conusteney, the following equatens and solve them if consistent os arayst gt-2 > oxtyteeted pas ray rete © friven eguations ave any sat 22 Pet Meee aatyter qaraynz tt s ahe matore -forem ef -the given eguatrond ny Axe yt oft . fb 2,2 af + : ar ETT [a gate 7 1 i" t ee a 4431 «3 Rem Raves o 51-55 yensetalt| - ' 1 aed = fi ye cacy ea 6 pg? Ra7Re tar oF “| i w fe Fe 78 _ fare] (303 (28 6 © scanned with OKEN Scanner Poerie Bf kh Card) = [e 5 1 al & © ¢ o ol¢ CLAD= 2 + OCABD= 3 pay p CcAB) «The given equation, Ge incensistent and they have no solution. Test tow consistency wand solve x#2y+2=3, DAY BYAIT AS, gasy t$Z52 , G44aY-Zet Griven epuations ave Xtiyty=F 2Qtayt2Z~ 5 Ba- Sy Szz2 Jtbaynz = 4 @ given eguatiens #5 the matrix fore ef th AxX=6 eta) <3, OCalB) = 4 Stadt RCA a) ‘ihe given eguations ase meensistent and they have no Solution . © scanned with OKEN Scanner 6 investigate dhe values of Aand 4 go thal the eguatians pavaytse © 9, THF AY- RZ Fy qatay-t Age At have Dono soludver solution indan tnfrertes WD unigue numbes of solutions he mado cforms of the given epuations ts 2a os 7rep fa . | 23-2 }fy]rse. 2 3A. =z Ad, - Augmented gnats ny a6 4 vee fare)> [; 3-2 8 2 23 A Al i ¥ Ry aRye TPs may ho fa 8 SL pore 2 asaiear oO aS a ire Sclution we need tare ROAR, 1B Aeseo then PlA2e2 } eenaee ecard, iP aeage then ecab=3 : Arp iand gd, then the, equations ‘have ne scution ii) unigue solulisn we need etdd = PAB, Hexe 923 Mo acsas then tae 2 poineecaedor “Te eqns any value then Pcnee? YW then the epuatvens ath ADT ho Ong values heve unigue solertien Ww) an inhiite ne of Soludvons we need ead PLABER sexe 93 HL AeSeo then ECA? say ‘nota BLA fr e ag=o ther ecade > . } cif Aes arid Sag then, the gver £ soketions epuartions have an infinite ee © scanned with OKEN Scanner Delermine fer what values of A and 2 + the Siraullaneous epuahons ttyturG + THI +32 f2) atiyraz= have We golrhon 1) unigue solution it) an infinwle numbes ef soledtions the melo form of the given epuatons +, AK-B fiw % Cas] a 22 4g es © 0 4-3 A-to, No solution we heed lad ¢ P(ABD vos IP Ae3 eo" then ade? TE al-to to then Ptay=3 > 2. A238 and upto; then the’ given épuvetions heve no solution. i) EMipue scludion we need playe CCAR) =n, 93 i d-axo then ecaj=3 ALBIS any value then PAB) *3 AED ond wis any value, then «the given epuaty have unigue Solution. li) infinite Soludions ’ We need etar= PCABLA 2953 ih Argo, then ptad=2 Melo» them ag: 2 A=Band weto then the given epuations have an tafinile ‘number of SOlutio ns, © scanned with OKEN Scanner pind few ubat values ef w the system of cguadiens peygeel. Mytyeazele eo ltzerk 1 aay have a Studien, and sehen terre dernpletely in enoh ease ve mmadere formy af te i giver tpuation 14 o Aree AGRE coeds [Ett ke] RyRy eee poreot a9 Pg - 42 [are] ~(: “42 J Rar FR é “Fk Rly ~ ta fre} ~ [: fig =a 2 be ee Kt3kra! —O Here tA 2 se eri a selution we need ne we need P(AB)>2 fre thes phaerare Ry Py BP ecaye FOS) Keowee Hee K(werDrikeeedd"e Creidckea re er RoE a selution toe kebt hove The epuations then ep® becomes i of Kel pond (arg) otek “| eo eoleti—s Here (gaped . PABIS? ned saat? otadye eUagyaty do Uheoguen See Solutions ons on whode number of 4@ 1 ype) fs 70 [s “1 F)-G) co 6 oll? © scanned with OKEN Scanner atyt2= —O yrs tl —O to get infinite mumbew ef selutions We have to give to nev variables = 3-224 variable tet [2=Kr thin from 69 @ ny tek ohe2Ky\ os falues in 96 substute y and PHAR, HK =| Utit3k, = Te ~ Yet 3K, Te The Solutions “dae ae ~9k, yp yrdtre » zak, Mase il if K=2 then eg@ becomes , Cate) ~ [e22 2 ae ore tow Hee @CAY=2 , PCAB)=2 n=3 PLAY = RAB) em v Soo “the glen epuatrons have an jnfinite mumbex- of. solutions . @Q2 eid [3 -T¢ 909 fa t)G) El atgt2 = a@ an o 2-5 ae a 0-4 “PF Ryo Ry? eo -9 p23 oo +5 4~ leo tfig whieh is in ethelen -form Here, e¢a)=3 and n=3 (Alene go the gnen epuations have zero $elulions * he. A=O,YFO,2=0 solve the eguatrons axraytet 20 = 0, cxeay h Ae tTw =O) a4ty eo #0 A¥ =o @ 243 % ° boar] i] [2] 241048 & e © scanned with OKEN Scanner lieve etAd=2-and n= 4+ etayR-3R R33 3Rj t 1 I (k-2) fe 3K-Il og [ne ° o Bk-1l (3K2) (3k 11 GK) © Oo 3K-IL =O ak -IL=o Bk-2 =O kaufs k-Hl> k= 2/5 If the following systems has a non trivra| solulron then prove that aibtero 0% a=b=c authy + cz =o 5 barcytaz=o 5 AKO eS} ¢ cataytbese 7] © scanned with OKEN Scanner Now ~fpa oe areca] : cob gince the given cguations have non-trivial Solution then pated ; abe hoe = wand 7° Ree Ret Rot RS athte atbte atbre peas ee a ¢ a _& Catbte) | |: d \ [re ¢ @ b fathte) [eoe-at)~ Cb a0ot toh-e83] 2 Catbee) [be-at-neacwabee:]ine Cathte) Calebts ch -ab che ae joo wt athreso | aby che ab -be-ae =O + [eats cb- o non neval soleeiven enly tf AclAz3 wcbhdain the 9¢ in each case (riven epuations are ata ty 159A? Day FR IAZTAAT™ at, oaj tot) ~ AW? 2 above epuadtvens can be seuasitben aS cle Ug-A)a 72a TH 970 BA, t (AB Ts T7BRO = x 7 ea beyyr Ata re 42 3 Ax=e PA -b 1 a, D 2 S afr fe a3 2 ¢ “I 2 ss 3 24 oe User pte) Az | 2 Ara 7% asa +) 1 2 “Ale nenctirivial since. the given eguations hove schution IALeo QA 2 1 DR -A-3 2 = 0 rhoo2 A © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2A ( AAD —4) 42 (rae) t C4 At) © PA (A 3A 4) FA +1 (40-3) 0 2AM GA-8 AL 34h) dA + Ata tI-A = ALAN SA -3 = 0 A= aft 12-3 o wi A=-BU ASI, AT! Auuae Case-i For A=! in eg O. we get ofr “Bay Ly 2 R-> Rola terol Ae fo -2 4 “oan Re Rar Rs Rs? Rath 1-2 A ~[e oo oe of —@ which 1s in Echelon -fosm Here eCA)=1 and n=3 pCa Hari Hen theorem > 70 find the inverse ef the matoix 310 find the highex powess of a mater verify coyley-Horaition theorem fox the mabr 14 the chavacderste maleix of A is A-AT= I-A ot 3 1 FA 3 Dot Ga the charactesisdic eguatton of Ais [fa-Az}=0 | Ad 2 7 1 BA -3 | frag “2 -@ 4A UAd[ e3-adea-A) e121 [Ca-a)-6 +9 [+ -aary Cte) (-12-34eaatabin) -1(cio-ay 43 [4 -(-641a)] Az (; 1 3]-- hence find ils invesse and >» “HD-BA TFA tALI2 tA tad ed AeA ERA to FA 43 (-446-2A) =0 ~APLICA HE “ID F18-6ASO = _AXproA-g=9 DS Monavin 2 © scanned with OKEN Scanner charactesrsdic mtatare : tel a bea spuase matsin of esdes pen and Ale any sealax then the reales a-aAt called chasactesttlre matrix where T19 an telentity matarz the dedesminand of the matrix A-AZ re JAcATI 14 cated chasacteristie polynomial. thasactesstic Egtation iP [n-AFL 20 tthen that epuation 5 cated characteristic Egualion _ aelh 2] ther chasacleristre matwe fs A-Ad? [2 iJ-rl #] - =f 2J- [2% = [" AR ] 3s cA ehavaclese polynomial 1S [a-at| te 5 el = UA TA) —E =p AW GATN EE = AbLsAr2 characte ve Epuetion of a 0s [a- AT}FO we? NasA-2 72 ¢ om vv _ cae 0 u w) (! © scanned with OKEN Scanner zo verify the cayley Hamiden ‘theorem we have 43 oaast~o Bean: (tt os 71% 22°68 2 2 22 ta [12 2° bo abe ane [ 52 60 -a9 -60 -8 2 2 60 loe M-20A+ET “[ ze -éa]-e[f3 2 |ee[ AG 2-4 oa C04 rap -$0 -84 _['2 20 60 20 26 60 8 O60 Flo0 g2 -6o -| 22°60 -6e [t/O% 6 -ao 90-88] f-do -go -sol 19% % =] 'Q-20+s DPo-2oto 60-6646 Wrote SPEOIS ~bOF6O10 —Forqoto —Sotfota -&e+So+$ 3 “Fre 0 © ALroAtsI = Be e] ooo AX20A+81= 0 Heve, Cayley Hamitlon theorem is verified To find at: fromm ef AR-20At8I -0 B multiply thes Spatian Al, te ne get A p3-20 Aa eg AT =O M-20T 8A bo a's aod- A” oo eq 68 12 = o [3 1° 10 22 6 2% 2 22 200 0 -§ -12 0 00 |7 o 22 0 6 20. 2 2 2s © scanned with OKEN Scanner oy a 64 any [‘ - 4] ao qe find nt: pom eo O ALooA4astT=0 multiply this epuation by a we get A*20aA 4 ene 0 Ate 2oabea : -q-s -R 142 Ft ip an 6 “si 3 3,| > 9 2b pa -4 4 = oe fra 8-2 § 6 l¢ foo92 6 [- | s 24 -2g 2 2 22 o16 +39 -32 ~ frte -e -240 tos is Reo wae FO [> ¢ a4 2g 40 40 440 6-32 +22 H6S nigh H264 At x [ 92 ane tag se 2 an using cayley Harnitton -theasers find A if a= [3 2] the chavactecsstte mabe aca < [5 ¢ NOWs ; . ; choraclesielie eyuation of As [a-Atl 8 » WA GEA)= 420 =P Aad Ae an 0 Ac -0 — 0 © scanned with OKEN Scanner By using Cayley Hamilen theo the malerx salisties yuationg Ar oO A 6 to find 4%: ' new 8G Ot 4 os ~ (st) =5%7? = 6257 ' : to #5155 AS =[e2s o 6 625 using cayléy Hamillon theorem) find A!and at if -p2. 4.2 . Ar [= 2 4] - tran 2 . charactesslie matwiz. of A = A-AT : . aA -1 2 -AT2f[el 2A ct : AM, E; =I “| chareelesishic epuarion ef A 15 Ja-AT|-0 g-A -l 2 | . -l 2-A ot =O 1A t a Ad Loar ]+) POD tr] #2.[1- OME © (AA) (qtr beadV+A-1 + 21-2 tA) <0 O-aA) (Aad A-142E1+A)=0 DAMBA AS -AMR BAL BAG AD D2 FO PAM GAA TS <0 -MESN ABR 480 ey ug AbtAPe And Or Voy (he malin ay! using caylelye Hamilton “theorem , the HAGA 2 At G © scanned with OKEN Scanner matin a Satistes cpuation@ -O %y it ce SEA BABE 0 yes Mew 3 -0 at p ty 7 ay? te find a; from eg@, the have ao alealea-arro 7 fy arutiply by atl, we get AW dan at Ata sa'T mo Aen 48-3 ko aa's ALeatel , 6-607, are mes -l 1-6 4 342) [3r3) a= [= 6 hela 2 O5: | 5-5 ge 2 <6 2 C eeia -¢ T/_[! a 2] % [ES 4 [% te ind ok -s 7 ~ hay 30 3] vlos 12 9 30 [i t.3 wove “toy f3e | : ate 2 ty ‘ > (ae 10 tind ats from &9@ ie have Ae aga SL =O , rauldiply by A swergel a Abe natant AeA eB AT =e AY garaca-garo Ate GARB ABA 5 aq.-22 98]! : Ae = “22: 23-38 a7 -220 74 4 2 sa =6 » | 2 q -28 38 2 t). [i 3 Ate 6 [7 93° -28 eae ons gf 22 -22 29 © scanned with OKEN Scanner w (32-132 Ig 40 to 6 24 12S 162 a’ \*s 46-23 qs. -45 12h ‘ fmt 168 238 sé -49 12 6 3 Es) F)-132 \3¢ 1s |-]-4o a3 -48 [+ Bi boy 368 verity cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matty, - fie find HS inverse. Also exprets az [3 $ Jond i AT gatiaarsiareA eioras & Itneax polynermial gt Given that. , ali a en 7 [Pax e characteristic eguation of A 1s fataz| =0 * (IAA) $6 =O e B-A-3AFALE =O Mie ga-F=0—O - ar To verity cayley Hamilton theosem, we have show that gigq-sE-2-@ Mag-sLe* PP? mlb Lg) fro Ae A-S [% f+ Ss} 7S [es vi, = 7@ a 1 [ee ~ [é "1 -[e f [s 3] -foo . - [e fl ALga-SIT = 6 Hence, the ceyley Harmitlon theorem "S verified: te find a) prom eg @ we have + : AdedAnSE oe paul Liply AT Sy we get © scanned with OKEN Scanner AtaAt- aN aA -sMT-0 A-4L-sa gale Aad BP Pe] é Nou. Ax ear st) As gat qatan ald lot CAR 2A13 As-4at-sa? : 2a kelrat acer -7'F4R aslo A. alee eee ‘ TT gabnaciet a2 A st new i f AS gatranaranior = ca’ gansraraat3)t ater eolahoate vars Ce \Prern Gf) 21) Bags : pind the haradlésebre egualen of the ener At (é 7 | and hence compute A" also find ten 7 the the me d by a& 2 gg 1 3 7, Ansgar wrt a traiven thels A= | wow) wat 2 [2% ' e | o AO | t ‘ ra pice vepresente now, the chavacdernislie epuation of Ads parAt] 70 aAt oF o ra oO |: ° fob anak © scanned with OKEN Scanner Ee FtraHes | Expanding second row swe gel OF CI-AD [erate 1 ] dono CAD Cand arri) =o CI-AY (AR 4A43) =0 AM 4 A439 -A3y A At=3A 20 -AR4 SA TA43= 0, NesA4TA-3=0 — O using eayley pamiHon theorem sthe rnaty A saliesties @ © = \ re Absa qasreo 9 multiply by At yee get Was alae Ald -3A'T to (AL SATII -3A bo = atsatil i © scanned with OKEN Scanner nou) ALSATIAN SAAC yam At salen baa st(a%a AS SAT VAS. AF oe ML sycabaat AM gad aat-3A BE sahaaesas a *satagaaa er (bs ata 32) CAS Ay ae aAtL = Olas a AAA +L = ANAT esis “fie 2 = ry (7 a}s fe Gia eas veges : - 5] 7 oso [eds © scanned with OKEN Scanner UNIT-2 Eigen values and ergen veclors characteristic « matwix lel a bea spuave matsx of order men ond dX be any scala + ben tha made AAT 15 called chavactesisdie mado where “I' is the tdenlily meters of oxded nin. chasacdess tic Polynomial The delesmrinant of A-AT ‘ he = JA-ATI 8 called chasactesstic polynomials 0 characteristic epliation Wo delesrninand of AAT 16 egual te i@ J p-Az}-0 then the equation 1s calted chasaclerislie eguation chavaclerslic Rools or Eigen values the vools of the chavacleriste eguatron JA-ATleo ave called chasaclesistic Roots or tigen values es proper values ox Latent Roots tharactevistie vector or Eigen vecloy tet ‘rv’ be the cigen value of the mata A” and if there exist anon zexo column matur ex column yeelor ‘x’ such thal Ax"AX 03 (A-AT)KX =O then x 15 called chosactesisdie veelor os Eigen vecloy. © scanned with OKEN Scanner Find the Eigen, Values anol egen vectors of [f 7] val Cet the given wv ectihe be as (7 4] 2 the chavactewislie a Sites JA-ATL=0 ; 3 4 \ (% 7 =o Cs-AdU-A)-4 vo = gs X-TANN 456 AAIA+6=0 . Azii6 whith ave igen values of A- Mow we have to find Eigen vectow CX) cervesponding clo ARs To get eged veclor we have! teuccnibd ey (A-AT)% =0. where“ = fey nds sede - x7 fe vie A fe AG) blo 3 casei por Al “ “| subslude A=t, ince? C.F gel APE) ne we have yas uy ee Sayre aty-o BEANE Aa TaKe ery egne anys” ¢ ed gety! future K rose ot tie a \ =r re cope pethay wef Oo AFG in ego be gel 7 as Tap Tl: , © scanned with OKEN Scanner we have -x+ Fyr0 2 way ro tayro ake any pn x-4y-0 ar ay 3 4 “ee ge (]. =i z J. "Wig -the cigen weelow for Azl and 1) tasty 13 the Bigen veclos for A= 6 eelors 2 pnd the een values ancl tigen ¥ of -the matrix f2o ']° 7 7 [: oo I “ eb the given marlrie be a+ [3 2] 7 the characlearstic pn of A e : ‘ 020 la-AZ | =0 AL sgl N afer Oko 2A Oo | 4 0 2A0 |= ! a I-A voy G-A) C1-A)* 41 (0-9) * 0! C-A)Ca tae aa) (2 rAd sa ye - SHALEAGA-AB GAM HATO ARs BAM ATE =O AL EM ANA W620 | iat oo. Aw1213 whieh ‘ae Eigen values of 4 | new we have to find the ergen veelosopt A corresponding to at 1729 3,5 Jo get Eigen veclox we have ele tena ter: (aT) x20 where! 8] st PRO 1 (3) (e}: rine o fA 6 y )elé r- le 2 ay te Joo © scanned with OKEN Scanner cose id fer Atl cubstude Art in ep Oe we ght it JE) 443 =0 gre BIZ =0 Take ang egn xd =O w= 8 rt a a buco ed “LB case i) Fou Av2 Subsdule ATR Mm egFO, we: gt 13 A Oo ° IE] 2] : o yf ie [; o ost Bathe “yoo ave, FO aro lek y= where KH of] [Eaten te . => x-K[? * eae eT * (5 ] is an Eigen | vector for A=2 t ° case fi) For A=3 ; subslude Azz in 9 Or We ge “lo fa) (2) * “I y oi. [: oat? of) | we have -2 +372 ; -yro Dyno 4-3-0 ara ge 2 as! xf 3] fe] © scanned with OKEN Scanner *. [z]}s an Eigen vector for A= 2 find the tolent seots and latent vectors of the malyix 4 -[ ie | Be ois Gwen gaz [2 2 -3 2 ft #6 a -2 © the chavacleristic egn of matrix a5 JA-ATle o — Crvtay) Axe Sum of minovs. A PIAI= 2 ef ciagenal. elements AX GOAN Cia -3-2) ae 20 Dad atA 460 2 ON A= 5,-3.0) which ave * eages values of A Now we have to find Engen yee lexKxrorrespon to Ac 54-3 : : To gel tigen veclow we. have bo consicler (a-aT) x20 where x= os “IA 2 -3 ~ [Po SJE at ow Ot Ary case-1 for A=5 substule AFG in PO (43K) * we heave lati -32 70 -@ FLME2-20 > z-2y- 3270 20% di. ta why Se 7OD xr2945220-@ Fake @ ard @ I z BA a 28 12 © scanned with OKEN Scanner “ isan Eigen vector for ATS afk casesti “for Az 3 vet eho ee subsdate Az-3 NEO 32 2] [J : [s] we have we eagay 32 = =O - axtaydzed PxYy+BEsO - A-2Yt EZ za Do Ltwy-3BE=0 Hee aif the e9ns ave Same .s0,dake any one aiay-32 0. Jue have galy one oon tcf 228, and) yeKe then” means rane 151 Ve At2K,-3K; we sk 2Ky where Ki, Ky ave not epual toe BPE TS (Eb PED -» ]e«( 3] ° (°) ond [ZF] ore eigen, vectors for Av-3 7 oO the latent vrools and latent veelors of nea. nies 3.722 VER hie. 4 pind the matyrx f: -6 “| - oe 2-4 3 tel the given epa madsiz be A © scanned with OKEN Scanner The thavaetesistic egn of the a 13 1A-AT| 0 M18 N + Stroy A—0 26 BA ASA + 0 63.0 ROW we have Lo find Eigen veclor: for Aros i,k to find Eigen vector x, we have to consider, lA-AT)x = 0° - ee 7 SSE “6 4A =H =fof_ 2 -4.,3-AJ | Z os-O Case i tor Azo subsdule Azo in’ og @ 6-6 297% ] : (¢ 2, -3][Ere ex-gyt2z=0 > 42-3yr2 -0'_ © LING 42 20 22-44 43220 _ 7 -. Take ¢9 @ and @ . - ma ye. 3 i & 3 F#m bh © scanned with OKEN Scanner

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