1.

print()
2. variables
3. input()
4. Conditional Statements

print():
print() in Python is a built-in function used to display output to the console (terminal).

.1. Basic Syntax:

print(object(s), sep=' ', end='\n')

Object - The values you want to print e.g: hello, world

Separator(sep) - Separator string placed between multiple objects. Default is ' ' (a
space).
end - controls what happens after the line is printed. Default is '\n' (newline).

2. Simple Examples:

1. Print a string:
print("Hello", "World")
2. Print numbers:
print(28)
3. Print multiple values:
print("Age:", 21)

3. Important Parameters:

sep (separator)

Used to separate multiple values.

print("Python", "Java", "C++", sep=" - ") - O/P: `Python - Java - C++

end
Controls what is printed at the end (default is newline \n )

print("Hello"), end=' '

print("World")

o/p: Hello World`

4. Printing Variables

name = "Jan"
age = 21

print(name, age)

5. Formatted Printing

An f-string is a way to format strings in Python by placing an f before the string and using
{} to insert variables or expressions directly.

f-strings:

name = "Jan"
print(f"My Name is {name}")

6. Escape Characters

Escape characters in Python start with a backslash \ and let us include special characters
in strings—like newlines, tabs, or quotes.

Common Examples:

Escape Meaning Example Output

`\n` New line print("Hello\nWorld") Hello
World
`\t` Tab space print("A\tB") A B
`\"` Double quote print("She said \"Hi\"") She said "Hi"
`\\` Backslash print("C:\\Path") C:\Path

print("Hello\nWorld") # New line

print("Hello\tWorld") # Tab space

7. Printing Special Things

Print quotes:
print("He said, \"Hello\"") - O/P: He said, "Hello"

8. Printing formatted numbers

 pi = 3.14159
print(f"{pi:.2f}")

o/p:
3.14

9. Printing raw strings

Raw strings ignore escape characters like \n or \t , making them ideal for file paths and
regex patterns.

print(r"C:\new_folder\test")

Avoids escape issues ( \n , \t )

10. Printing without newline

for i in range(5):
print(i, end=" ")

o/p:
0 1 2 3 4

Variables:
What is a Variable?

A variable is a container used to store data.

name = "Jan"
age = 20

Here:

name stores a string

age stores a number

Rules for Naming Variables:

Allowed:

my_name = "Jan"
age2 = 21
_user = "admin"
Not allowed:

2age = 20 # starts with number ❌

my-name = "x" # hyphen not allowed ❌

Use:

letters (a-z, A-Z)

numbers (0–9)
underscore _

1. Dynamic Typing:
Python decides the type automatically:

x = 10 # int
x = "Hello" # now string

No need to declare type like in Java/C++

2. Data Types in Variables:

name = "Jan" # str

age = 20 # int
height = 5.7 # float
is_student = True # bool

3. Multiple Assignments:
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
x = y = z = 100

4. Type Checking:

x = 10
print(type(x))

o/p:
<class 'int'>

5. Type Conversion

Type conversion means changing a value from one data type to another—like converting a
string to an integer.
Types of Conversion

Type Description Example

Implicit Python auto-converts during operations `3` `+` `4.5` → `7.5` (int → float)
Explicit You manually convert using functions `int("5")` → `5` (str → int)

Common Conversion Functions

int("10") # string to integer

float("3.14") # string to float
str(100) # integer to string
bool(0) # integer to boolean → False

Examples:

x = "10"
y = int(x) # convert to integer

num = 5
print(str(num)) # convert to string

6. Variable Scope (basic idea)

Variable scope refers to where a variable can be accessed or modified in a program—

based on where it’s defined.

Types of Scope

Scope Description Example

Local Inside a function; not accessible outside def fun():
x=5
Global Outside all functions; accessible everywhere x = 10
Enclosed In nested functions (nonlocal) def outer():
def inner():
Built-in Predefined names like print, len print("Hello")

Scope defines the visibility of variables—local for functions, global for the whole file, and
enclosed for nested functions.
 x = 10 # global

def test():
y = 5 # local

7. Memory Concept

Memory in Python refers to how data is stored and managed during program execution—
especially variables, objects, and references.

🧠 Memory Concepts in Python

Concept Description Example Code Output /
Behavior
RAM - Temporary storage where x = 10 x is stored in
Python keeps variables during RAM
execution
- Python stores variables and
objects in RAM while running
Variable A name that points to a name = "Janani" name refers to a
memory location holding data string in memory
Reference Python uses references to a = [1, 2]; b = a b points to the
access objects, not direct same list as a
memory addresses
Garbage Python automatically deletes x = 100; x = None 100 is garbage
Collection unused objects to free memory collected if
unused
Mutable vs Mutable objects can change in list = [1, 2]; List changes in
Immutable memory; immutable ones [Link](3) place (mutable)
cannot
id() Returns the memory reference x = 5; Shows memory
Function (identity) of an object print(id(x)) location of x

Python manages memory using references and automatic garbage collection, storing
variables in RAM during execution.

a = 10
b = a

Both refer to same value

input()
What is input() ?

input() is used to take user input from the keyboard.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print(name)

Whatever user types → stored as a string

Important Rule:
input() always returns a string

age = input("Enter age: ")

print(type(age))

o/p:
<class 'str'>

1. Converting Input:

Integer input
age = int(input("Enter age: "))

Float input

price = float(input("Enter price: "))

Example:

name = input("enter your name: ")

age = int(input("enter your age: "))

print(f"My name is {name} and I'm {age} years old")

2. Multiple Inputs:

a, b = input("Enter two numbers: ").split()

print(a, b)

Still strings!
3. Convert them:

a, b = map(int, input("Enter two numbers: ").split())

print(a + b)

The map() function in Python applies a given function to every item in an iterable.

4. Using split() :

data = input("Enter values: ").split()

print(data)

Input:
10 20 30
Output:
['10', '20', '30']

5. Taking list input

nums = list(map(int, input().split()))

print(nums)

1. input() → takes the string "10 20 30" .

2. .split() → splits into list of strings: ["10", "20", "30"] .
3. map(int, ...) → converts each string to integer: [10, 20, 30] .
4. list(...) → makes it a list object.
5. print(nums) → prints the list.
O/P: [10, 20, 30]

Conditional Statements
What are Conditionals?
They allow your program to choose what to do based on conditions.

Example:

If marks > 50 → Pass

Else → Fail

1. if Statement:
 age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("You can vote")

Runs only if condition is True

2. if-else :

age = 16

if age >= 18:

print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")

3. if-elif-else (Multiple Conditions):

marks = 85

if marks >= 90:

print("A Grade")
elif marks >= 75:
print("B Grade")
elif marks >= 50:
print("C Grade")
else:
print("Fail")

4. Comparison Operators:

Operator Meaning
== Equal
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
 Operator Meaning
>= Greater or equal
<= Less or equal

5. Logical Operators:

age = 20
has_id = True

if age >= 18 and has_id:

print("Allowed")

Operator Meaning
and Both true
or At least one true
not Reverse

6. Nested if :

age = 20
if age >= 18:
if age >= 21:
print("Can drink (in some countries)")

7. Short-hand (Ternary Operator):

age = 18
result = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"
print(result)

8. Using input() with Condition:

age = int(input("Enter age: "))

if age >= 18:

print("Eligible")
else:
print("Not eligible")
9. Truthy & Falsy:

if 0:
print("Hello") # won't run

if 1:
print("Hi") # runs

False values:

0 , None , False , "" , []

Loops
What is a Loop?

A loop is used to repeat a block of code multiple times.

Example:

Print numbers 1 to 10
Process a list
Repeat tasks automatically